Suchergebnisse

Pranje novca, kao jedan od najsofisticiranijih i najtežih oblika organizovanog kriminaliteta, je i međunarodni fenomen jer se odvija i prisutan je, kako u nacionalnim tako i međunarodnim razmjerama. Međunarodni karakter odvijanja pranja novca je jedan od efikasnijih metoda da se prikrije nezakonito porijeklo novca ili bilo kojeg oblika imovine koja je proistekla izvršenjem, uglavnom, teških krivičnih djela.Problematika pranja novca je prisutna u nacionalnim i međunarodnim razmjerama i značajno je izražena u onim društvima gdje perači novca nastoje da legaliziraju kriminalom zarađenu dobit i da tu dobit infiltriraju u privredu i finansijske tokove, s ciljem da kontrolišu određene ekonomske i političke procese. Pranje novca predstavlja međunarodni zločin, zbog čega je međunarodna zajednica odlučila uspostaviti međunarodne standarde, sa zahtjevom da te standarde prihvati što veći broj zemalja svijeta. S obzirom na velike probleme i razne poteškoće na koje nailazi u borbi protiv svih oblika organizovanog kriminaliteta, kroz akcije usmjerene na same izvršioce ovih krivičnih djela, međunarodna zajednica je odlučila da svoju pažnju usmjeri na drugi moment ove borbe: novac, tj. prihod koji nastaje izvršenjem krivičnih djela organizovanog kriminaliteta. Shodno tome, međunarodna zajednica je odlučila da pokuša da udari tamo gdje će kriminalcima nanijeti najveće posljedice, tako što je preduzela velike akcije protiv pranja novca.U borbi protiv pranja novca stvoreni su čitavi institucionalni aparati; zbog njega se pišu nove i nove konvencije, direktive, preporuke; zbog njega se mora često mijenjati krivično zakonodavstvo; zbog pranja novca prestala je postojati tajnost računa I podataka banaka. Ponekad se, u toj borbi žrtvuju i osnovna ljudska prava, jer se praktično vodi rat protiv pranja novca. Obim intervencija, strategija i međunarodnih sporazuma, razrađenih da bi se prekinuli lanci pranja novca, širokog su raspona i veoma usavršeni. Pranje novca je veoma veliki biznis, koji nije lako kontrolisati putem međunarodnih sporazuma. Naravno, sve je to potrebno i neophodno, a drugo je pitanje da li sve te mjere daju uvijek očekivane rezultate tj. da li to ima za rezultat adekvatan broj pravosnažno osuđujućih presuda i adekvatan iznos oduzete imovinske koristi.U tom smislu, u radu sam istražio i dao pregled samo najvažnijih i najrelevantnijih međunarodnih organizacija i institucija u borbi protiv pranja novca kao što su: Organizacija ujedinjenih nacija, Vijeće Evrope, Financial Action Task Force – FATF, Grupa Egmont, Evropska unija, Bazelski komitet za bankarske propise i kontrolu, Međunarodni monetarni fond i Svjetska banka, s napomenom da ću šire obraditi samo neke od njih koje smatram bitnim. --- Money laundering, as one of the most sophisticated and severe forms of organized crime, has a strong international component because it occurs not only within national borders, but goes far beyond. The transnational aspect of money laundering makes it easier to prevent the true source of funds and other property derived from serious criminal activity.Therefore, the problem of money laundering is both, a national as well as an international problem. It is very common in the countries where money launderers attempt to legalize the illegal proceeds and then transfer it into the stream of commerce and finance in order to control certain economic and political processes. Money laundering is an international crime leading the international community to establish common standards that countries around the world should adopt. Having in mind the great difficulties in fighting against organized crime using the traditional methods focused upon the perpetrators, the international community decided to shift its focus towards the other important component of money laundering – the proceeds derived from criminal activity. In that sense, the international community decided to strike where the consequences for money launderers are the most prominent – the money.The prevention of money laundering lead to creation of the whole new set of institutional apparatus; many conventions have been organized, and many articles, directives, recommendations, guidelines were created. The prevention of money laundering has lead to changes in criminal code legislation and dissolution of bank information secrecy. Sometimes, however, this war on money laundering sacrifices some basic human rights. The range of strategies, interventions and international agreements developed to prevent money laundering is broad and very sophisticated. Money laundering is a large business which is not easy to regulate by way of international agreements. Of course, while these agreements and strategies are necessary, the question about their effectiveness, however, still lingers in the background, especially considering the number of final criminal convictions and the amount of illegal proceeds forfeited.In that sense, I provided an overview of the most relevant and the most important international institutions whose job is the prevention of money laundering, namely the UN, Council of Europe, Financial Action Task Force –FATF, Egmont Group, European Union, The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, The International Monetary Fund and World Bank. I would like to mention that I will cover in more detail only those organizations I find the most relevant.

