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Faced with widespread consumerism and individualism, the erosion of the authority of the educational system, rising violence in certain schools, and even religious and ethnic intolerance, this thesis explores several paths of investigation and presents several proposals regarding the need for a code of ethics and a clarification of societal values in the educational system of today. To begin with, the thesis presents a timeline, from Ferry to Mitterrand, of moral principles as taught in the primary school system. An examination of positions garnered from philosophers and researchers follows, providing a theoretical foundation for moral education and school ethics. Finally, based on a nationwide questionnaire administered by 120 teachers and the aforementioned theoretical foundation, the thesis discusses possible solutions of the challenges of moral education : --A proposal for ethical practice minimum woven from democracy and secularism, teaching the concepts of mutual respect, nature conservation and implementation of social rules; an emphasis on non-violent communication and the respect of the moral principles essential to living together.- -A school awakening of secular spirituality, free of links to religion, allowing humanist values to develop at the heart of educational activities in a climate of peace and tolerance, of non-violence and solidarity; to give a new sense to our shared existence, in a scholastic environment where life skills are as important as knowledges to be acquired; to strive for a "quality of scholastic life", useful and pleasant, where caring and cooperation are promoted; where the respect of moral values is accepted and applied by all those involved in school life ; Face au consumérisme et à l'individualisme ambiants, à l'érosion de l'autorité éducative et à des manifestations de violence dans certains établissements scolaires, et parfois d'intolérance religieuse et ethnique, cette thèse propose plusieurs pistes de réflexion et des propositions en lien avec un besoin social d'éthique ...

Faced with widespread consumerism and individualism, the erosion of the authority of the educational system, rising violence in certain schools, and even religious and ethnic intolerance, this thesis explores several paths of investigation and presents several proposals regarding the need for a code of ethics and a clarification of societal values in the educational system of today. To begin with, the thesis presents a timeline, from Ferry to Mitterrand, of moral principles as taught in the primary school system. An examination of positions garnered from philosophers and researchers follows, providing a theoretical foundation for moral education and school ethics. Finally, based on a nationwide questionnaire administered by 120 teachers and the aforementioned theoretical foundation, the thesis discusses possible solutions of the challenges of moral education : --A proposal for ethical practice minimum woven from democracy and secularism, teaching the concepts of mutual respect, nature conservation and implementation of social rules; an emphasis on non-violent communication and the respect of the moral principles essential to living together.- -A school awakening of secular spirituality, free of links to religion, allowing humanist values to develop at the heart of educational activities in a climate of peace and tolerance, of non-violence and solidarity; to give a new sense to our shared existence, in a scholastic environment where life skills are as important as knowledges to be acquired; to strive for a "quality of scholastic life", useful and pleasant, where caring and cooperation are promoted; where the respect of moral values is accepted and applied by all those involved in school life ; Face au consumérisme et à l'individualisme ambiants, à l'érosion de l'autorité éducative et à des manifestations de violence dans certains établissements scolaires, et parfois d'intolérance religieuse et ethnique, cette thèse propose plusieurs pistes de réflexion et des propositions en lien avec un besoin social d'éthique ...

