ln the paper the whole attention will be paid to Georgia-NAT0 relations. This is so important for people and political authority. According their view NAT0 is a country's security provider which led trainings and give advice to cadets and solders. This is true while Georgia has a special military school in Sachkhere. ; Bu çalışmanın ana konusunu Gürcistan-NATO ilişkileri oluşturmaktadır. Bu ilişki halk ve siyasi otorite için çok önemlidir. Bu kesimlere göre NATO, askerlere eğitim ve tavsiyeler veren bir güvenlik sağlayıcıdır. Gürcistan'ın Sachkere'de özel bir askeri okulu olması da bunu göstermektedir.
Título que forma parte de la serie 'Las organizaciones del mundo' que examina las organizaciones internacionales clave y el papel que desempeñan en mejorar las vidas de personas alrededor del mundo. Cada título incluye estudios de casos que revela cómo funciona la organización. En éste se examinan las cuestiones históricas que condujeron a la formación de la OTAN como una alianza militar y presenta una descripción detallada de los objetivos de la organización. ; SC ; Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ; GBR
Título que forma parte de la serie 'Las organizaciones del mundo' que examina las organizaciones internacionales clave y el papel que desempeñan en mejorar las vidas de personas alrededor del mundo. Cada título incluye estudios de casos que revela cómo funciona la organización. En éste se examinan las cuestiones históricas que condujeron a la formación de la OTAN como una alianza militar y presenta una descripción detallada de los objetivos de la organización. ; SC ; Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín 5 -3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ; GBR
This photo from Kavala is dated October 1968. A year and a half earlier the Greek military lead a coup d'etat and the country went into a police state in which torture was common, and all activities were under surveillance. In late 1967 King Constantine II took a plane to Kavala with the hopes of launching a counter coup d'etat. It quickly failed and the king was forced into exile. Greece remained a member NATO despite criticism of it's human rights record. The Greek military junta was closely involved with NATO and CIA in planning it's coup because of Greek's strategic position in the cold war. ; https://digitalcommons.ric.edu/smolski_images/1536/thumbnail.jpg
In 2006, NATO is operating well out of area and conducting missions beyond the collective defense limits of its founding Treaty. NATO increasingly supports humanitarian relief operations, while also engaged in Afghanistan, the Mediterranean, and African crisis spots. These changes provide the reason to examine the thesis: only if NATO is able to effectively transform will it be able to continue in its role as the primary European security institution. This transformation of the Alliance is a process, and one that could yet come to an untimely conclusion following any crisis. How NATO has adapted so far, and the potential for further successful adaptation are important European and Transatlantic issues. The reinvention of a treaty-based collective defense Alliance signed in 1949 to an institution projecting power and stability well beyond its own region resulted from slow and methodical consensus building since the end of the Cold War. Rather than disappearing, NATO enlarged and changed. Alliance members continued to see value in the institution that provided security for decades. Meanwhile, emerging dangers reinvigorated the collective defense nature of the Alliance. As an intergovernmental organization, NATO is not quickly changed. Nevertheless, since 1989 the Alliance has transformed remarkably. Changes in NATO policies, structure, and capabilities have resulted in a significantly different institution. Externally, NATO has provided a sense of stability and security as it enlarged and engaged the newly democratic nations of Europe. Through partnership activities, NATO provides regional transparency, resulting in the continuation of stability that began at the end of World War Two. Internally, NATO continues developing a European identity in order to provide a more balanced relationship within the Alliance. It has established the CJTF as a means of supporting the EU in selected contingencies when the Alliance as a whole does not wish to be involved. NATO has shown great flexibility and adaptability since the end of the Cold War. It is imperative that Alliance members begin to share a common vision and an understanding of their differences. It is also critical that changes within the EU and a future constitution not limit Alliance flexibility.