Članak prikazuje recentne studije o novcu kao pravnom fenomenu, putem čijeg kreiranja različiti "stakeholderi" uređuju raspodjelu resursa i odnose između pojedinih dijelova društva. U ovoj koncepciji novac formira tržište, a ne obratno. Na primjeru "slobodnog kovanja" karakterističnog za Englesku od 12. do 14. stoljeća analizira se dilema nominalizam – metalizam, te tri ograničenja robnog novca u kojima se očituje Greshamov zakon, odnosno kontroverza likvidnosti. U članku se ne analizira na koje proturječnosti nailazi nominalistička politika novca. Pokazuje se da se ni u suvremenoj koncepciji robnog novca, eksplicitnoj u Hayekovoj studiji The Denationalization of Money, zbog proturječja likvidnosti ne može – u kreiranju i održanju novčanog sustava – izbjeći uloga društvenih, izvantržišnih faktora, uz ostalo i prava. Kako mnogi autori zaključuju da je i zajednička europska valuta koncipirana po uzoru na zlatni standard (robni novac), slijedi da i uspjeh njezina dizajna i funkcioniranja ne može biti prepušten samo tržišnom mehanizmu, nego ovisi o društvenoj, političkoj i pravnoj potpori. ; The paper describes money as a legal phenomenon, which means that stakeholders use money to allocate resources and manage social relations. In this understanding money creates markets and not vice versa. The system of money creation called free minting, which was common in England from the 12th to the 14th century, is described. Three constraints of commodity money are explained and the nominalism – metalism dilemma is analysed. The focus of the analysis is on Gresham's law and the problem of liquidity of commodity money. The similarity between medieval commodity money and a modern concept of commodity money in the book The Denationalization of Money by Friedrich von Hayek is shown. The conclusion is that the market mechanism cannot solve the problem of liquidity without social agents not included in the market exchange. Since the common European currency is to some degree similar to the gold standard, the same conclusion works for the euro.

U Hrvatskoj su nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata za prehranu i opskrbu ratnih zarobljenika i osoba osuđenih na lišenje slobode s prisilnim radom uvedeni i korišteni novčani bonovi. Za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenica u Zavodu za prisilni rad Požega bonovi su uvedeni najvjerojatnije 1946. (izdanje: Zavod za prisilni rad Požega), bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Fužinama uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1950. (izdanje: Narodna Republika Hrvatska Uprava osuđeničke radne snage "Hidroelektra" Fužine), a bonovi za prehranu i opskrbu osuđenika na prisilnom radu u Sisku uvedeni su najvjerojatnije 1951. (izdanje: Uprava osuđeničke radne snage Sisak-Predgrađe). Zatvorski/logorski bonovi u Hrvatskoj 1945.-1951. malo su poznati, iako su zanimljiv prilog poznavanju represivnoga sustava, a i novčarske povijesti u razdoblju "narodne demokracije" u Jugoslaviji. ; After the Second World War money coupons were introduced and used in Croatia for the food and supplies of war prisoners and persons deprived of freedom with forced labour. Coupons for the food and supplies of women prisoners in the Forced Labour Institution in Požega were probably introduced in 1946 (issued by the Požega Institution for Forced Labour), coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Fužine were probably introduced in 1950 (issued by the People's Republic of Croatia, "Hidroelektra" Fužine Administration for Prisoners' Labour), and coupons for the food and supplies of prisoners sentenced to forced labour in Sisak were probably introduced in 1951 (issued by the Sisak-Predgrađe Administration for Prisoners' Labour). The prison/camp coupons in Croatia from 1945-1951 are not well known although they are an interesting aspect of knowledge about the repression system and monetary history in the period of the "peoples' democracy" in Yugoslavia.

