Suchergebnisse

Unlike what happens for the civil administration, in which it conforms exclusively from a reputational perspective, the legal dimension of military ethics has a profile of characterization related, not only to the functions attributed to the Armed Forces, but, more precisely, to the role that they have in the constitutional structure. Military ethics has, in fact, an external declination, based on the neutrality of the military instrument with respect to political dynamics as an institution of guarantee and defense of republican institutions; and an internal, intimate interpretation connected to the organization as a factor of cohesion and functionality of the same in the framework designed by the discipline and by the hierarchical principle. The paper presents an examination of these two variations, highlighting the specialty of the military administration compared to the civil one.

Almost all of the robotic weapons used today in war or in military missions require a human operator to make key decisions: they are unmanned systems. The lethal autonomous weapons systems (the so-called killer robots) are weapons programmed to autonomously select their target and decide whether or not to attack without any meaningful human intervention. These lethal autonomous weapons do not yet exist, but the technological developments could afford to produce them incredibly quickly. We describe the main objections advanced against the development and use of these weapons: issues of compliance with international humanitarian law, problems of accountability for fully autonomous weapons, lack of human emotions and empathy, deskilling of the military profession and destabilization of the traditional norms of military virtue and reduction of the war to murder. Behind the most part of these objections to the lethal weapons systems there is the fear that, because of using them, we could irremediably loose our humanity. According to the critics of robot killers, i.e., these are machine whose use in battlefield crosses a fundamental moral line, that we should not overcome if we are still interested in beings humans. We show that these concerns are not justified, because killer robot represent only the last effort of human beings to produce, through technology, tools with which to fight and defeat the enemy.

Nell'Europa del Seicento la familiarita all'esercizio delle armi, ereditadeitempiinsicuri, diguerreciviliediinvasioni, avevamantenutoviva la concezione feudale della loro superiorita su tutte le altre attivita sociali. Il principe garantiva la sicurezza intema ed estema del regno con la nobilta, ordine militare per eccellenza. Cia rappresentava il risultato di una situazione di fatto, essendo le armi lo strumento del potere di coloro che avevano parte nell'esercizio della sovranita, ma soprattutto erano I'espressione di una forma di sensibilita, nella quale la violenza e il rispetto della forza distinguevano i rapporti fra gli individui. ; peer-reviewed

[Religion and military law: "conscientious objection" of Christians]. Starting from the analysis of the Passio Sancti Maximiliani, which bears witness to the refusal of the Maximilian conscript to provide military service for reasons not properly connected to idolatry, as for other Christian martyrs, but to Christian ethics, we intend to shed light on the other hand, on the discipline of desertion and, on the other, to outline the internal change in Christianity with respect to the military question. At first the Christians could serve in the Army in times of peace, evidently in the police services and the like, maintaining a distinction between the military, allowed to the Christian, and the bellare, not allowed. This separation will remain until the Constantinian turning point, from which military service will be completely accepted, leaving the exemption only for priests.

Against the backdrop of a critical reflection on the psychiatric concepts of organicism and predisposition to mental illness, the research investigates the relationship between psychiatry and the Great War from a perspective that considers the complexity of the orientations assumed by both the Italian alienists on war pathologies and the health practices implemented towards soldiers. The study highlights the comparison/clash between two totally different approaches forced to coexist during the conflict: on one side, the one from military psychiatry, and on the other the distinctive one from civil asylums. The two perspectives were not always clearly separated, but it is possible to detect a constant tension between the duties towards the war effort and the professional ethics dictated by the neuropsychiatric discipline.

Through review of selected anthropological ethical codes an attempt is made to outline the fundamental ethical principles of anthropological research and their applicability to current practices of applied anthropology. The Statement on Problems of Anthropological Research and Ethics was adopted by the American Anthropological Association in response to the need to take distance from military research after the Camelot scandal. Anthropology reacted stronger than other disciplines due to its methodology implying a relation of trust with the community. The Codice etico of AISEA defines the anthropologist's obligations with different type of actors. In applied anthropology more attention should be paid to the relation with the financers of the research, due to possible conflict of interest between the latter and the concerned community. During consultancies anthropologists are today often forced into conditions that do not allow them to fulfil the obligations as stated in most deontological codes. Yet, giving up would cut the anthropologist out of the ongoing processes that have often a potential critical impact on the communities. The Codes of Ethics of ISE has allowed overcoming serious controversies by referring to procedural rights according to international law. It is suggested that reference to procedural and collective rights, appropriate international standards and best practices can provide an appropriate device to evaluate case by case the opportunity to engage, considering the overall field of relations rather that strictly focusing on the anthologist's obligations which each actor independently.

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 Pol.g. 146

Il testo suggerisce una riflessione sul ruolo degli studi umanistici, e nello specifico degli studi di orientalistica, di fronte a situazioni geopolitiche difficili. L'autore si interroga sullo scopo di tali studi, considerando sia il passato, sia i più recenti sviluppi politico-militari in Medio Oriente e nell'Asia Centrale. La riflessione riguarda anche l'attitudine etica e ideologica dello studioso di orientalistica, partendo dal presupposto che «credere tale mestiere avulso dalla storia» sarebbe illusorio, ma che d'altra parte non può esistere un'obiettività culturale, religiosa, politica e filosofica assoluta. ; The paper's goal is to stimulate a reflection on the role of Humanities, more specifically of Near Eastern and Oriental studies, facing critical geopolitical situations. The author wonders about the purpose of such studies, considering both past events and today's political and military developments in the Middle East and Central Asia. His analysis concerns the Orientalist's ethical and ideological attitude, on the assumption that «to believe such a Job divorced from history» would be an illusion, but on the other hand that an absolutely impartial way to assess cultural, religious, political and philosophical problems cannot exist at all.