Suchergebnisse

Güç Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininin önde gelen araştırma konularındandır. Bir devletin kendi çıkarlarını korumak ve taleplerini başka bir ülke ya da toplumda kabul ettirebilmek konusundaki maddi ve manevi potansiyeli olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Güç kavramı bir devletin coğrafyası, tarihi, kültürü, askeri kapasitesi, insan gücü, ekonomisi gibi faktörlerle şekillenmektedir. Ancak 20. yüzyılın başlarında yaşanan iki büyük savaş bu anlamdaki bir gücün taraflara yıkım getirdiğini göstermiştir. Bunun bir sonucu olarak gerek uygulamada ve gerekse alan-yazında farklı arayışlara girişilmiş ve yumuşak güç olarak kavramlaştırılan yaklaşım doğmuştur. Yumuşak güç, bir ülkenin sahip olduğu siyasi değerler, kültür yapısı ve uyguladığı dış politika yoluyla kendini bir cazibe merkezi haline getirme yeteneği olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı, Türkiye'nin yumuşak güç uygulamalarını inceleyerek, yumuşak güç potansiyelini ortaya koymak ve gelişime açık alanları belirlemektir. Araştırma, Türkiye'nin yumuşak gücü, kamu diplomasisinin bir aracı olarak kullanma kapasitesinin ve potansiyelinin ne düzeyde olduğu sorusuna cevap aramaktadır. Cumhuriyet Dönemi ile sınırlı tutulmuş olan bu araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması kullanılmıştır. Türkiye'nin kültür, tarih, din, sağlık turizmi ve insani yardım alanlarında başarılı uygulamalara sahip olmakla birlikte, ekonomi, teknoloji, spor, üniversite, akademik araştırma alanlarında potansiyelini yeterince kullanamadığı belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Güç, Yumuşak Güç, Kamu Diplomasisi ; Power is one of the leading research topics of the International Relations Discipline. It is defined as the material and moral potential of a state to protect its own interests and to make its demands accepted in another country or society. The concept of power is shaped by factors such as geography, history, culture, military capacity, manpower, economy of a state. However, the two great wars that took place at the beginning of the 20th century showed that a power in this sense has caused the parties to experience devastation. As a result of this, different pursuits were embarked on both in practice and in literature, and the approach that was conceptualized as soft power was born. Soft power can be defined as a country's ability to make itself a center of attraction through its political values, cultural structure and foreign policy. The aim of this dissertation is to reveal its soft power potential and to identify areas open to development, by examining Turkey's soft power applications. The research seeks answers to the question is that in which level of Turkey's capacity and potential to use soft power as an instrument of Public Diplomacy. In this research, which was limited to the Republican Period, the literature review was used from qualitative research method. It has been determined that although Turkey has successful practices in the fields of culture, history, religion health tourism and human aid, it has not been able to adequately utilize its potential in the fields of economics, technology, sports, university education and academic researches. Key Words: Turkey, Power, Soft Power, Public Diplomacy

Bu çalışmanın konusu Türk Yükseköğretim sisteminde yer alan ve Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, Konya ve Antalya illerinde bulunan devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerinin sosyal sorumluluk uygulamalarında kavramsal bilgi ve örneklerini inceleyerek meşruiyet kazanma yöntemlerinin ve devamında kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk (KSS) kavramının meşruiyete katkısının incelenmesidir. Kurumsal bakış açısı ile birçok kez ele alınan farklı örgüt yapıları araştırmacılar tarafından çalışmalara konu edilmiştir. Kurumsal kurama göre bir örgüt içerisinde yer aldığı çevresel koşullara göre bir müddet sonra rakiplerine benzeşmekte bunun sonucu olarak da ortak uygulamalara gitmektedirler. Son yıllarda, örgütler müşterilerinin gözünde sadece kar amacı güden yapılar olmadıklarını göstermek için yardım kampanyaları, çeşitli ahlaki ve sosyal sorumluluk kampanyalarının içerisinde yer almaktadır. Bu durumda KSS kavramının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Örgütler açısından önem arz eden böyle bir kavramın kurum tarafından ne derecede önemsendiğini ve KSS çalışmalarının önemini ortaya koymak için çalışmamızın konusu KSS olarak belirlenmiştir. Üniversitelerin meşruiyet kazanmak için yaptıkları KSS çalışmaları ve uygulamaları inceleyerek birbirlerinden ne yönde ve ne şekilde farklılaştıklarını ortaya koymayı hedefleyen bu çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın ilk bölümünde kurumsal alt yapı incelenmiş kuramsal kuramın ortaya çıkışı, etik olgusu, meşruiyet kavramı gibi kavramlar ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın ikinci bölümünde Türkiye'de Yüksek Öğretim kurumlarının tarihçesi ve gelişimi ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın üçüncü bölümünde bu araştırma için çalışma kapsamında ele alınan yükseköğretim kurumlarının KSS uygulamalarının kategorize edilirken Birleşmiş