Suchergebnisse

The current agricultural policy in the European Union aims at stimulating and facilitating a wide range of agricultural functions besides the production of food and fiber. It goes hand in hand with an increased demand for new services in the agricultural landscape such as nature and history conservation. This new role for the farmer needs to be defined and measured to clarify its significance both to the individual farmer and to the public whose tax money pay for the services. The aim of this thesis is to discuss the new role of agriculture based on material gathered through a special accounting method. All the resources spent on managing agricultural landscapes have been registered continuously on two Swedish farms. On a third farm the same information has been gathered in a farmer's diary and then secondarily transcribed into the same accounting method manual as on the other two farms. Also semi-structured interviews have been performed on these three farms focusing on how and why the farmers manage the agricultural landscape. This thesis shows that the special accounting method is applicable if only a few basic assumptions are made. One such assumption has to do with the division of resources for producing biological and historical value and the resources for producing food and fiber in the agricultural landscape. The evaluation of the method is the main theoretical contribution of this thesis. Another result is that the management practices are relatively time consuming. Moreover the compensation for managing pastures and meadows on the farms within the agri-environmental scheme seems to compensate the extra input of resources in many cases, and factors affecting the degree of compensation are identified in the thesis.

"One summer day in Stockholm in 1747, the carpenter's daughter Lena Cajsa Bohman faces trial for disobedience to her father. Soon, she admits to more serious crimes. A tangle of trafficking of young women is revealed. It develops into a story of power and greed, of secret networks and trade with young women. The protocols reflects women's circumstances in a time when all extra-marital sexuality was forbidden and the word prostitution was not used. In 18th century Stockholm, no distinction was made between prostitution and extramarital sexuality. All sexual intercourse outside of marriage was illegal for both women and men. Through the combination of a variety of material sources, from trial protocols to memoirs and hateful whore poems, we get a versatile picture of the commercial sexuality. The testimony of mamsell Bohman tells about how the trade was organized, who the profiteers, the women and the buying men were, where the trade took place and how women who provided sex för money were looked upon. The overall aim is to investigate how the whore stigma remains over centuries. The stigma is extremely adaptable and constantly accommodates to new cultural and social contexts, laws, values and established truths. It is intertwined with dominant notions of good and evil, of honor and contempt. During the 18th century, the whore stigma was not yet linked to payment for sex. It could affect all women, but was crossed by other hierarchical social orders. Despite a rigid legal stance and a strong social control, the boundaries were more permeable than they would later become. There was a striking discrepancy between law, jurisprudence and the verdict of the mob in 18th century Stockholm - a city where the bourgeois daughter Lena Cajsa was able to admit to relations with the notorious Lovisa von Plat and a number of illegitimate sexual relations, but escape punishment and marry into nobility."

"One summer day in Stockholm in 1747, the carpenter's daughter Lena Cajsa Bohman faces trial for disobedience to her father. Soon, she admits to more serious crimes. A tangle of trafficking of young women is revealed. It develops into a story of power and greed, of secret networks and trade with young women. The protocols reflects women's circumstances in a time when all extra-marital sexuality was forbidden and the word prostitution was not used.
In 18th century Stockholm, no distinction was made between prostitution and extramarital sexuality. All sexual intercourse outside of marriage was illegal for both women and men. Through the combination of a variety of material sources, from trial protocols to memoirs and hateful whore poems, we get a versatile picture of the commercial sexuality. The testimony of mamsell Bohman tells about how the trade was organized, who the profiteers, the women and the buying men were, where the trade took place and how women who provided sex för money were looked upon.
The overall aim is to investigate how the whore stigma remains over centuries. The stigma is extremely adaptable and constantly accommodates to new cultural and social contexts, laws, values and established truths. It is intertwined with dominant notions of good and evil, of honor and contempt. During the 18th century, the whore stigma was not yet linked to payment for sex. It could affect all women, but was crossed by other hierarchical social orders. Despite a rigid legal stance and a strong social control, the boundaries were more permeable than they would later become. There was a striking discrepancy between law, jurisprudence and the verdict of the mob in 18th century Stockholm - a city where the bourgeois daughter Lena Cajsa was able to admit to relations with the notorious Lovisa von Plat and a number of illegitimate sexual relations, but escape punishment and marry into nobility."

During the 19th-century many lakes in Sweden were lowered because the need of agriculture land was high. The population was increasing so the government decided to lend money to farmers that wanted to expand their land. Today we are experiencing the environmental results of these actions. Hydrological effects like changed flowing directions and the damping effects of the lakes have been taken away. The management of the forest is also affecting the water system. In the catchment of Gråskaån several lakes has been lowered and a lot of land has been drained. The result is a quick outflow of water to the sea, when it's raining or when the snow is melting. Measurements in the field and also simulations with the HBV light model shows a quick decrease in flow when it's receiving water, during the summer months anyway. Computer simulations shows that during the 1980's the flow was higher, that is probably because of larger amount of precipitation during the 80's. The winters were also colder and that gives a larger amount of snow accumulation and more melting water in the spring. The low water flows are also affecting the fishes. The county administrative board of Stockholm wants to have a stock with salmon trout in Gråskaån. Therefore there have been projects going on, since the year of 1976, with putting out salmon trout in the river. In May 2003 were the last time for that, and test fishing in October the same year showed that there was no trout left in the river which is probably because of the low water flow during the summer months. The fish are responding to low water flows with heading downstream, and in this case, the fish probably swims out to Edeboviken. During the flow measurement the stream velocity varied between 37 cm/s and 1 cm/s. The salmon trout needs at least 15 cm/s to survive. So the big variation in water flow causes big problems. The salmon trout was reproducing in the stream during the 1980 but not anymore and that is probably because of the larger amount of precipitation during that time compared to now. So in order to keep the salmon trout in the river some counter measures has to be made. Countermeasures like damming of lakes to ensure a water flow during summer when the stream sometimes is completely dry, is one of the things that can be done. Also countermeasures like the removal of plants and construction of god playing grounds for the salmon trout has to be done in order to keep the fish in the stream.