Faced with widespread consumerism and individualism, the erosion of the authority of the educational system, rising violence in certain schools, and even religious and ethnic intolerance, this thesis explores several paths of investigation and presents several proposals regarding the need for a code of ethics and a clarification of societal values in the educational system of today. To begin with, the thesis presents a timeline, from Ferry to Mitterrand, of moral principles as taught in the primary school system. An examination of positions garnered from philosophers and researchers follows, providing a theoretical foundation for moral education and school ethics. Finally, based on a nationwide questionnaire administered by 120 teachers and the aforementioned theoretical foundation, the thesis discusses possible solutions of the challenges of moral education : --A proposal for ethical practice minimum woven from democracy and secularism, teaching the concepts of mutual respect, nature conservation and implementation of social rules; an emphasis on non-violent communication and the respect of the moral principles essential to living together.- -A school awakening of secular spirituality, free of links to religion, allowing humanist values to develop at the heart of educational activities in a climate of peace and tolerance, of non-violence and solidarity; to give a new sense to our shared existence, in a scholastic environment where life skills are as important as knowledges to be acquired; to strive for a "quality of scholastic life", useful and pleasant, where caring and cooperation are promoted; where the respect of moral values is accepted and applied by all those involved in school life ; Face au consumérisme et à l'individualisme ambiants, à l'érosion de l'autorité éducative et à des manifestations de violence dans certains établissements scolaires, et parfois d'intolérance religieuse et ethnique, cette thèse propose plusieurs pistes de réflexion et des propositions en lien avec un besoin social d'éthique et la demande de clarification des valeurs pour l'école aujourd'hui. D'abord, la thèse propose une historiographie des principes moraux enseignés entre les années Ferry et Mitterrand à l'école primaire ; ensuite elle interroge les philosophes et chercheurs afin de proposer une assise théorique sur l'éducation morale et l'éthique scolaire. Enfin, à l'aide de cet arrière-plan conceptuel et d'un questionnaire national instruit par 120 enseignants, elle développe une réflexion sur les pratiques pour concrétiser dans l'école française deux défiséducatifs :-La proposition d'une éthique minimale, tissée de démocratie et de laïcité, avec l'apprentissage du respect mutuel, de la nature, des règles sociales ; l'éveil à la communication non-violente, le respect des principes moraux indispensables au vivre ensemble.-Un éveil à une spiritualité laïque exempte de tout lien avec la religion, permettant l'éveil aux valeurs humanistes et l'organisation d'activités pédagogiques développant un climat de paix et de tolérance, de non-violence et de solidarité. Redonner du sens à notre existence partagée, dans une école où les savoir-être sont aussi importants que les connaissances à acquérir. OEuvrer pour une « vie scolaire bonne » utile et agréable, où l'attention aux autres et lacoopération sont promues, où le respect de valeurs morales est accepté et appliqué par tous les acteurs de l'école

"Les pages qu'on va lire ont paru, mais seulement en partie, dans la Revue bleue, dans la Revue scientifique, dans la Revue politique et parlementaire, dans les DeÌbats et dans le Temps." ; Mode of access: Internet.

As an instrument of public action, the history of french moral and civic education can be seen as an effective indicator of the evolution of the spirit of the time between 1944 and 2014. He was promoted, from the immediate post-war by neo-pedagogues with, both Republican and emancipatory points of view, this teaching has been convened in 1944 to ward off "the degradation of moral conscience". Highlighted, even manipulated by emancipation ideology promotors, it was observed through the services this could get to a decidedly unitary republican morality. Held like in its early to awake national consciousness in children, it was mainly concerned with the requirement to consolidate the links damaged during the occupation, but also later, during the war in Algeria. Secondly, however, the fate that will be gradually awaiting for it between 1965 and 1984 in particular was indeed to reveal the advent of a new man, more hedonistic, more free, more vindictive and, in fact, resolutely individualistic. Despite the intervention of intellectuals anxious to see it used as railing against the excesses of postmodernism, this course will also be abolished in 1977. The « educator-state » later noting the harm of excessive individualism and ending with taking into account the unique nature of the issues contained in the management of a France more mixed than it was, will finally react symptomatising a form of french ambivalence. Thus, in the 1980s, constant hesitations about the role of moral and civic education in « together-life spirit » production will embody the obligation for politics to provide discourses beyond the classical opposition between individual and collective. ; En tant qu'instrument d'action publique, l'histoire de l'enseignement moral et civique français peut être observée comme un révélateur efficace de l'évolution subie par l'esprit du temps entre 1944 et 2014. Promu, dès l'immédiat après-guerre, par des néo-pédagogues investis d'une visée, à la fois républicaine et émancipatrice, l'enseignement moral et civique ...

