Suchergebnisse

1 What is a model? -- 1.1 The concept of models -- 1.2 Word models -- 1.3 Definition of model -- 1.4 Examples -- 2 Why do I need a model? -- 2.1 Reason for use of models -- 2.2 Complexity -- 2.3 Integration and testing of compatibility of information already collected about a system -- 2.4 Simulation as a synthesis of available information -- 3 How do I start? -- 3.1 Defining the problem -- 3.2 Word models -- 3.3 Diagrams -- 4 What help can I expect from mathematics? -- 4.1 Mathematical notations -- 4.2 Families of mathematical models -- 5 Do I need a computer? -- 5.1 Access to computers -- 5.2 Computer languages -- 5.3 Using the computer -- 6 How do I know when to stop? -- 6.1 Re-examination of objectives -- 6.2 Sensitivity analysis -- 6.3 Verification -- 6.4 Validation -- Appendix: Modelling checklist -- References.

Modelling represents a core method of investigation in the sciences. Relying on a number of case studies, I want to explore the main concepts that denote the practice of modeling in pure and applied sciences. I argue that these concepts could be seen as metaphors to reflect upon when exploring how the practices of modeling are characterised across different disciplines.

A simple, general mathematical model for modern war is presented. The form of the model is Lanchester but its derivation owes approximately equal amounts to classical operational research and to later ideas associated with theoretical ecology - especially the concept of `carrying capacity'. Solutions to the equations corresponding to stalemated, steady-state outcomes in theatre are concentrated on, with empirical justification derived from the unduly neglected databased work of Voevodsky. Prolongation and stalemate are seen as the default state of modern war. War termination is discussed as a consequence of `mutually (but not equally) hurting stalemate'. Examples are given of how, in certain circumstances, stalemate may be pre-empted in theatre by striking at non-battlefield targets and light is cast on the late 20th-century strategic trend towards conducting war preponderantly from the air.

Reviews and discusses E.D. Mansfield, Power, trade, and war (Princeton, NJ, 1994). (Original abstract-amended)

"With this fourth edition, Modelling Transport has been fully updated and revised to retain its position as the market-leading text in the field of transport modelling. As with previous editions, each subject is approached as a modelling exercise with discussion of the roles of theory, data, model specification, estimation, validation and application. This edition features four significant content enhancements; a new chapter on modelling for private sector projects; a new chapter on activity-based modelling; a new section on dynamic assignment and micro-simulation; and sizeable updates to the disaggregate modelling and Stated Preference sections. It also tackles topical issues such as congestion charging, global warming and the role of GPS in travel time surveys"--Provided by publisher

This book arose out of research carried out by the authors in the period 1983-1987 whilst at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research. A number of things combined to impart the basic thrust of the research: partly the developments in formulating and estimating rational expectations models, and partly actual developments in the UK economy itself. An application of recent developments in dynamic modelling to a complete macroeconometric model of the UK is presented. Rational expectations modelling, co-integration and disequilibrium modelling are covered. The book also develops computational procedures for obtaining efficient solutions to large-scale models, and illustrates model solutions assuming rational expectations and stochastic simulations. Finally, sections on the analysis of models using optimal control methods illustrate applications of a large-scale econometric model. This section also discusses policy applications, including the derivation of time-consistent policies in the presence of rational expectations, giving quantified illustrations.

The book focusses on questions of individual and collective action, the emergence and dynamics of social norms and the feedback between individual behaviour and social phenomena. It discusses traditional modelling approaches to social norms and shows the usefulness of agent-based modelling for the study of these micro-macro interactions. Existing agent-based models of social norms are discussed and it is shown that so far too much priority has been given to parsimonious models and questions of the emergence of norms, with many aspects of social norms, such as norm-change, not being modelled.

Als Technology of Gender im Sinne von Teresa de Lauretis (1988) steht Modeln im Zeichen des kulturell konstruierten und gesellschaftlich ausgetragenen Weiblichen. Gerade im Kontext dieses geschlechtlich so deutlich markierten Handlungsraums werden gegenwärtig Genderstereotype dekonstruiert und Identitäten infrage gestellt. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert aus modetheoretischer Perspektive auf die kulturelle Rolle des Models. Er setzt sich mit der These auseinander, dass es zu einer prägenden "Sozialfigur der Gegenwart" im Sinne von Stephan Moebius und Markus Schroer (2010) geworden ist. Als solche adressiert das Model durch seine breit aufgefächerte, intertextuelle bzw. intermediale Präsenz grundlegende Fragen bezüglich der gegenwärtigen Relation zwischen Mode und Identitätskonstruktionen.