The author analyses two mutually linked phenomena -- corruption & money laundering -- a negative phenomena, which are today very widespread in a number of countries. The prevention of corruption & money laundering represents one of the leading challenges of modern social changes. Appearing in political & social life, they convince citizens & the public that society cannot function without corruption & money laundering. These criminal acts are skillfully covered up & difficult to reveal, thanks to the support of bureaucracy, technocracy & plutocracy of certain society. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, the author relates the role of money & finances with the basic structuring of social relations. Money is the only universal form of social wealth, its measure & its meaning. Up to the present, however, the economic theory has been underestimating & overlooking money's politico-economic role. This is revealed most radically in periods of major financial & economic crises. Consequently, the author points out that today's economy of depression often depresses the economists themselves & their science. Bidet's theory of modernity, along with Habermas's, is the last large-scale attempt at theoretical explanation of the social totality, but his theoretical reconstruction of society by means of underlying "metastructures" is based on non-financial & non-monetary forms of social mediation. In contrast, the author of this article seeks to prove that precisely money & finances belong to the central metastructure of market society. What is important here is not only the subversive role of money as the monopoly-holding & political good in the exchange, but also its financial form of debt, resulting from the particular social role of debt accumulation. Society is connected with debt accumulation, & the economic sovereignty of money is its political legitimacy as debt. Therein lies its sociality, the foundation of underlying communication & of cooperation as metastructure of market society development. The present-day crisis has propelled the debt accumulation problem to absurd levels. It has brought to light that the greatest contradictions of today's market society are based on the economic & social globalization of finances. Contemporary capitalism is a genuine financial capitalism, which is why there can be no solution without a politico-economic & cultural reconstruction of the monetary regime & of financial economy. Accordingly, the author shows that the solution to the current economic crisis points precisely to the "metastructure" of market society. Adapted from the source document.

Ponajviše na osnovi arhivske građe, ali i onodobnoga tiska, prikazuje se složenost fenomena krivotvorenja novca na području Kraljevine Jugoslavije tridesetih godina 20. stoljeća. Obuhvaćeni su uglavnom slučajevi krivotvorenja iz Savske Banovine i Banovine Hrvatske. Pokušali smo obraditi politički, društveni i geografski aspekt krivotvorenja. Osobito se osvrće na odnos vlasti prema krivotvorenju, na sociodemografske karakteristike krivotvoritelja i krivotvoriteljskih organizacija te na geografske tokove novca. Analizom smo nastojali prikazati neke karakteristike krivotvoriteljske prakse. ; The author gives a complex picture of forging money on the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in the 1930s, primarily based on archive material, but also on the contemporary press. He mostly covers cases of forging in the Sava Banovina and the Banovina of Croatia, analysing the political, social and geographical aspects. He pays special attention to how the authorities reacted to the forging, the socio-demographic characteristics of the forgers and forging organisations, and to the territorial flow of the money. His analysis is aimed at showing some characteristics of the practice of forging.

The article looks into the process of "building" the monetary union of the EU member countries & creating the European currency, the euro. Following lengthy negotiations, the euro-system era commenced on 1 Jan 1999, when the euro was launched, marking the beginning of the third phase of the monetary union. At first, the euro will be virtual money & function as a dual currency, but in 2002, it will be printed/coined for everyday usage. In the first half of that year, local currencies will be replaced by the euro in eleven EU countries that have satisfied the stringent criteria of "suitability" for joining the monetary union. 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.

This paper considers the role of money, particularly the role of monetary analysis in monetary policy-making. During the last three decades, many central banks changed their monetary policy considerably. In the late 1970s, money & the long-run effects of its movements on inflation were in the center-stage of economic policy. Given the breakdown of the relationship between monetary aggregates & goal variables such as inflation, many countries in the world have recently adopted inflation targeting as their monetary policy regime. The direct control of money supply lost importance. Central bankers operate in an environment of high uncertainty regarding the functioning of the economy. In such a complex environment, a single model or a limited set of indicators is not a sufficient guide for monetary policy. Monetary aggregates continue to be an important indicator variable, concludes the author. References. Adapted from the source document.

