Homefront. A Military City and the American 20th Century
In: Polemos: časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira ; journal of interdisciplinary research on war and peace, Band 12, Heft 24, S. 108-109
ISSN: 1331-5595
In: Polemos: časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira ; journal of interdisciplinary research on war and peace, Band 12, Heft 24, S. 108-109
ISSN: 1331-5595
In: Polemos: časopis za interdisciplinarna istraživanja rata i mira ; journal of interdisciplinary research on war and peace, Band 8, Heft 1-2, S. 281-283
ISSN: 1331-5595
In: Međunarodne studije: časopis za međunarodne odnose, vanjsku politiku i diplomaciju, Band 9, Heft 3, S. 131-135
ISSN: 1332-4756
In: Politicka misao, Band 41, Heft 3, S. 185-188
Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'. ; Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'.
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In: Politicka misao, Band 36, Heft 4, S. 213-215
In: Politicka misao, Band 35, Heft 2, S. 260-263
Udžbenik Vojna topografija, koji se sastoji iz dva dijela: Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte, objavljen je 2012. godine. Izdavač je Ministarstvo obrane Republike Hrvatske – Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske – Hrvatsko vojno učilište "Petar Zrinski", autor je pukovnik doc. dr. sc. Mladen Pahernik. Recenzenti su bili prof. dr. sc. Aleksandar Toskić i doc. dr. sc. Robert Župan, a lektorica i korektorica Gabrijela Capjak, prof."Koncepcija sadržaja ovog udžbenika vezana je za postavljen koncept izobrazbe iz područja vojno-geografske grupe predmeta unutar vojnih škola Hrvatskog vojnog učilišta. Na temeljnoj razini školovanja časnika i dočasnika, potrebno je polaznicima dati temeljno znanje iz vojne topografije koje uključuje prikaz topografskih elemenata zemljišta, orijentaciju u prostoru i čitanje topografskih karata. Upravo su te teme razrađene kroz udžbenike Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte. …" (iz Predgovora). ; The Military Topography textbook was published in 2012, consisting of two parts: Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps. It was published by the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia – Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia – Croatian Military Academy "Petar Zrinski". The author is Colonel Assist. Prof. Dr. Mladen Pahernik. The textbook was reviewed by Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Toskić and Assist. Prof. Dr. Robert Župan and proofread by Gabrijela Capjak, Prof."The concept of this textbook's content is associated with the concept of education in the military-geographic group of subjects within military schools of the Croatian Military Academy. The fundamental level of educating officers and non-commissioned officers needs to provide attendants with basic military topography knowledge, including representation of topographic land objects, orientation in space and reading topographic maps. These topics are discussed in textbooks Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps…" (Preface).
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The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia started producing military topographic maps that differ from the inherited cartographic system in the projection, ellipsoid, and the manner of designating the grid, format, margin contents and scale system. Since the maps will be used for purposes other than the military ones, the paper looks back on essential characteristics in map production in the new accepted cartographic system. ; Ministarstvo obrane RH započelo je s izradom vojnih topografskih karata koje se u odnosu na naslijeđeni kartografski sustav razlikuju u projekciji, elipsoidu, načinu označavanja u pravokutnoj mreži, formatu prikaza, izvanokvirnom sadržaju i sustavu mjerila. Kako će se karte, osim za vojne, koristiti i u druge svrhe, u članku je dan osvrt na bitne karakteristike izrade karata u novoprihvaćenom kartografskom sustavu.