As an instrument of public action, the history of french moral and civic education can be seen as an effective indicator of the evolution of the spirit of the time between 1944 and 2014. He was promoted, from the immediate post-war by neo-pedagogues with, both Republican and emancipatory points of view, this teaching has been convened in 1944 to ward off "the degradation of moral conscience". Highlighted, even manipulated by emancipation ideology promotors, it was observed through the services this could get to a decidedly unitary republican morality. Held like in its early to awake national consciousness in children, it was mainly concerned with the requirement to consolidate the links damaged during the occupation, but also later, during the war in Algeria. Secondly, however, the fate that will be gradually awaiting for it between 1965 and 1984 in particular was indeed to reveal the advent of a new man, more hedonistic, more free, more vindictive and, in fact, resolutely individualistic. Despite the intervention of intellectuals anxious to see it used as railing against the excesses of postmodernism, this course will also be abolished in 1977. The « educator-state » later noting the harm of excessive individualism and ending with taking into account the unique nature of the issues contained in the management of a France more mixed than it was, will finally react symptomatising a form of french ambivalence. Thus, in the 1980s, constant hesitations about the role of moral and civic education in « together-life spirit » production will embody the obligation for politics to provide discourses beyond the classical opposition between individual and collective. ; En tant qu'instrument d'action publique, l'histoire de l'enseignement moral et civique français peut être observée comme un révélateur efficace de l'évolution subie par l'esprit du temps entre 1944 et 2014. Promu, dès l'immédiat après-guerre, par des néo-pédagogues investis d'une visée, à la fois républicaine et émancipatrice, l'enseignement moral et civique français fut convoqué, à la Libération, pour conjurer "la dégradation de la conscience morale". Mis en valeur, voire, instrumentalisé par les promoteurs d'une idéologie émancipatrice, il ne fut pourtant pensé qu'en fonction des services qu'il pouvait rendre à une morale républicaine résolument unitariste. Tenu comme à ses débuts d'éveiller la conscience nationale chez l'enfant, il était alors concerné par l'obligation de refondre des liens abimés pendant l'occupation, mais aussi, plus tard, pendant la guerre d'Algérie. Dans un deuxième temps, en revanche, entre 1965 et 1984, le sort progressivement qui lui sera réservé devait bel et bien révéler l'avènement d'un nouvel homme, plus hédoniste, plus libre, plus vindicatif et, de fait, résolument plus individualiste. Malgré l'intervention d'intellectuels soucieux de le voir servir de garde-fou face aux excès de la postmodernité, cet enseignement sera d'ailleurs supprimé en 1977. L'État-éducateur constatant plus tard les méfaits d'un excès d'individualisme et finissant par prendre en compte la nature inédite d'enjeux contenus dans la gestion d'une France plus métissée qu'hier, finira alors par réagir et finalement symptomatiser une forme d'ambivalence française. C'est ainsi qu'à partir des années 1980, des hésitations constantes sur le rôle qu'il devait jouer dans la fabrication du vivre-ensemble sauront incarner l'obligation faite au politique de proposer un discours dépassant l'opposition classique entre individu et collectif.

L'auteure s'intéresse à l'apport de l'éthique ducareau domaine de l'éducation et cible plus particulièrement le programme Éthique et culture religieuse, implanté au Québec depuis 2008. Ainsi, une analyse des fondements de ce programme est effectuée, s'appuyant principalement sur les travaux de Nel Noddings, éthicienne et philosophe de l'éducation. À la suite de cette analyse, certaines objections soulevées à l'endroit de la théorie ducarede Noddings sont discutées.

Moral education within families.
Infant care specialists* are marked by a great diversity of social origin and social and academic backgrounds, although the majority of them are women belonging to socially up-and-coming families and, more often than not, church-going Catholics. They make up a professional group, still low on professionalisation and often ill-distinguished from related social professions. The nature of their activities, still bearing a heavy imprint of their charitable origins, is not subject to a great degree of regulation.
The miscellaneous quality of their recruitment is to a large extent a root cause and an effect of the conflicting claims of two sectors ; care (hospitalization) and prevention (maternity welfare and child welfare). These two sectors are composed of agents who are in conflict not only by social class origin but also by their 'world outlook' and the way they conceive their calling. Among these agents we find, on the one hand, members of the traditionnalist fractions of Catholicism - the daughters of a declining middle-class or the daughters of the lower middle-class peasantry. Politically, socially and professionnally conservative, they mean to limit the scope of their professional activities to the exercise of paramedical care and take their cue from the principles of the most traditional version of Christian charity. On the other hand, we also corne across members of the modernist fractions of Catholicism ; trade-union affiliated and more politically conscious, they are the daughters of the mainstream middle-class which has made its way through Personal merit and promotion. Although relatively under-qualified, they attempt to lay down an alternative definition of their profession as Infant care specialists - one centred on psychology and aimed at exerting some positive educational influence on the families themselves.