The author is critical of the introduction of the euro from the point of view of national & political economy. His criticism is based on four assumptions. The first is that the introduction of the euro gives rise to certain legal concerns. Some countries had not met the criteria for the introduction of the euro, yet it was introduced, which means that the European parliament & the national governments & their parliaments no longer respect the due process of law. The second is that the foreign debt, which amounts to 120% of GNP, is impossible to repay in those democracies that are not in the position to impose austerity measures that would include several legislatures. The third criticism is based on the fact that European countries are at different levels of development, which makes the monetary union much too vulnerable. The fourth criticism refers to the fact that common currency means common policy, &, consequently, the end of nation-states in Europe. Croatia may join the EU, but this would pose a challenge to its national sovereignty. 2 Tables. Adapted from the source document.

According to the author, the introduction of the euro has created the second largest economic space in the world. However, this economic space is not without its quandaries. For example, the author predicts that the exchange rate for the euro is going to increase only after the conditions for investments within the euro space have improved. All the EU governments must work on structural reforms of the labor market & the social policy. This will be facilitated once the euro has become an international currency equal to the dollar. For this to occur, a political union in Europe must be created since a successful currency needs political clout as a back-up. Adapted from the source document.

The author explores the evolution, functioning, similarities & differences between the original Bretton Woods international monetary system that operated from 1945 to 1973 & the present modified institution, which is symbolically called Bretton Woods 2 System. The existing international financial architecture keeps on being based on the hegemony of the US dollar, as a dominant reserve currency. However, in spite of the fact that in most cases the present international monetary system implies the regime of flexible foreign exchanges rates, a characteristic of this system is that many countries in different degrees refuse to accept the appreciation of their national currencies to the US dollar. At the same time, the domination of the USA, the most indebted country in the world, is becoming a very serious threat to its sustainability. However, as the author concludes, the creators of the international monetary system, being aware how serious could be the consequences of its cessation, endeavor to extend its operation accepting less expensive consequences of keeping it alive. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

U radu se polazi od shvaćanja da je javno-privatno partnerstvo (JPP) jedan od najznačajnijih instrumenata dobrog upravljanja, pri čemu treba voditi računa o složenosti tog mehanizma, mogućnos tima i opasnostima koje u sebi nosi, posebno ako ga se uzima u njegovoj reduciranoj ulozi – kao instrument privatnog investiranja za zadovoljenje javnih potreba. Upravo takav uski koncept dolazi do izražaja u Smjernicama Vlade Republike Hrvatske donesenim u rujnu 2006., kojima se uvodi isključivo ugovorni oblik JPP-a i koncesije. Rad upozorava na nedovoljnu sustavnost, konzistentnost, jasnoću i cjelovitost pristupa, koja čini upitnom proklamiranu svrhu Smjernica da potencijalnim partnerima pruži informacije, koje sadržavaju dovoljno odgovora kad oni razmišljaju primijeniti li ili ne JPP. Kako bi se došlo do dodatnih informacija, najveći dio rada posvećen e prikazu instituta isključivog ugovornog oblika JPP-a kroz praksu zemalja (prvenstveno V. Britanije i donekle Australije) kojega najviše primjenjuju u posljednjih 10-ak godina, pri čemu je naglasak na problemima transfera rizika. ; The paper is based on the belief that public-private partnership is one of the most important instruments of good governance. However, the complexity, potentials, and dangers of that institute also must be taken into consideration. At the beginning of the paper, the author outlines Guidelines of the Government from September 2006, which introduced the institute of public-private partnership as exclusively contractual relationship. A critical analysis of the Guidelines has shown a number of incomplete and disputable provisions as well as confusion about the principles, objectives, and instruments of public-private partnership. That situation certainly does not provide sufficient information to those who would like to use the instrument of PPP, particularly because they are constantly persuaded that PPP is the best way for satisfying public needs without additional taxation of citizens.969 Perko-[eparovi} Inge: Upitnost transfera rizika u javno-privatnom partnerstvu HRVATSKA JAVNA UPRAVA, god. 7. (2007.), br. 4., str. 943–969 HRVATSKA JAVNA UPRAVA The main part of the paper deals with the practice in Great Britain – the country that has been using that institute most frequently in the past ten years – and Australia – the country that often copies British solutions. Since the legitimation for contractual form of PPP – in Great Britain known as private financial initiative – often seems to be the allocation of risk, i.e. the transfer of risk from the public to the private sector, the main part of the paper deals with these issues: the existence and time of the transfer of risk; public sector constraints that appear after a contract has been signed in the situation of asymmetrical powers; and transaction costs. British and Australian examples are followed by an outline of legal framework for PPP projects. Several options are shown: BOOT, DBFO (the most successful and the most common), and DBO. If we calculate value for money, it is obvious that previous experiences with PPP more than disputable. »Successful projects« have been and still are the result of heavy payments to the private sector. E.g. road construction with private financial initiative: initial construction costs were paid off in only three years, the private sector makes operative profit of 68%cper annum based on the contract valid for thirty years. Previous experience has shown that the state has been enthusiastic in protecting the profit interests of private investors at the expense of its citizens, i.e. in putting the private interest above the common good. The reality of this PPP form is far from perfect. Finally, the author suggests better institutionalisation of PPP processes in Croatia in order to ensure the best of imperfect contractual forms of PPP.