Ove se godine (2009.) slavi šezdeseta obljetnica postojanja i uspješnoga djelovanja Sjevernoatlantskoga saveza, poznatijega kao NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). NATO je međunarodna vojno-politička organizacija koja je osnovana 4. travnja 1949. potpisivanjem Sjevernoatlantskoga ugovora (Washingtonski ugovor) između dvanaest zemalja zapadnoga bloka (Belgija, Danska, Francuska, Italija, Island, Kanada, Luxemburg, Nizozemska, Norveška, Portugal, SAD i Velika Britanija). Na stvaranje NATO-a utjecali su sljedeći čimbenici: razilaženje protuhitlerovske koalicije zbog suprotnih ciljeva, stvaranje zemalja "narodne demokracije" pod sovjetskom dominacijom, Marshallov plan gospodarske pomoći Sjedinjenih Američkih Država razrušenoj Europi koji je odbio Sovjetski Savez, Trumanova doktrina iz 1947. godine koja je označila veće angažiranje SAD-a, politika SSSR-a pod Staljinovim predsjedanjem i sve veće "prijetnje komunizma i socijalističkih zemalja". Sjevernoatlantski ugovor počiva na četrnaest članaka, a prema petomu članku "strane su suglasne da će se oružani napad na jednu ili više zemalja Saveza smatrati napadom na sve njih". Sjedište je NATO-a u Bruxellesu, službeni su jezici engleski i francuski, a aktualni glavni tajnik jest Anders Fogh Rasmmunsen. Savez funkcionira u skladu s načelima međuvladine suradnje, a odluke se donose pristankom svih zemalja članica (28 zemalja). Misija NATO-a u BiH od 1992. do 1995. godine bila je najopsežnija u povijesti Saveza. U njoj je zabilježeno i prvo oružano djelovanje ove organizacije. Danas je NATO ne samo vojna nego i politička organizacija. ; The sixtieth anniversary of existence and successful functioning of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, more famous as NATO is celebrated in this year (2009). NATO is international military-political organization established on April 4, 1949 by signing North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) between twelve countries of the Western block (Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Iceland, Canada, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA and Great Britain). Following factors influenced on establishment of NATO: separation of anti-Hitler coalition because of opposing goals, development of "national democracy" countries under Soviet domination, Marshall's plan of the USA help to demolished Europe, which was rejected by the Soviet Union, Truman's doctrine from 1947 which marked greater engagement of USA, politics of U.S.S.R. under Stalin's presiding and bigger "threats of communism and socialist countries". North Atlantic Treaty is based on fourteen articles, and according to the fifth article "the parties agreed that an armed attack against one or more of the organization members shall be considered as an attack against them all". The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, official languages are English and French and Anders Fogh Rasmmunsen is the current Secretary General. The alliance functions in accordance with the principles of intergovernmental cooperation and decisions are made by common consent of all members (28 countries). NATO mission in B&H from 1992 to 1995 was the most extensive in the history of Alliance. The first military action of this organization took place during this mission. Today NATO is not only military, but also political organization.
Os últimos três anos testemunharam alterações de vulto nos assuntos internacionais. Os historiadores olharão sem dúvida para trás considerando que este ou aquele evento foi importante. Para os decisores políticos, que têm de lidar diariamente com estas preocupações num ambiente em evolução constante, a tarefa é ainda mais difícil. Neste artigo o autor procura ilustrar uma visão pessoal sobre como a NATO tem respondido a estas alterações, como é que as percepções dos aliados são frequentemente díspares em relação às dos que se encontram fora da Aliança. Procurará também comprovar como as mudanças ocorridas no domínio militar e civil e os acontecimentos do 11 de Setembro anunciaram uma nova fase de mudança, a qual poderá incutir alterações radicais na natureza da Aliança tal como a conhecemos nos últimos 50 anos. Esta é uma visão pessoal que não reflecte a posição oficial do Governo Britânico. Baseia-se antes em discussões com aqueles que se encontram no cerne do debate político e na experiência pessoal como funcionário civil no mundo diplomático e militar
The paper discusses the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; its political and defense identity since its creation in 1949 until today; the process of building its interior structure; generation of procedures during confrontations with the Soviet Union and its proxies, as well as the current political and security challenges. For this, NATO has created a multitude of security arrangements, and eventually the Partnership for Peace too, which continue even today. ; U radu se razmatra stvaranje Severnoatlantske ugovorne organizacije, njenog političko-odbrambenog identiteta od nastanka 1949. do danas, proces izgradnje njene unutrašnje strukture, nastajanja procedura tokom suočavanja sa Sovjetskim Savezom i njegovim, satelitima, kao i današnjim izazovima politike i bezbednosti. Radi toga NATO je kreirao mnoštvo bezbednosnih aranžmana, a naposletku i 'Partnerstvo za mir', koji su aktuelni i danas.
Abstract: Military activities often have a variety of negative impacts on theenvironment in which they occur. Environmental breaches of military activities can be athreat to the welfare and habitats. NATO's responsibility is in the protection of the physicaland natural environments, where they carry out operations and training. Military trainingcan affect the biodiversity starting from the flora, birds and insects to marine life andmarine mammals. Through researches and new technologies, together with thestandardization of procedures and training, the Alliance is working to improve theprotection of the environment and the nature where it operates. Measures taken are in thedirection of protection from hazardous substances (including fuel and oil), waste watertreatment, waste management, reduction of the consumption of fossil fuel energy, andapplication of environmental management systems during NATO's activities.Key words: NATO, environment, operations.
The enlargement of the European Union and the consummation of the second wave of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's expansion in the spring of 2004 would tempt one to believe that the postcommunist transition is com- ing to a close as a kind of normalcy settles over the region. Jeffrey Simon's careful and informative series of books concerning civil-military relations in four Central and Eastern European countries reminds us that in important respects, transition is still under way. Or rather, given the state of civil-military relations across the region, we should hope that it is, for the difficulties that postcommunist states face in democratizing, rationalizing, and strengthening their military-security apparatuses are still manifold.
