Suchergebnisse

Review of: Playing Nature: Ecology in Video Games, Alenda Y. Chang (2019)
Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 320 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-51790-632-0, p/bk, $27.00

Prologue -- Introduction. The Trouble with Ecological Homecoming -- Part 1. 1. Martin Heidegger and the Coloniality of Nature -- 2. Willa Cather and the Home(l)y Metaphysics of Landscape -- 3. D. H. Lawrence and the Ecological Uncanny -- Excursus I. Ecological Realism -- Part 2. 4. (Un)settling the Southern African Farm/world -- 5. Allegory, Realism, and Uncanny Ecology on Olive Schreiner's African Farm -- 6. Doris Lessing's Ecological Realism -- Excursus II. Exo-Phenomenology.

The role of soil biodiversity in regulating multiple ecosystem functions is poorly understood, limiting our ability to predict how soil biodiversity loss might affect human wellbeing and ecosystem sustainability. Here, combining a global observational study with an experimental microcosm study, we provide evidence that soil biodiversity (bacteria, fungi, protists and invertebrates) is significantly and positively associated with multiple ecosystem functions. These functions include nutrient cycling, decomposition, plant production, and reduced potential for pathogenicity and belowground biological warfare. Our findings also reveal the context dependency of such relationships and the importance of the connectedness, biodiversity and nature of the globally distributed dominant phylotypes within the soil network in maintaining multiple functions. Moreover, our results suggest that the positive association between plant diversity and multifunctionality across biomes is indirectly driven by soil biodiversity. Together, our results provide insights into the importance of soil biodiversity for maintaining soil functionality locally and across biomes, as well as providing strong support for the inclusion of soil biodiversity in conservation and management programmes. Combining field data from 83 sites on five continents, together with microcosm experiments, the authors show that nutrient cycling, decomposition, plant production and other ecosystem functions are positively associated with a higher diversity of a wide range of soil organisms. ; Marie Sklodowska-Curie ; We thank N. Fierer, M. Gebert, J. Henley, V. Ochoa, F. T. Maestre and B. Gozalo for their help with laboratory analyses; O. Sala, C. Siebe, C. Currier, M. A. Bowker, V. Parry, H. Lambers, P. Vitousek, V. M. Pena-Ramirez, L. Riedel, J. Larson, K. Waechter, W. Williams, S. Williams, B. Sulman, D. Buckner and B. Anacker for their help with soil sampling in Colorado, Hawaii, Iceland, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico and Australia; the City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks for allowing us to conduct these samplings; C. Cano-Diaz for her advice about R analyses; S. K. Travers for her help with mapping. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 702057. M.D.-B. is supported by the Spanish Government under a Ramon y Cajal contract RYC2018-025483-I. This research is supported by the Australian Research Council projects (DP170104634; DP190103714). S.A. and F.D.A. are funded by FONDECYT 1170995, IAI-CRN 3005, PFB-23 (from CONICYT) and P05-002 (from Millennium Scientific Initiative). N.A.C. acknowledges support from Churchill College, University of Cambridge; and M.A.W. from the Wilderness State Park, Michigan for access to sample soil and conduct ecosystem survey. B.K.S. acknowledges a research award from the Humboldt Foundation. J.-Z.H. acknowledges support from the Australia Research Council (project DP170103628); and A.G. from the Spanish Ministry (project CGL2017-88124-R). F.B. thanks the Spanish Ministry and FEDER funds for the CICYT project AGL2017-85755-R, the CSIC project 201740I008 and funds from 'Fundacion Seneca' from Murcia Province (19896/GERM/15). P.T. thanks K. Little for her help with laboratory analyses. S.C.R. was supported by the US Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area. Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government. S.N. was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (grant Y801-B16). ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Within anthropological research, there has been a long process of interaction and transformation between the modern and dichotomized notion of nature and hybrid notions of quasi-objects and quasi-humans. This has transformed the conception of nature as an apolitical entity to that of a cultural construct with political implications. This is a theoretical review of the implied transformations within anthropological categories and research in relation to nature, ecology and environment. Two tendencies are noted. The first is related to rethinking the conception of a nature/culture duality in the light of local knowledge, and the second is related to the contributions of political ecology and the role of various social actors within the environmental discourses. Finally there is a presentation of the perspectives in anthropological research in relation to nature, ecology and environment in Colombia and Latin America. ; En las investigaciones antropológicas ha habido un largo proceso de transformación e interacción de la noción moderna de la naturaleza con nociones híbridas de cuasi-objetos y cuasi-humanos, así como la transformación de las concepciones de la naturaleza de una entidad apolítica a construcciones sociales con implicaciones políticas. Para analizar estos procesos, este texto presenta una revisión teórica de los cambios que se han dado en las categorías e investigaciones antropológicas sobre naturaleza, ecología y medio ambiente. Se destacan dos tendencias: la primera, ligada al replanteamiento de la dicotomía naturaleza/cultura a la luz de los conocimientos locales. La segunda, relacionada con los aportes de la ecología política, enfatizando el papel de los diferentes actores dentro de los discursos ambientales. Finalmente, se contextualizan las perspectivas de investigación sobre naturaleza, ecología y medio ambiente en América latina y en Colombia.

Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections of future climate change in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes in temperature, precipitation, CO2 and nitrogen across major terrestrial vegetation types of the world. Most experiments manipulated single rather than multiple global change drivers in temperate ecosystems of the USA, Europe and China. The magnitudes of warming and elevated CO2 treatments were consistent with the ranges of future projections, whereas those of precipitation changes and nitrogen inputs often exceeded the projected ranges. Increases in global change drivers consistently accelerated, but decreased precipitation slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic and antagonistic) effects among global change drivers were rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively to increased precipitation and nitrogen addition and positively to decreased precipitation and elevated CO2. The sensitivities of carbon variables to multiple global change drivers depended on the background climate and ecosystem condition, suggesting that Earth system models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions for best uses of this large dataset. Together, this synthesis underscores an urgent need to explore the interactions among multiple global change drivers in under-represented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests in the tropics and subtropics, and Arctic tundra when forecasting future terrestrial carbon-climate feedback. ; National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China [31430015, 31830012]; US NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-0955771]; ClimMani COST actionEuropean Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) [ES1308] ; We thank J. Wang (Hebei University), S. Yang (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences), L. Zhou (East China Normal University), C. Qiao (Xinyang Normal University) and H. Li (Henan University) for their help in meta-analyses and interaction analyses, and H. Li, Y. Liu (Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Y. He (Peking University) for their help in plotting figures. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 31430015 and 31830012). This study emerged from the INTERFACE Workshop in Beijing, China (https://www.bio.purdue.edu/INTERFACE/) supported by the US NSF DEB-0955771. We also acknowledge support from the ClimMani COST action (ES1308). ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Introduction: Defining and interpreting ecological disturbances -- Forest Disturbances: Scale-dependence, Natural vs. Anthropogenic Disturbance, Length of Recovery or Succession. Wildlife responses to abiotic conditions, herbivory, and management of Aspen communities ; Fire-mediated biological legacies in dry forested ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest USA -- Emerging Disturbances Amidst Global Change: Non-native Species, Disease, and Synergies with Other Disturbances. Context-dependent effects of livestock grazing in deserts of Western North America ; Response of tick-borne disease to fire and timber harvesting mechanisms and case studies across scales -- Land-use Disturbance: Landscape Pattern, Resilience, and Recovery. Microbes to bobcats: biological refugia of Appalachian reclaimed coal mines ; Toward a theory of connectivity among depressional wetlands of the Great Plains: resiliency to natural and anthropogenic disturbance within a wetland network.

'Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature' by John Bellamy Foster is reviewed.

1. Science and religion. Science, religion and nature protection. Science, religion and magic. Science, religion and common sense. The natural and the unnatural. The personal and the impersonal. The emotional and the rational. The way forward -- 2. The naturalness of ideas. Persons, non-persons and nature protection. Representations, metaphors and knowledge. Personhood as a natural idea. Innate learning mechanisms. Persons and the theory of mind. An assessment -- 3. Knowing nature through experience. Experience and constructionism. Perception and knowledge. Perceiving persons. Getting to know nature -- 4. Enjoying nature. Conservation and the enjoyment of nature. The naturalness of emotion. Biophilia and domain-specific emotions. Enjoying nature through experience. Emotion, perception and memory. Emotion and self-perception. Emotions in their social setting. Learning to enjoy nature -- 5. Identifying with nature. Identification and deep ecology. Identification and identity: Part 1. Other bases of identification. Emotions, feelings and consciousness. Emotions, personhood and identification. Identification and self-realization. Personhood and the enjoyment of nature. Identification and identity: Part 2 -- 6. Valuing nature: meaning, emotion and the sacred. Value in anthropology, psychology and philosophy. Value and meaning. Meaning and emotion. Emotion and the sacred. Sacredness, identity and self-realization -- 7. Protecting nature: wildness, diversity and personhood. Protecting nature's independence. Protecting diversity and personhood in nature. Diversity and personhood and harmony. Diversity and personhood in conflict -- 8. Protecting nature: science and the sacred. Emotion and rationality. Emotion, rationality and capitalism. Science and scenery. A tale of two mountains.