* Not to be confused with 'Child Welfare Workers', who are government-paid agents of the public health authority.

During the communist regime in Bulgaria, the process of legal socialization and moral education was neglected or subject to the principles of the totalitarian System. The basic reason for respecting the law in that period was fear of punishment. The big political changes which took place in Bulgaria during the last two years influenced the attitudes of adolescents toward the general principles of Law. The paper presents the results of a survey carried out just before the first free national elections in Bulgaria (June 1990). 250 adolescents (14-24 ans) were interviewed about the principles of the new legal System and about the activity of the new elected Parliament. The results show that fast political changes do not result in fast changes in the legal consciousness. If young people have very negative attitudes toward "socialist" law and reject the former law System they still have no clear idea about how the new law System could be changea in order to protect basic hum an rights.

Continuing Education and Moralization : The Social Function of the Social Psychology of Business.
The aim of the present study is to grasp the relationship between the introduction of techniques inspired by social psychology and the change -or at least the beginning of a change- in the ways of exercizing power in business. The author's observations derive from Personal participation in a program of continuing education or so-called "permanent training". The various stages of this type of training have multiplied since the adoption of the law of 1971, which, it seems, has benefited chiefly managerial and lower-level staff. The study is based on the hypothesis that these stages would be utilized, in a number of cases, as instruments of moralization, designed not so much to provide technical knowledge as to impose a new System of values, itself tied to a new style of command ("non-directiveness", "openess", "creativity", "participation", etc.).
The study focuses, in particular, on a group of lower-level staff who have in common the characteristic of being ill-suited to the posts they hold. The group includes the daughter of a military officer, judged to be too "authoritarian" in her position as head of the typing service, and a programmer of working-class origins who is uncomfortable in his dealings with both his superiors and his subordinates. The author's analysis shows that the social psychology of business probably does not have the power to transform the habitus of the people involved, and thereby to "reform" their behavior in a permanent fashion. All the same, it does possess, at the least, the power of altering their scale of values. As a result, it leads them to recognize the excellence of the new values that "modern" managers of "modern" business concerns have arrogated to themselves. This, perhaps, is the subject's main function.

Having examined values in education since earliest times on the one hand and the formal structuring of curricula throughout the XIXth century on the other hand, we will show how Jules Ferry's programmes are at the junction of two different approaches to moral education. Therefore, we will consider the main changes which structured the way it was taught throughout the XXth century. In France, the setting up of a base for common knowledge and common skills sheds a new light on social and civic skills, autonomy and initiative. These 6th and 7th pillars will compare favourably with other educational programmes, moral and religious, particularly in French-speaking Belgium as well as in Quebec. Comparing the prescribed curricula with the way they are enforced, we will present a survey of the attitudes of 300 pupils drawn from 3 middle schools. A study of the internal coherence of the items of the survey indicates a dichotomy between social skills and autonomy. The average pupils show more respect than solidarity. They seem more concerned with social relationships than with autonomy. Getting these skills or not depends on sex, social type and background. Altogether, girls prove to be more able than boys. Disadvantaged pupils are socially more efficient whereas autonomy seems better acquired by the most privileged pupils. These conclusions are coupled with a parallel trend at the level of the school : the pupils' success in these two fields may better result of different material organisations and of different educational politics. We will thus reflect on several ways of developing the performance of middle schools in fields of education to these values. ; Après avoir retracé un parcours des valeurs à l'école depuis l'Antiquité et la structuration formelle de curricula au cours du XIXe siècle, nous montrons en quoi les Programmes de Jules Ferry sont à l'articulation entre deux conceptions de l'éducation morale. Partant, nous parcourons ensuite les grandes évolutions qui structurent l'histoire de son enseignement au long ...