Many commentators in recent days argued that the NATO retreat from Afghanistan represented a failure of Western interventions around the world and even the end of NATO – or at least the need for a European autonomy from the US. However, it is perhaps too early for such conclusions. What NATO perhaps needs most is an urgent evaluation of its Afghan mission followed by appropriate measures – that is, if it wants to remain what it has always been: a political-military alliance among free states. NATO blamed mostly Afghan leaders for the military collapse. Actually, the Taliban didn't win a war against NATO, or against the US for that matter. They simply decided to take power by force as soon as the US and NATO retreated (and this instead of respecting the Doha accords). The Taliban preferred military conquest to negotiations with the Afghan government as soon as Western troops left the country – and the Afghan government decided to give up resistance to the Taliban insurgency so as to avoid a civil war. But to place responsibility in Afghan leadership alone is not enough. Was the NATO mission based on training, advice and assistance for Afghan security forces and institutions in their conflict with the Taliban a failure? This is what NATO now must ask itself. […]
For over forty years the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has formed an essential element of international security. Focused squarely on the military threat to the West from the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe, Nato provided a common focus for the collective defense of Europe and the United States. Despite periodic strains to the fabric of the organization, such as the 1966 French withdrawal from the integrated military structure, and recurrent debates over policy and costs within the populations of the member states, Nato, as an entity, has persevered.
Soğuk Savaş'ın sonu, NATO ve Avrupa Birliği'nin kendilerini yeni koşullara uyarlamak zorunda kaldıkları yeni bir ortam oluşturdu. Genişleme projeleri bir tercih olmaktan çok bir zorunluluktu.Avrupa devletleri kendilerini doğu komşularına ulaşmak ve dönüşüm süreci sorunlarının çözümüne yardım etmek zorunda buldular. Bu, eski örgütlere yeni görevler anlamına geliyordu. Orta ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinin hemen hemen hepsi AB ve NATO'yu sırasıyla refah ve güvenliğin araçları olarak birbirinin tamamlayıcısı olarak görüyorlar. Aslında bu ülkelerde refah ve güvenlik eksik değildir. Sosyalizmden kapitalizme geçişin şoku ve bunalımının ardından Batı devletlerinin yardımıyla hızlı bir toparlanma başladı. Diğer yandan Avrupa Kıtası tarihindeki en güvenlikli dönemlerinden birini yaşıyor. Ayrıca genişleme sürecinin tamamlanması güvenliğin sarsılmasına, Rusya'nın tepkisine ve çok yüksek maliyetlere neden olabilecektir. AB ve NATO'nun genişleme süreçleri hem tamamlayıcı hem de çelişkili yönlere sahiptir. Ancak mevcut ve aday üyeler çelişkili yanları çözümlemek için azimle çalışmaktadırlar. Bu büyük coşkunun gerekçesi güvenlik ve ekonomik gelişme arayışında bulunamaz. AB ve NATO'nun genişlemeleri eski sistemin yıkıntıları üzerine kurulan kapitalizmin istikrarını korumaya yöneliktir. Bu kolay olmayan ancak temel ve ortak hedeftir. Batı kuruluşlarının genişlemelerinin özünde birbirini tamamlayıcı olmasının asıl nedeni budur.The end of the Cold War established a new environment where NATO and EU were forced to adapt themselves to the new conditions. Their enlargement projects were an obligatory rather than optional. The European states have found themselves compelled to reach their eastern neighbours and assist them to solve their transitional problems. This meant new missions for the old organisations. Almost all of the Central and Eastern European countries consider the EU and NATO as complementary of each other as the agents of prosperity and security respectively. Actually the prosperity and security are not missing in the CEE countries. After the shock and depression of the transition from socialism to capitalism, rapid recovery started with the assistance of the Western states.Meanwhile, the European continent is now living one of its more secure times in its history. Whereas the completion of enlargement processes could make them more insecure, frustrate Russia, and bring about huge costs.Enlargement processes of EU and NATO have both complementary and contradictory aspects. But the existing and prospect members are eagerly working to resolve those contradictory sides. The reason for this great enthusiasm can not be found in the search for security or economic development.The enlargements of both EU and NATO are oriented to safeguard the stability of the capitalism built on the ruins of their old system. This is not easy but fundamental common objective. This is why the enlargements of Western institutions are essentially complementary.
Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais. ; [.]. The Czech Republic actively participates in all Alliance missions, political and military structures, military and political decisions. We can say that during these 15 years, the Czech Republic integrated well into all structures of the Alliance, became a full member and still plays an active role. This diploma thesis deals with, observes and analyzes the involvement of the Czech Republic in NATO structures since the beginning up to the present. [.].
Internationale Institutionen haben Stabilität und Beharrungsvermögen. Sie erfüllen Funktionen und suchen aus ihrer Eigendynamik, sich an veränderte Rahmenbedingungen anzupassen. Das gilt auch für die NATO nach dem Ende der bipolaren Blockkonfrontation. Sie erfüllt noch Funktionen im Interesse ihrer Mitglieder und wird trotz Sinnkrise sowie Defiziten in ihrer Problemlösungsfähigkeit noch lange als sicherheitspolitischer Akteur die internationalen Beziehungen prägen. Entscheidend ist der Platz, den sie einnehmen will.