Milletler Küresel İlkeler Sözleşmesinde yer alan ve maddelerin karması yapılarak bir sınıflandırma aracı oluşturulduğundan bahsedilmiştir. Her bir üniversitenin uyguladığı KSS çalışmalarını bir standarda oturtabilmek ve bir şablon uygulayabilmek adına Birleşmiş Milletlerin Küresel Sözleşmesinden yararlanılmıştır. Sözleşmede yer alan on madde ile Türkiye'nin içerisinde bulduğu yapısal durum bir araya getirilerek 4 ana başlık oluşturulmuştur. Bu ana başlıkların altında yer alan alt kategoriler ile üniversitelerin yayınlamış oldukları raporlarda kaç kaç farklı defa bahsetme sıklığına bakılarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise üniversitelerin KSS faaliyetleri kapsamında yaptıkları çalışmalar ve uygulamalar nitel araştırma yöntemi ile ele alınmıştır. Nitel araştırmanın evreni 29 üniversiteden oluşmaktadır. Belirlenen üniversiteler arasından İstanbul'da bulunan Koç Üniversitesi ve Kültür Üniversitesi, İzmir'de bulunan Yaşar Üniversitesi ve Ege Üniversitesi'nin raporlarına web sayfalarından ulaşılmamıştır. Resmi makamlardan mail yoluyla talep edilmesine rağmen geri dönüş alınamadığı için bahsedilen dört üniversite araştırma kapsamı dışında bırakılmıştır ve çalışmanın kısıtını oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın örneklemi 25 üniversiteden oluşmaktadır. Son olarak üniversitelerin KSS uygulamalarında en çok toplumsal sorumluluk kategorisine yer vererek benzeştikleri görülmüştür. Etik konusu ise üniversitelerin uygulamalarında en az yer verdikleri konu olarak görülmüştür. Literatür araştırmalarında üniversitelerin KSS uygulamalarının benzerliğine ilişkin kapsamlı bir çalışmanın varlığına rastlanmamıştır. Bu açıdan tez çalışmasının literatüre katkı sağlayabileceği ve özgün bir çalışma olduğu düşünülmektedir. The subject of this study is to examine the conceptual knowledge and examples of the social responsibility practices of state and foundation universities in Ankara, İstanbul, İzmir, Konya and Antalya which are included in the Turkish Higher Education System and to gain legitimacy and the legitimacy contribution of the concept of corporate social responsibility. Different organizational issues, which have been discussed many times with institutional point of view, have been studied by researchers. According to the institutional set-up, according to the environmental conditions in an organization, after a while, they resemble their competitors and as a result they go to common practices. In recent years, charities campaigns have been part of a variety of moral and social responsibility campaigns to show that organizations are not merely profit-making structures in the eyes of their customers. This led to the emergence of the concept of CSR. The issue of working to put forward the importance of such an important concept in terms of organizations and to show the importance of CSR studies has been determined as CSR. This study is aimed at revealing how the universities differ from each other in terms of CSR studies and practices that they have made in order to gain legitimacy. In the first part of the research, the concepts such as the emergence of theoretical theory, institutional infrastructure, ethics, and the concept of legitimacy are discussed. In the second part of the research, history and development of institutions of higher education in Turkey are discussed. In the third part of the research, it was mentioned that the classification of CSR applications of the higher education institutions covered in the study for this research was made a classification tool by making the replications of the materials in the United Nations Global Compact. It has benefited from the United Nations Global Compact in order to put CSR studies that each university has implemented into a standard and apply a template. The ten articles contained in the convention and the structural situation found in Turkey were put together and four main headings were formed.The subcategories under these headings and the reports published by the universities were evaluated by how many times they mentioned the frequency of mentioning. In the last part of the study, the studies and applications of the universities in the scope of the CSR activities were dealt with by qualitative research method. The universe of qualitative research consists of 29 universities. Koç University and Culture University in Istanbul, Yaşar University in Izmir and Ege University's reports in the selected universities are not accessible from the web pages. The four universities mentioned were excluded from the scope of the research because they could not receive a return even though they were requested by mail from the official authorities and they created the limitation of working. The sample of the study consists of 25 universities. Finally, it has been seen that universities are most similar to CSR applications in terms of social responsibility category. Ethics has been seen as the least common practice among universities.Literature surveys did not reveal the existence of a comprehensive study of the similarities of CSR practices of universities. In this respect, it is thought that the study of thesis is a unique work which can contribute to the literature.

