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This is an excerpt from the 4-volume dictionary of economics, a reference book which aims to define the subject of economics today. 1300 subject entries in the complete work cover the broad themes of economic theory. This extract concentrates on money.

The political system in America was founded on democracy. Those ideal values that we hold true are increasingly threatened by the influence of money in our political system. The neo-political practice has become standard in modern American politics. Through the current system, where competition is highly encouraged, we have come to expect politicians to accept unlimited sums of money to win an election. This mindset has undermined the value of democracy in America, raising several questions --How many politicians accept money from PAC's and Super PAC's? Have their views changed after accepting money? Are they representing the will of their donors over the will of the people? Without further introspection we face an ethical dilemma of prioritizing money over people. Do we really value money so much that we attach a price tag to people's livelihoods? As the bourgeois say, "What can't money buy?" This presentation will look at the use of money in politics, specifically campaign finance. Also, it will discuss the ethical dilemma that politicians face and the choices they have to make. Finally, it will discuss possible solutions that we could enact to alleviate the problem.

In the future economic system, as suggested by TOP Tax system, that total money supply (real money and debt money/loan money) to be necessary for circulation in banks should be at the minimum level of 100% and at maximum level 110% of the value of GDP of the country. Out of this total money supply in the economic system, 99.7% of the money will be in dematerialised (non physical) form in the accounts of citizens, Governments and companies. Only small portion of money, equalling just 0.3% of the total money in the economic system, will be in physical form i.e. currency notes or coins. All high valued paper currency notes will be demonetised. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.

ABSTRACT In the nineteenth century, money appear primarily as gold. In the twenty-first century, it appears as strictly fiduciary money. It is known that Marx said very clearly that the golden money was the effective basis of the monetary and credit system. Had the historical development finally shown that his theory of value and money would be false? Marxists have struggled continually with this problem. This paper tries to show that exist a simple and good answer to this crucial question. It comes just developing a little the dialectics of commodities and money found on Marx's Capital.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Money Laundering Explained -- 2. How Banks Facilitate International Money Laundering Schemes -- 3. Money Laundering Is Common in Iran -- 4. Ethiopia Has Problems with Money Laundering Because of Illicit Cash -- 5. Terrorists Finance Their Operations Using Shell Companies -- 6. How Japan Fights Money Laundering in Cryptocurrency Exchange -- 7. Criminals Use Large Banks Around the World to Launder Money -- 8. Drug Trafficking and Money Laundering -- 9. Money Laundering in Online Gambling -- 10. Cryptocurrency Scams Pass as Legitimate Businesses -- 11. Money Laundering May Be Easier in the Digital World -- 12. The European Union Backs Stronger Anti-Money Laundering Laws -- 13. Global Action Needed Against Money Laundering -- 14. Internal Revenue Service Law Helps Stop Money Laundering -- 15. Time to Root Out Money Laundering in Global Trade -- 16. Anti-Money Laundering Policies Unintentionally Punish Poor Countries -- 17. Global Anti-Money Laundering Efforts Fail to Stop Crime -- 18. Effective Anti-Money Laundering Procedures Must Be Enforced and Scrutinized -- Organizations to Contact -- Bibliography -- Index -- Back Cover.