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U članku se obrađuju dijelovi rimske vojne opreme iz Augusteuma u Naroni. Nalazi pripadaju zaštitnoj (ulomak oklopa) i konjskoj opremi (privjesci i falera), te pojasu vojnika (okov), a datirani su u razdoblje od 1. do 3. st. Najranije su datirani listoliki privjesci konjske orme koji pripadaju razdoblju druge polovice 1. st., a slična se datacija pretpostavlja i za faleru. Ulomak ljuskastog oklopa pripada tipu koji se javlja od 2. st., a za pojasni okov je datacijski okvir druga polovica 2. i početak 3. st. s mogućim trajanjem do sredine tog stoljeća. Obrada materijala prvenstveno je usmjerena na tipološko-kronološko, te namjensko određenje, a u kraćim se crtama razmatraju okolnosti nalaza obzirom na koje se može pretpostaviti da su predmeti u hram dospjeli kao zavjetni darovi. ; Narona (Vid, near Metković) was in Antiquity one of the most important centres on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. It was not only its convenient position for commercial exchanges but also its fertile soil for the development of agriculture that contributed to the growth of the city in the area. After the middle of the 1st century BC, Narona acquired the status of colony, and at the end of that century, a shrine to Emperor Augustus was built in the city. Although it had primarily an agrarian and mercantile character, which determined the natures of its inhabitants, the city with its surroundings was an important military base in the conquest of Illyricum and a major stronghold of the Romans for military campaigns against that people in the period from a bit before the middle of the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the second half of the 1st century BC. In the surroundings of Narona the presence of soldiers is confirmed by numerous epigraphs, which are supported by archaeological finds, but apart from the five finds in the Augusteum, there are just a few in the area of the town. The finds in the Augusteum comprise three items of horse equipment, one fragment of armour and a belt mount, probably belonging to a belt set. A tripartite leaf-shaped pendant for a harness (T 1.1) is dated to the time from the Claudian to the Flavian, and in the typology of M. C. Bishop is defined as type 1l. They are found in various sites in the Empire, this same variant also including specimens the central leg of which ends in the shape of a palmette, which are somewhat more numerous than those of the kind from Narona. They can be found in Dalmatia too, for example, in Salona and Tilurium. Among the pendants from Dalmatian sites that belong to this type, if not to the variant, mentioned here by analogy, we find luxury pendants, not only at military sites, such as Burnum (variant 1p) and Tilurium (variant 1s) but in city centres such as in Salona (variant 1v). A second harness pendant from the Augusteum (T. 1. 2) is perhaps of the tear-shaped type (Bishop 5), variant 5a, which is characterised by kidney shaped perforations at the top, a spherical ending and a shape close to that of a heart. Tear-shaped pendants were in use long, first appeared at the latest in the age of Claudius, lasting the whole of the 2nd century. In various versions they are often found at Roman sites, but examples of variant 5a are not very numerous. There are similar pendants from Sisak and Augusta the edges of which are straight, but the closest analogy is a specimen from Wiesbaden. Also belonging to the harness is a phalera (T. 1. 3) with a square loop on the rear, which belongs to the type with one loop through which the bridle was drawn (Bishop 1c), and since it has no central opening for a rivet was clearly meant only for a horizontal strap of the harness. The phalera from the Augusteum fits into the chronological framework of the rest of the material found, with the proviso that the dating of the phalerae to an extent similar to ours and some functional decorative items of similar form might suggest a period of the second half of the 1st century. Two bronze plates of scale armour (T. 1. 4) each with four pairs of holes, are dated, because of the existence of perforations on the bottom of the plates (which which they were additionally fastened to the lower row of scales), to the time of the 2nd century. In Croatia, most numerous are fragments from Sisak, among which there are several that are similar to ours, while those from Dalj are more elongated and have a sharper tip. Finds from Burnum castrum, although they are elongated, do not have perforations at the bottom. As for finds in other areas of the Empire (including those from Corbridge, Avenches, Mušov, Bonn, Eining-Unterfeldt) those most similar, in terms of shape and distribution of the perforations, are items from Dura-Europos. The belt mount belongs to the type with a trumpet-shaped decoration (T. 1.5). Items decorated with this kind of motif constitute a unique chronological grouping of material dating to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century, possibly continuing through the first half of the 3rd, their dating being confirmed by finds with coins in closed grave units. Such mountings are a frequent find in the area of the Rhenish and the Danubian limes, but they can be found in numerous sites through the Empire. A decoration with trumpet shaped motifs is not limited to belt sets, but is used in the decoration and shaping of objects for other purpose, horse equipment and fibulae, for example. The objects discussed in the article are also found in the temenos of the Augusteum in Narona, and it can be assumed that they came there as votive gifts. The practice of dedicating weapons and horse trappings is known since prehistory, and is well documented in the Late Iron Age. The making of votive offerings, as proved on altars, was common in the Roman Empire, and research into shrines from Britain, Gaul and the Germanic area shows that parts of military equipment, especially during the 1st century, were frequently consecrated and deposited as votive gifts. The small number of metal finds in the temple, as compared with other types of finds, can be explained in several ways. Researches from shrines at several sites have shown that usually whole objects or sets were consecrated, and we can assume that our finds are only parts of horse trappings or belt sets or armour that were originally dedicated. During the course of time, or during the demolition and filling of the shrine, the metal objects might have been destroyed or collected for reuse of the metal, which was a common practice in the Roman period. It has to be borne in mind that this was a city shrine that was not primarily meant for soldiers, who might have undertaken their vows in shrines that probably existed in the camps in which they were stationed, which leads to the supposition that originally military equipment was not represented to the same extent as some other categories of objects.
