Suchergebnisse

The main objective of this paper is to determine the level of relevance of the economic development and the level of pollution of thirteen states that joined the European Union (EU) in the last three enlargement rounds (2004, 2007, and 2013), with the length of transitional periods, i.e. the number of regulations that have agreed transitional periods. The initial assumption is that the level of economic development of countries joining the EU and the level of pollution are affecting the length of transitional periods and the number of regulations that are agreed upon transitional periods. Accordingly, the paper points to the level of economic development (measured by GDP) and the level of pollution (emissions measured by CO2/pc and CO2/gdp). All the states are grouped into five regional groups (Mediterranean, Central Europe, the Baltics, South-East Europe and the member states of the former Yugoslavia) . Separate part of the paper analyzes in detail the types of regulations relating to the agreed transitional periods, and the number and length of transitional periods that are contracted by the states of the five groups. For the analysis we used the transitional periods in the field of energy, environment and transport, given their potential importance for CO2 emissions. The final part of the paper analyses perceived relevance between the level of economic development, levels of pollution, the length of transitional periods and the number of regulations that are agreed upon transitional periods.

Urban shrinkage is a process that many European countries have been facing in recent decades. It had started in highly developed regions at the time of deindustrialisation, but since the 1990s, this process has also affected Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe, with different patterns and dynamics of urban shrinkage. The political and economic crisis in Serbia during the 1990s, as well as the transition from a centrally governed and urban-based industrialisation to a neoliberal market economy, has brought significant changes in the development of cities, which faced declining demographic and economic vitality. This paper is focused on the analysis of the intensity and dynamics of demographic and economic aspects of urban shrinkage in Serbia and on classification of cities according to the different phases of urban shrinkage. Typological classification was performed using the K-means clustering algorithm. The cluster analysis is based on the use of relevant demographic and socio-economic indicators, for the period from 2002 to 2011. After identifying cities that recorded an increase in total population and relatively stable economic development, three types of shrinking cities were determined according to the intensity of demographic and economic shrinkage - cities with low, medium and high shrinkage intensity. The analysis of the main patterns and factors that influenced the different levels of urban shrinkage enabled a better understanding of this phenomenon in Serbia. The results indicate the heterogeneity of urban space due to different levels of demographic and economic shrinkage, thus it can serve as a starting point for future research of uneven urban development in Serbia. ; Опадање градова (енг. urban shrinkage) је процес са којим се последњих деценија суочавају многе земље у Европи и свету. Започет у високоразвијеним регионима у време деиндустријализације, овај процес је од 1990-их година интензивиран у постсоцијалистичким земљама Европе, у којима је испољио различите просторне обрасце и динамику. ...

According to actual legislation, the performing of communal activities in the Republic of Srpska is mainly entrusted with public utility companies founded and managed by local governments (municipalities and cities), as well as their majority owners. Municipalities and cities have a legal obligation to prescribe the conditions and manner of performing utility activities, material, technical and other conditions for the financing, development, the construction and maintenance of utility infrastructure, the conditions for the functioning of the technical and technological unity of utility systems and devices and others. One of the constant problems in the present management, financing, and monitoring and reporting on the real effects of the management of public utility infrastructure refers to the fact that it is a property that is owned (usually in the business balance) of local governments, but which is often included in the business balance of public utilities companies, such corporations, which managing these assets realize their regular business income. Different approaches to the legal treatment of utility infrastructure and its different models accounting for, among other things, significantly affecting the quality of information on financial position and performance of public utilities companies, and through it to relation managers and owners acording to its maintenance and renewal. The actual ballast of many years of unresolved dilemmas in this area in the final bears citizens, who are have the right to use public services of appropriate quality and under acceptable economic conditions. ; Prema važećim zakonskim propisima, obavlјanje komunalnih djelatnosti u Republici Srpskoj uglavnom je povjereno javnim komunalnim preduzećima koja osnivaju i kojima upravlјaju jedinice lokalne samouprave (opštine i gradovi), kao njihovi većinski vlasnici. Opštine i gradovi imaju zakonsku obavezu da propišu uslove i način obavlјanja komunalnih djelatnosti, materijalne, tehničke i druge uslove za finansiranje, razvoj, igradnju i održavanje komunalne infrastrukture, uslove za funkcionisanje i tehničko-tehnološko jedinstvo komunalnih sistema i uređaja i dr. Jedan od konstantno prisutnih problema u upravlјanju, finansiranju, kao i praćenju i izvještavanju o stvarnim efektima upravlјanja javnom komunalnom infrastrukturom odnosi se na činjenicu da se radi o imovini koja se nalazi u vlasništvu (obično i u bilansima) jedinica lokalne samouprave, ali koja je nerijetko uklјučena i u poslovne bilanse javnih komunalnih preduzeća, kao korporatizovanih društava kapitala, koja gazdujući tom imovinom ostvaruju svoje redovne poslovne prihode. Različitim pristupima pravnom tretmanu komunalne infrastrukture i različitim modelima njenog računovodstvenog obuhvata, pored ostalog, značajno se utiče na kvalitet informacija o finansijskom položaju i uspješnosti javnih komunalnih preduzeća, a kroz to i na odnos upravlјača prema njenom održavanju i obnavlјanju. Stvarni teret dugo godina nerazriješenih dilema u predmetnoj oblasti u konačnom snose građani, koji imaju pravo na korišćenje javnih usluga odgovarajućeg kvaliteta i pod za njih pristupačnim ekonomskim uslovima.

According to Paul Kahn, one of the leading American constitutional theorists, the terms 'nation' and 'national sovereignty' are beyond the moral argument. From the perspective of constitutional ontology, the nation is the community of all those who share the 'political eros' love of the nation, who are ready to respond to her call and, if necessary, lay down their lives on the altar of its self-preservation. The moral debate about the limits of nation's state is meaningless, tells us Kahn. The boundaries of all, even liberal states arise through a 'make sacrifices' they 'never just a matter of geography', and therefore 'there is no abstract drawing of borders by some principle of justice. As in the life of the individual, the limits have the same necessity: There is nothing abstract in that necessity.'. Adapted from the source document.

There have been a number of philosophical, legal and political concepts dealing with the issue of peace. The most famous discourse on the topic of peace is undoubtedly Kant's writing "Perpetual Peace" not only for the cogency of its ideas but also for the applicability of the majority of them in practice, particularly in terms of collective security. Kant's starting point was that peace is a rational and moral imperative of human nature, realized solely through human efforts. Though written two hundred years ago, his ideas have found acolytes in the post-coldwar period since they are, to a large extent, considered as emancipatory. Kant finds the guarantees for the realization of peace in the moral doctrine and thus rejects the use of force in the creation of peace. The relations among states are based on cooperation, not competition so that some elements of his project are reminiscent of the solutions applied in the system of collective security. The author looks into the viability of Kant's ideas in the post-coldwar period. (SOI : PM: S. 69)