Novac Kraljevine Jugoslavije, 1929. - 1941. godine, kao uostalom i svaki drugi novac u prošlosti i danas, odašilje mnoge simboličke poruke na više razina. Njihovim iščitavanjem može se razumjeti državna, nacionalna, politička, ideološka, gospodarska i kulturna usmjerenost jugoslavenske monarhije, pa i najvažnije mijene kroz koje je prolazila. U članku je prikazana politička i ideološka pozadina dizajna i ikonografije novčanica Narodne banke Kraljevine Jugoslavije za ratne novčane rezerve (novčanice "za potrebe zemaljske odbrane" i "za potpuno izvanredne potrebe"). Te novčanice nisu bile predviđene za redovni optjecaj, pa ili nisu bile izdane ili su puštene u optjecaj (prema svim pokazateljima tek 8. 4. 1941.) tek početkom rata u Jugoslaviji. Tako su u novčanom prometu bile samo kraće vrijeme, do njihova povlačenja i zamjene, pretežito tijekom 1941. godine. ; The money of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, 1929-1941, like any other money in the past and present, sends many symbolical messages on several levels, whose reading allows us to understand state, national, political, ideological, economic and cultural conditions, and the most important changes through which the Yugoslav Kingdom passed in the second decade of its existence.

Ciljevi ovog istraživanja su bili utvrditi postoji li među studentima sklonost prema impulzivnoj kupovini te spoznati postoje li razlike u sklonosti s obzirom na različite demografske karakteristike uzorka. Cilj je također bio i proučiti prisutnost različitih stavova prema novcu i utvrditi postoji li razlika u sklonosti prema impulzivnoj kupovini s obzirom na stavove prema novcu. Rezultati dobiveni anketnim istraživanjem su pokazali kako veći dio uzorka ima sklonost prema impulzivnom kupovnom ponašanju, pri čemu je kognitivni aspekt sklonosti prema impulzivnoj kupovini izraženiji. Što se tiče stavova prema novcu, istraživanje je pokazalo kako kod većine ispitanika iz uzorka nisu prisutni proučavani stavovi, pri čemu je najmanja prisutnost zabilježena kod stava prema novcu kao sredstvu moći, a najveća kod stava prema novcu kao sredstvu za rješavanje anksioznosti. Od determinanti impulzivne kupovine, na dobivenim uzorku se nisu pokazale značajnima ni spol ni dohodak, a što se tiče stavova, značajnim se pokazao samo stav prema novcu kao sredstvu za rješavanje anksioznosti, gdje se pokazalo kako će osobe koje su anksioznije kada je novac u pitanju, imati i veću sklonost prema impulzivnom kupovnom ponašanju. Dodatak analizi je pokazao kako su osobe muškog spola sklonije biti anksiozne kada je novac u pitanju u odnosu na osobe ženskog spola, dok se prebivalište nije pokazalo značajnim za prisutnost ovog stava. ; This study's objectives were to determine whether there is a tendency among students towards impulse shopping and to know if there are differences in preferences according to the different demographic characteristics of the sample. The aim was also to study the presence of different attitudes towards money and determine whether there is a difference in preference for impulse buying regarding attitudes towards money. The results obtained by the survey showed that most of the sample had a tendency towards impulsive purchasing behavior, with the cognitive aspect of the tendency towards impulse buying more ...