Yönetim devamlı bir süreçtir. Yönetim süreci, pek çok iç ve dış koşulların, çok yönlü faktörlerin etkisiyle oluşan insani, maddi ve manevi faaliyetlerin toplamıdır. Görünen yönetim karmaşasını netleştirmek, anlaşılır hale getirmek, şeffaflaştırmak, kamu reformu ile ele alınan yeni yönetim yaklaşımının özünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu süreçte stratejik yönetim ve stratejik planlama öne çıkmaktadır. Tıpkı işletmelerde olduğu gibi kamu ve yerel idarelerde de stratejik plan yaparak hayatiyetini sürdürmektedir. Türkiye'de yerel idarelerin de içinde bulunduğu kamu gerçeğine bakmakta yarar vardır. Kamu mevcut ve yapısal durumu bilinmeden üzerine bina edilecek her türlü çaba sonuçsuz kalacaktır. Şimdiye kadar yapılan reform çabalarının tutmaması da bu gerçeğe dayanmaktadır. Türkiye'de, kamuda kaynaklarının etkin ve verimli kullanılmadığı görüşü hakimdir. Toplum kamudan kaynaklarının etkin, verimli, kaliteli ve amaca yönelik kullanımını beklemektedir. Beklentisine temel gerekçe de, gelişmiş ülkelerde kaynakların etkin, verimli ve üretime dönük kullanıldığını görmesidir. Stratejik planlama tam bu noktada toplum talepleriyle stratejik plan sunumunda kesişmektedir. Artık kamu, çevreyi inceleyerek analiz ederek vizyon, misyon, hedef, strateji ve önceliklerini belirleyerek plan geliştirecek; bunları uygulayacak sonuçlarını izleyerek ölçecek bir yönteme sahiptir. Bunu katılımcı yönetim anlayışı içinde gerçekleştirecektir. İşletmelerde müşteri memnuniyetine paralel kamu, vatandaş memnuniyeti odaklı çalışacaktır. Böylece uluslararası standartların kabul ettiği katılımcılık, şeffaflık, hesap verirlilik, paylaşımcılık, anlayışı kamu yönetimimizin olguları haline gelecektir. Artık kamu yönetiminde ve yerel idarelerde stratejik davranmak ilkesi kabul görmektedir. Eğitim, sağlık, tarım, sanayi, ketleşme başta olmak üzere öncelikli alanlarda rekabet etmek stratejik yönetim anlayışı ile olacaktır. Kısaca durumsal yaklaşımdan, stratejik yaklaşıma geçiş sağlanmaktadır. Bu geçiş gelecek referanslı yönetim anlayışına sahip olmak, idareyi kendi koşulları içinde rakipleri ve benzerleri ile karşılaştırarak rekabetçi bir temelde ele almak, bütüncül, entegre bir planlama anlayışıtaşımak anlamına gelmektedir. İş dünyasında alınan önemli mesafenin burada da ele alınabilmesi için öncellikle yerel idareyi yöneten üst düzey yönetici anlayışının değişmesi kaçınılmazdır. ; Administration is a continious process. Administrative process is the total of the moral, physical and humanitarian activities which are formed by many inside and outside conditions and multi-dimensional effects. Making the apparent chaos of administration clear,transparent,understandable are the nucleus of the new administrative approach which is at hand.Like private institutions,the local and public administrations can survive by the help of strategic planning. During this process strategic planning and administration come into foreground. It is beneficial to look closely at the public reality including local administration in Turkey. Every effort made without any knowledge of the present situation and structure will be futile. That is the reason why so many reforms have failed so far. Widely held opinion is that the resources in Turkey cannot be benefıted from effectively or efficiently.But the public expects these resources to be taken full advantage of. The main ground for this demand is that the resources in developed countries are utilized in an effective,efficient and productive way. These demands and strategic planning interject at this point. From now on,the public will develop plans by investigating and analysing the neighbourhood determining mission, vision, strategy, targets and priorities. The public has the administration to be able to carry out them and assess the results. They will be put into practice by participatory bureaucracy. The focus will be the on citizen satisfaction just like the customer satisfaction in private institutions. So internationally accepted concepts such as participation, transparency, accountability and sharing will be a part of our administrative structure. In today`s world the principle of strategic action is widely held. Competition in primary areas such as agriculture,education,urbanization and industry are only possible in this way. Shortly from situational administrative approach to strategic one is aimed at. These transition means having an administrative approach with a future reference,handling the administration under its conditions by comparing and contrasting with its competitors and having an integrated and holistic approach. To be able to be succesful like private insitutions, it is inevitable to have a change in the concept of senior administrators managing local government.

SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.