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Jesu li u veljači 1945. godine širokobriješki franjevci ubijeni sudjelujući u borbi ili je nad njima izvršen ratni zločin? Iako se na prvi pogled ovako postavljen upit doima kao nedopustivo pojednostavljena dvojba, doista u ovome slučaju postoje samo dvije mogućnosti: ili su usmrćeni kao sudionici u oružanim sukobima ili su pak nevini ubijeni? U prilogu se na temelju dostupne arhivske dokumentacije, relevantne literature i izjava svjedoka nastoji provjeriti valjanost tvrdnji o (ne)umiješanosti franjevaca u oružane sukobe na Širokome Brijegu od 6. do 8. veljače 1945. ; Were the Franciscans from Široki Brijeg killed in February 1945 while participating in the battle or the war crime was committed over them? Although at first such question seems as an inadmissibly simplified doubt, in this case there are only two possibilities indeed: were they murdered as actors in the armed conflicts or killed innocent? On the basis of available archive documents, relevant literature and witness statements the paper seeks to verify the validity of claims on (un)involvement of Franciscans in the armed conflicts in široki Brijeg from 6th to 8th February 1945.
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U radu se iz ekohistorijske perspektive prikazuju šume Slavonske vojne krajine u 18. stoljeću. Šume se proučavaju kao zasebni ekosistem te kroz njihovu interakciju s čovjekom. Rad se temelji na pregledu izvora – karti Slavonske vojne krajine iz 1780. godine, Šumskih uredbi iz 1787. godine i putopisu austrijskog državnog službenika Friedricha Wilhelma von Taubea. Naglasak je na prikazu izgleda šuma i njihovih karakteristika te na utjecaju čovjeka kroz ekonomsku eksploataciju i deforestaciju. Predstavljaju se oprečni pogledi vojne vlasti i krajišnika po pitanju korištenja i zaštite šuma. ; The paper portrays the forests of the Slavonian Military Border in the 18th century from the perspective of ecohistory. The forests are studied as a separate ecosystem and through their interaction with humans. The paper is based on an overview of sources – a map of the Slavonian Military Border from the year 1780, the Forest Decree from the year 1787 and the travelogue of the Austrian civil servant Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube. The paper emphasizes the appearance of forests and their characteristics, as well as man's influence on forests through economic exploitation and deforestation. The conflicting views of the military authorities and the frontier soldiers on the use and protection of forests are presented.
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Nakon kratke uvodne kontekstualizacije i ocrtavanja renesansne vojno-političke slike Italije, kao i susljednih društveno-kulturalnih stratuma, u radu su u kratkim crticama prikazani djetinjstvo Leonarda da Vincija i njegove prve umjetnički formativne godine, odnosno šegrtovanje u firentinskom ateljeu Andree del Verrocchija. Glavnina rada potom je posvećena raspravi o vizualnim prikazima Leonardovih ratnih izuma, razvijenima na dvorovima ondašnjih najmoćnijih talijanskih obitelji, milanskih Sforzi i rimskih Borgia. Kraćom interpretacijom dostupne historiografske produkcije nastoje se povući paralele između kasnorenesansne i moderne vojne tehnologije te istražiti donekle nezastupljena sfera Leonarda da Vincija kao homo militarisa. ; After a brief introductory contextualization and depiction of the Renaissance military-political image of Italy, as well as the subsequent socio-cultural strata, the work briefly illustrates the childhood of Leonardo da Vinci and his first artistic formative years, that is, apprenticeships in the Florence studio of Andrea del Verrocchi. The majority of the work deals with a discussion of visual representations of Leonardo's inventions of war, developed on the courts of the most powerful Italian families of that time, Milan Sforzi and Roman Borgia. A shorter interpretation of the available historiographical production seeks to draw parallels between the late Renaissance and Modern military technology as well as to explore the somewhat unrepresented sphere of Leonardo da Vinci as a homo militaris.
