Suchergebnisse

Intro -- MINERALS PRICE INCREASES AND VOLATILITY -- MINERALS PRICE INCREASES AND VOLATILITY -- CHAPTER SOURCES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 DRIVERS OF U.S. MINERAL DEMAND -- INTRODUCTION -- DRIVERS OF U.S. MINERAL DEMAND -- Population -- Consumption -- Construction -- Highways and Bridges -- Residential Housing -- Transportation -- Legislation -- Consumer Choices -- Recycling -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES CITED -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 MINERALS PRICE INCREASES & VOLATILITY: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION1 -- Organization of Report -- The Rise in Metal Minerals Prices -- Causes of Minerals Price Increases -- Metals Mineral Resources -- Issues for Congress -- OVERVIEW OF MINERALS PRICE TRENDS7 -- The Rise in Industrial Metals Prices -- Iron Ore and Steel Prices -- A Reversal of the Twentieth Century Decline in Metals Prices? -- COMMODITY MARKETS AND MINERALS PRICE INCREASES35 -- Demand for Commodities -- Supply of Commodities -- Market Power -- Market Prices -- Financial Markets -- CHINA'S GROWING ROLE AS A MINERALS CONSUMER43 -- METALS MINERAL RESOURCES AVAILABILITY55 -- Mineral Commodity Analyses -- Iron Ore -- Aluminum (Bauxite/Alumina) -- Copper -- Manganese -- Molybdenum73 -- Zinc.79 -- Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) -- Uranium86 -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS99 -- Financial Market Policy Issues100 -- Federal Minerals Policy Issues -- CONCLUSION104 -- End Notes -- INDEX -- Blank Page.

Summary of the conclusions of the study, "Non-fuel minerals and foreign policy."

Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Highlights -- 1.3 How to Use This Book -- 1.4 Future Research Directions -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- Ground Fragmentation -- 2 Energy Distribution in the Blast Fragmentation Process -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Stored Energy in the Explosives and Release Balance -- 2.2.1 Reaction Product Hierarchy -- 2.2.2 Oxygen Balance (OB) -- 2.2.3 Properties of Explosives Related to Energy Stored in the Explosive -- 2.2.3.1 Density -- 2.2.3.2 Velocity of Detonation (VOD) -- 2.2.3.3 Detonation Pressure -- 2.2.4 Energy Stored in the Explosive -- 2.2.4.1 Heat of Reaction -- 2.2.4.2 Heat of Formation -- 2.2.4.3 Heat of Detonation (Detonation Energy) -- 2.2.4.4 Energy as Expansion Work -- 2.2.4.5 Final Remarks -- 2.3 Balance and Use of the Expansion Work Energy Delivered to the Surrounding Rock -- 2.3.1 Fragmentation Energy (E_{{\rm F}}) -- 2.3.2 Seismic Energy (E_{{\rm S}} ) -- 2.3.3 Kinetic Energy (E_{{\rm K}}) -- 2.3.4 Fragments Rotation Energy (E_{{\rm R}}) -- 2.3.5 Energy Nonmeasurable (E_{{\rm NM}}) -- 2.3.5.1 Energy of Plastic Work, Radiation, and Acoustic -- 2.4 Application of Energy Input for Ground Fragmentation -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- 3 Effect of Hole Stemming Practices on Energy Efficiency of Comminution -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Types of Stemming -- 3.2.1 Sizing of Stemming Material -- 3.2.2 Water Effects on Stemming -- 3.3 Mechanics of Stemming -- 3.3.1 Stemming Resistance -- 3.3.2 Borehole Pressure -- 3.3.3 Gas Flow Models and Optimal Stemming Length -- 3.3.4 Stemming Pressure Losses -- 3.3.5 Ejection Model -- 3.3.6 Retention Model -- 3.3.7 Borehole Springing -- 3.4 Nonideal Stemming -- 3.4.1 Increasing Stemming Resistance -- 3.4.2 Stemming Plugs -- 3.4.3 Airdecks -- 3.5 Loading Stemming -- 3.6 Stemming Charges -- 3.7 Decking