Suchergebnisse

Promidžba demokracije temeljni je cilj vanjske politike EU-a, a ujedno i međunarodna dimenzija demokratizacije kao temeljnog i ključnog političkog ishoda proširenja unija na države Istočne, Srednje i Jugoistočne Europe. U svjetlu relevantnosti te tematike ovaj rad nastoji definirati pojam, doseg i primjenu promidžbe demokracije u međunarodnim odnosima, posebice prema postkomunističkim državama u posthladnoratovskom razdoblju, instrumente, ciljeve, strategije, ograničenja, evolutivni okvir promidžbe demokracije, kao i njezinu primjenu na primjeru Europske Unije, posebice u odnosu na bivše komunističke države, gdje je zamijećeno da vanjski akteri ne mogu potaknuti demokratizaciju i dovesti do stabilnih političkih poredaka ukoliko snažni unutarnji politički akteri ne budu "upravljali" elementima državnosti i modernizacije ; Democracy promotion is a crucial objective of the EU foreign policy; at the same time it is also the international dimension of democratization as a fundamental and crucial political outcome of the EU enlargement to Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe. In light of the relevance of that topic, this paper attempts to define the concept, scope and application of democracy promotion in international relations, especially in the post-communist countries in the post-Cold War period. It will also examine instruments, objectives, strategies, constraints and evaluation framework of democracy promotion, as well as its implication on the case study of the European Union, particularly regarding former communist countries. In these cases it was observed that external actors can encourage democratization and lead to a stable political order if elements ofstatehood and state modernization are not discouragely "managed" by influential internal political actors.

The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents. ; The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.

Rad se temelji na problematici razvoja državnosti Kurdistana, kao povijesnog i aktualnog političko-geografskog fenomena. Naime, riječ je o relativno velikoj zamišljenoj državi koja bi trebala postati nacionalna država Kurda - najvećeg naroda bez vlastite države na svijetu. Prostorni je obuhvat rada uglavnom vezan uz kompaktno naseljen kurdski etnički prostor u širokom pograničju Iraka, Irana, Sirije i Turske, dok vremenski okvir odgovara razdoblju od kraja Prvog svjetskog rata, kada europske kolonijalne sile kurdski etničkog prostor proizvoljno dijele među novoosnovanim artificijelnim državama, do suvremenoga doba. Relativno kasno konsolidiran, kurdski se nacionalizam pojavio kao svojevrsni odgovor na brutalnu represiju koju su Kurdi kao manjinski narod desetljećima proživljavali u postojećem sustavu država na Bliskom istoku, a nastanak vlastite države postao je ''ideal'' kolektivne svijesti širokih masa. Osnovna je pretpostavka kako razvoju državnosti Kurdistana u realnim i aktualnim uvjetima predstoji eliminiranje velikog broja teško premostivih prepreka. ; The master thesis is based on the issue of development of the statehood of Kurdistan as a historical and current political-geographical phenomenon. Namely, it is about a large, imaginary country that would become a nation-state of Kurdish people, the largest stateless ethnic group in the world. The spatial scope of the thesis is mainly related to the compactly populated Kurdish ethnic space in a large border regions of Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey, while the timeline matches the period since the end of The First World War when European colonial powers shared the Kurdish ethnic space among newly established, artificial states, up until the modern times. Consolidated Kurdish nationalism emerged relatively late as a sort of a response to the brutal repression experienced by Kurds as a minority group for decades in the existing systems of the countries in the Middle East and the creation of an idependent state became an ''ideal'' of the collective consciousness ...

