In the article, innovations are treated as a content of the strategy of local government institutions. It is shown that service innovation typologies in local government institutions can be applied only partly because political innovations are not evaluated according to any typology. There are four levels of innovations presented in the article: political, organizational potential development, administration, and functional activities. At the level of organizational potential development, three types of innovations are identified: new values, organizational structure innovations, and management system innovations. Administration level innovations are treated as service and process innovations. At the level of functional activities, innovations of human resources, finance, and marketing are identified. Using method of sociological survey, it has been proved that innovations of organizational potential development and functional activities are necessary at local government organizations. Benefits and obstacles of innovations have been showed, too.
In the article, innovations are treated as a content of the strategy of local government institutions. It is shown that service innovation typologies in local government institutions can be applied only partly because political innovations are not evaluated according to any typology. There are four levels of innovations presented in the article: political, organizational potential development, administration, and functional activities. At the level of organizational potential development, three types of innovations are identified: new values, organizational structure innovations, and management system innovations. Administration level innovations are treated as service and process innovations. At the level of functional activities, innovations of human resources, finance, and marketing are identified. Using method of sociological survey, it has been proved that innovations of organizational potential development and functional activities are necessary at local government organizations. Benefits and obstacles of innovations have been showed, too.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
The main problem of this study is the opportunities of municipality (in other words self-government) expression in the authoritarian state. The objective is to ascertain whether and how the communities of Kaunas governorate towns used the imperial municipal institute to express, implement and defend their interests. The dissertation analyzes existing historiography and the legal status of towns' municipality, the personal, social and national (as much as possible) composition of the voters and the municipality members. The dissertation investigates the municipal initiatives in the fields of education, culture and communal services and seeks to figure out whether initiatives undertaken by towns' communities were implemented with the help of self-government. The author examines the financial resources of the municipality, the development of these resources and possibilities to use them for realization of the town communities' initiatives. The nature of conflicts between municipalities and the government is analyzed there and it is investigated whether the manifestations of citizenship and nationality were noticed in self-government. It is concluded that the municipality had the legal autonomy which the imperial authorities had to respect and this fact made it possible to defend the interests of the self-government and towns' communities. A very small part of the town population was able to participate in the municipality, but it is worth to emphasize that in the context of that period these people were educated, civic and authoritative community members. In the beginning of the 20th century Poles and Lithuanians dominated among the people engaged in municipality. The part of municipal budgets grew and some of them used additional funds to implement the communities' initiatives. There emerged the realized initiatives of self-government in the areas of education, culture, and communal economy and some of them were initiated by the towns' communities. There were few civil society manifestations in the municipality, most of which were the protection of the rights of non-dominant ethnic groups. There was also noticed the solidarity of the Polish national group representatives and the expression of their nationality. This is the specifics of Kaunas governorate (and likely the north-western region) municipality in the context of the Russian Empire.
There is considering the emission of government and municipal bonds as a way draw up assets for budget of state and municipality. This assets will be used for socially essential tasks. Because private persons issue debt securities too, in this work will be discuss caracteristics of debt securities issued by public government. Borrowing on the way of debt securities is a complicated phenomenon consisted of different stages in these are attending different subjects possessed only them typical rights and duties. The most attention is giving for analysis of relationship of issuers of government and municipal securities and investors and for the regulation of their relationship, because they are basic subjects in this process. In this work is trying to explore basic problems able arising for these subjects, because the more lacuna and problems are in their regulation the more these subjects will be used other borrowing way.
There is considering the emission of government and municipal bonds as a way draw up assets for budget of state and municipality. This assets will be used for socially essential tasks. Because private persons issue debt securities too, in this work will be discuss caracteristics of debt securities issued by public government. Borrowing on the way of debt securities is a complicated phenomenon consisted of different stages in these are attending different subjects possessed only them typical rights and duties. The most attention is giving for analysis of relationship of issuers of government and municipal securities and investors and for the regulation of their relationship, because they are basic subjects in this process. In this work is trying to explore basic problems able arising for these subjects, because the more lacuna and problems are in their regulation the more these subjects will be used other borrowing way.
There is considering the emission of government and municipal bonds as a way draw up assets for budget of state and municipality. This assets will be used for socially essential tasks. Because private persons issue debt securities too, in this work will be discuss caracteristics of debt securities issued by public government. Borrowing on the way of debt securities is a complicated phenomenon consisted of different stages in these are attending different subjects possessed only them typical rights and duties. The most attention is giving for analysis of relationship of issuers of government and municipal securities and investors and for the regulation of their relationship, because they are basic subjects in this process. In this work is trying to explore basic problems able arising for these subjects, because the more lacuna and problems are in their regulation the more these subjects will be used other borrowing way.
There is considering the emission of government and municipal bonds as a way draw up assets for budget of state and municipality. This assets will be used for socially essential tasks. Because private persons issue debt securities too, in this work will be discuss caracteristics of debt securities issued by public government. Borrowing on the way of debt securities is a complicated phenomenon consisted of different stages in these are attending different subjects possessed only them typical rights and duties. The most attention is giving for analysis of relationship of issuers of government and municipal securities and investors and for the regulation of their relationship, because they are basic subjects in this process. In this work is trying to explore basic problems able arising for these subjects, because the more lacuna and problems are in their regulation the more these subjects will be used other borrowing way.
The author of the present article analyzes the legal regulation regarding the subjects responsible for the protection of public order in municipal territories with an emphasis on the collision between the activity and responsibility of the police and municipal institutions. The author suggests multiple solutions to the problem of competence delimitation in the sphere of public protection. According to the author, in municipal territories four multiple- choice forms of public order protection are possible and the right to choose the forms which would most effectively guarantee the safety of the community should belong to local government institutions. What is more, the article deals with an analysis of the organizational problems related to the implementation of the functions of public order protection and an evaluation of the prospects of the decentralization of these functions. The author presents a critical evaluation of the situation when public order protection requirements which logically derive from the interests of local residents are identified by central public administration institutions rather than local government institutions or regional-level institutions. The planning of the safe environment strategy must be based on the interests of a country's local residents; what is more, the particularities of different regions must be considered. To solve the mentioned problems two alternative public order protection strategy models are suggested. Finally, the author comes to the conclusion that local government institutions should be actively motivated to get involved in securing public safety through legal and organizational means.