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U radu je prikazan analitički model procjene troškova održavanja i uporabe vozila u vojnoj logistici, prilagođen specifičnim konstrukcijskim zahtjevima i karakteristikama vojnih vozila, profilu (uvjetima i načinu) uporabe, kao i tehnološkim postupcima preventivnog i korektivnog održavanje vojnih vozila. Predloženi model ocjenjivanja omogućuje unaprijedno ekvivalentnu usporedbu ukupnih troškova uporabe sličnih vozila različitih proizvođača tijekom cijelog vijeka trajanja (to jest kroz cijeli životni vijek ili životni ciklus). U okviru predloženog modela jasno su definirani početni (ulazni) i rubni uvjeti. Implementacija analitičkog modela pruža procjenu i planiranje troškova održavanja i izravnih troškova uporabe vozila u vojnoj logistici već kod kupnje novih vozila, a također i procjenu optimalnoga vijeka trajanja (životnog vijeka) vozila, što vodi do povećanja pouzdanosti i raspoloživosti, a s time i do veće učinkovitost uporabe vojnih vozila. ; The article presents an analytical model of evaluating costs of vehicle use in military logistics adapted to specific construction demands and characteristics of military vehicles, profile (conditions and manner) of use and technological procedures of preventive and remedial maintenance of military vehicles. The proposed model of evaluation enables an equivalent comparison of total costs in advance of use of similar vehicles made by different manufacturers throughout the entire operating period (their service life). Initial (entry) and boundary conditions are clearly defined within the proposed model. The implementation of the analytical model ensures the evaluation and planning of maintenance costs and costs of direct vehicle use in military logistics already at the point of purchasing new vehicles, as well as evaluation of optimal operating period (service life) of vehicles, which leads to increased reliability and availability, and, consequently, to more effective use of military vehicles.
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Plemićka vojna akademija u Bečkom Novom Mjestu otvorena je 1752. o državnom trošku, a cilj habsburških vlasti bio je da bude komplementarna viteškoj akademiji Terezijanumu (osnovan 1746. pod isusovačkom upravom). Naime, ondje su se školovali mladi plemići za rad u civilnoj službi, dok je Bečko Novo Mjesto bilo namijenjeno obrazovanju časnika. Marija Terezija osigurala je stipendije za četristotinjak kadeta iz siromašnijih plemićkih obitelji, kao i za sinove zaslužnih časnika koji su dokazali lojalnost u vojnoj službi. Prije Plemićke akademije dječaci mlađi od 14 godina pohađali su tzv. Pripremnu vojnu školu u Beču. Obje ustanove spojene su 1769. u c. i k. Terezijansku vojnu akademiju. Učiteljski kadar, koji je isprva bio samo svjetovni, tj. časnički, nastavljao je tradiciju humanističkih i baroknih viteških akademija te usvajanja "viteških vještina i vojnih vrlina" koje su bile usmjerene više na fizičku spremnost nego na stjecanje suvremenih znanja o ratovanju koja su bila potrebna za profesionalizaciju vojske. U radu se prikazuju reforme i promjene koje su se provodile na Akademiji za vrijeme Marije Terezije i Josipa II. u nastojanju da se osuvremeni časničko obrazovanje i da se uz pomoć prosvjetiteljskih načela razvije nadnacionalni "austrijski patriotizam" koji bi bio glavni temelj lojalnosti budućih časnika. Ta nastojanja kulminirala su za vrijeme uprave prosvijetljenog pedagoškog pisca, austrijskog generala i češkog grofa Franza Josepha Kinskog (1779.-1805.), čiji su odgajateljski koncepti i djelovanje opširnije predstavljeni. ; The Noble Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt was opened in 1752 at state expense, and the aim of the Habsburg authorities was to make it a counterpart of the Theresianum Knight Academy (founded in 1746 under the Jesuit administration). Young noblemen were trained there for work in civil service, while the academy at Wiener Neustadt was intended for officer education. Maria Theresa secured scholarships for ca. four hundred cadets from poorer noble families, as well as for sons of deserving senior officers. Boys under the age of 14 attended the so-called Preparatory Military School in Vienna before being admitted at the Wiener Neustadt Noble Military Academy. Both institutions were merged in 1769 into one Imperial and Royal Theresian Military Academy. Teachers, who were at first only secular, that is, coming from the officer class, continued the tradition of humanist and baroque knight academies and the adoption of "knightly skills and military virtues," aimed at the acquisition of physical readiness rather than the contemporary knowledge of warfare needed to professionalize the army. This paper presents the reforms and changes that took place at the Theresian Military Academy during the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II with the intention of modernizing officer education and developing the supra-national "Austrian patriotism" based on the Enlightenment principles as the main foundation of the future officers' loyalty. These efforts culminated during the command of the enlightened pedagogical writer, the Austrian general and Bohemian aristocrat, Franz Joseph Kinsky (1779-1755), whose educational concepts and actions are here extensively presented.
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