Rad pručava politike razvojne pomoći kao instrumente moći za postizanje vanjskopolitičkih ciljeva koji koriste u prvom redu državama-inicijatoricama. Rad se fokusira na dvije velike europske zemlje: Francusku Republiku i Saveznu Republiku Njemačke, koje su ujedno gospodarski i politički najmoćnije zemlje članice Europske unije. Promjenom paradigme, iz one u kojoj najveću korist od politika razvojne pomoći imaju slabije razvijene zemlje u paradigmu kako dugoročno najveću korist imaju upravo zemlje koje su inicijatorice istih, rad pokazuje da starije, veće te politički i ekonomski moćnije države članice Europske unije koriste politike razvojne pomoći prema slabije razvijenim članicama, prema zemljama kandidatkinjama te ostalim zemljama, kako bi promovirale vlastiti interes i ostvarile ciljeve svoje vanjske politike. Konačno, pokazujući vezu između politika razvojne pomoći i širenja utjecaja i moći Francuske i Njemačke, rad stvora pretpostavke za novo objašnjenje odnosa moći u međunarodnom okruženju. ; The dissertation examines how the development aid policy, both in the context of national budgets and European Structural and Investment Funds, is being used as an instrument for achieving foreign policy objectives, and it is in this sense primarily beneficial for countriesdonators. Dissertation is focussed on two main European Union member states: the Republic of France and Federal Republic of Germany. By changing the paradigm from the one in which the least developed countries have the most benefit from development aid policy to the paradigm that, on the long-term, greatest benefits precisely have the countries that are the initiators of the same development aid, dissertation argues that older, bigger, politically and economically more powerful European Union member states use development policies assisting less developed members, candidate and other countries to promote their own interests and achieve goals of their foreign policy. In attempt to demonstrate the influence of France and Germany through development ...

Niz promjena na svjetskoj razini utječe na energetski sektor; posebice elektroenergetski. Ciljevi modernih država mijenjaju se zbog želje građana za boljom kvalitetom okoliša, postizanjem energetske sigurnosti i poštenije cijene energije uz sprečavanje posljedica klimatskih promjena i umanjivanje njihovih efekata. Globalni pomak za postizanje tih ciljeva očituje se povećanjem investicijskih napora, prihvaćanjem klimatskih sporazuma kroz nacionalne politike te razvojem različitih tehnologija (solarni sustavi, vjetroelektrane, električna vozila, sustavi baterija, pametne mreža, blockchain itd.),. Iako pojedini akteri još uvijek nisu prepoznali potencijal zelenog razvoja sve veći broj građana, organizacija i energetskih tvrtki uključuje se aktivno kroz energetsku tranziciju. Inovacije koje nosi zeleni razvoj posebice su zanimljive jer privlače aktere s različitom poslovnom pozadinom. Kako bi energetska tranzicija dobila dovoljan zamah sve više organizacija je uključeno u inovativno dizanje kapitala za projekte zelene energije kao što su platforme za grupno financiranje. Osim toga vidljiv je pomak pri oslobađanju kapitala manjih energetskih tvrtki koje iznajmljuju opremu za energetska postrojenja od strane građana ili koriste druge inovativne poslovne modele kako bi povećale udio obnovljivih izvora energije u energetskom portfelju te uključile građane u poslovanje. Lokalne vlasti sve više prepoznaju i prihvaćaju volju građana za poštenijim energetskim sustavom pri čemu preuzimaju aktivnu ulogu u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena i u energetskoj tranziciji. Razvoj novih koncepata zelenog razvoja omogućuje razvijanje povjerenja između energetskih tvrtki i krajnjih korisnika. ; A number of world-wide changes affect the energy sector; especially electric sector. The goals of modern states are changing due to the increasing desire of citizens to improve the quality of the environment, disere to achieve energy security and will to get a more honest price of energy, as well as preventing the consequences of climate change and mitigate their effects. Global progress towards achieving these goals is reflected in: increased investment efforts, the adoption of climate agreements through national policies and the development of various technologies (solar systems, wind power plants, electric vehicles, battery systems, smart grids, blockchain etc.). Although some actors have not yet recognized the potential of green development, an increasing number of citizens, organizations and energy companies are actively involved and linked through the energy transition. Green development is full of invoative process and it includes actors with different business background. In order for the energy transition to gain momentum, more and more organizations are involved in the alternative funding of green energy projects such as crowdfunding platforms. In addition, there is a visible shift in the capital raising of smaller energy companies that rent equipment from citizens for power plants or use other innovative business models to increase the share of renewable energy sources in their energy portfolio and involve citizens in process. Local authorities increasingly recognize and accept the need for more honest energy system by taking on an active role in combating climate change and energy transition. The development of new concepts of green development enables building of trust between energy companies and end users.