Suchergebnisse

The opposition between nature and boundaries is well known : whereas nature knows no boundaries, public law is spatially structured by boundaries. However, such an opposition is currently being overcome under the influence of several factors. First, environmental law creates new boundaries that are no longer modelled on human boundaries but on nature ones. The notions of ecological zoning and above all ecological network illustrate this trend. Then, environmental law uses transboundary cooperation to mitigate the effects of boundaries on nature. Eventually, a complementarity is asserted between environmental law and infra-State transboundary cooperation law. The right to cooperate has been recognized to regional and local authorities and to public establishments responsible for nature conservation. Besides, relatively appropriate tools have been made available for cooperation in nature conservation. Nevertheless, this complementarity is being tested by the significant differences that may exist between national laws of neighbouring countries and, above all, by the lack of accountability of infra-State cooperation actors with respect to international environmental obligations. Thus, within transboundary environmental law, the emerging sector of transboundary nature is not as mature as the older one related to transboundary pollutions. ; Les relations entre la nature et les frontières sont traditionnellement conçues comme antagonistes : tandis que la nature ne connaîtrait pas de frontières, le droit public est, d'un point de vue spatial, structuré par les frontières. Le dépassement d'une telle opposition est cependant engagé, sous l'influence de plusieurs facteurs. D'abord, le droit de l'environnement crée ses propres frontières, indépendantes des frontières humaines et calquées sur celles de la nature. Les notions de zonage écologique et, surtout, de réseau écologique participent de ce mouvement. Ensuite, le droit de l'environnement recourt à la coopération transfrontalière, comme technique d'effacement fonctionnel de la frontière politique. Enfin, une complémentarité s'affirme entre le droit de l'environnement et le droit de la coopération transfrontalière infra-étatique. Le droit de coopérer a été reconnu aux collectivités territoriales et aux établissements publics compétents en matière de conservation de la nature, et des outils de coopération relativement adaptés à ce domaine ont été mis à leur disposition. Toutefois, une telle complémentarité est mise à l'épreuve par les différences importantes qui peuvent subsister entre les droits nationaux d'Etats frontaliers et, surtout, par la responsabilisation insuffisante des acteurs de la coopération infra-étatique face aux obligations internationales environnementales. Ainsi, au sein du droit de l'environnement transfrontalier, le secteur émergent de la nature transfrontalière n'est pas encore aussi mature que celui, plus ancien, des pollutions transfrontières.

It is estimated that every year the world's population uses 1.5 times the planet's renewable resources. This trend can only increase as the middle classes everywhere are growing and extreme poverty is decreasing. In this context, the circular economy is attracting growing interest from citizens, entrepreneurs, governments and the academic world. To avoid the depletion of natural resources, this economy of "tomorrow" proposes the intensification of recycling - even the end of waste -, sustainable management of resources, collective policies governing production, as well as the use of goods and services. services rather than private policies that promote ownership and unlimited growth. This book, written under the auspices of the Institute for the Environment, Sustainable Development and the Circular Economy (EDDEC), presents the reflections of 50 experts, particularly in environment, industrial or chemical engineering, management, but also in economics, geography, anthropology and philosophy. In an accessible language, it takes stock of the need to turn to a model that respects nature and specifies the stakes of the survival of humanity.

International audience ; L'article a pour objectif de rappeler toutes les mesures administratives, de nature informative ou juridique, qui existent dans le champ réglementaire du Code de l'Environnement, puis de présenter les ZNIEFF, enfin de dresser la liste exhaustive de tous les milieux naturels qui bénéficient d'un statut de protection. L'accent est plus particulièrement mis sur les espaces forestiers, mais sont également mentionnés les sites littoraux ou périurbains. Enfin, quelques éléments de présentation et de réflexion sont donnés pour faire valoir, d'une part, que la connaissance scientifique est encore bien loin d'avoir étudié l'ensemble de la richesse biologique de la forêt tropicale humide et, d'autre part, que les dispositions de protection de la nature font intégralement partie de l'aménagement du territoire et du développement à réaliser en Guyane.

L'article a pour objectif de rappeler toutes les mesures administratives, de nature informative ou juridique, qui existent dans le champ réglementaire du Code de l'Environnement, puis de présenter les ZNIEFF, enfin de dresser la liste exhaustive de tous les milieux naturels qui bénéficient d'un statut de protection. L'accent est plus particulièrement mis sur les espaces forestiers, mais sont également mentionnés les sites littoraux ou périurbains. Enfin, quelques éléments de présentation et de réflexion sont donnés pour faire valoir, d'une part, que la connaissance scientifique est encore bien loin d'avoir étudié l'ensemble de la richesse biologique de la forêt tropicale humide et, d'autre part, que les dispositions de protection de la nature font intégralement partie de l'aménagement du territoire et du développement à réaliser en Guyane.

Theoretical frameworks for nature conservation have evolved through time, with priority successively given to different values, instrumental or intrinsic. However, these frameworks have limits in motivating engagement towards nature. Building on the respective notions of relational values and transformation of nature experiences, my thesis work aims to fuel the reflection on new ways of considering nature conservation. I have used community gardens, a particular form of citizen initiative, as a study case to understand the motivations of ordinary citizens to engage towards nature. On the social side, I showed that experiences of nature can be gained in these gardens despite the urban environment, to fulfil personal needs through gardening and through the development of social and ecological relationships. These experiences of nature influence the neighbouring citizens of the gardens, who acknowledge their benefits for themselves, the gardeners, the neighbourhood, and the city in general.On the ecological side, I showed that community gardens host a rich community of spontaneous plants, which species richness depends upon gardeners' management and garden age, which in turn depends on stakeholder decisions as to the durability of community gardens.Last, I showed how socio-ecological relationships created and promoted in a community garden can become drivers for political actions, through the particular case of one garden.Through this combination of social and ecological approaches, this thesis highlights the crucial role played by relational values in nature conservation motivation. These relations have to be acknowledged and promoted in all their diversity. ; Les cadres théoriques de la conservation de la nature n'ont pas un caractère figé, mais ont évolué au cours du temps en privilégiant telles ou telles valeurs, notamment intrinsèques ou instrumentales. Or, les limites de ces cadres d'analyse pour susciter des engagements pour la nature ont été montrées. En m'appuyant sur la notion de valeurs relationnelles ...

Theoretical frameworks for nature conservation have evolved through time, with priority successively given to different values, instrumental or intrinsic. However, these frameworks have limits in motivating engagement towards nature. Building on the respective notions of relational values and transformation of nature experiences, my thesis work aims to fuel the reflection on new ways of considering nature conservation. I have used community gardens, a particular form of citizen initiative, as a study case to understand the motivations of ordinary citizens to engage towards nature. On the social side, I showed that experiences of nature can be gained in these gardens despite the urban environment, to fulfil personal needs through gardening and through the development of social and ecological relationships. These experiences of nature influence the neighbouring citizens of the gardens, who acknowledge their benefits for themselves, the gardeners, the neighbourhood, and the city in general.On the ecological side, I showed that community gardens host a rich community of spontaneous plants, which species richness depends upon gardeners' management and garden age, which in turn depends on stakeholder decisions as to the durability of community gardens.Last, I showed how socio-ecological relationships created and promoted in a community garden can become drivers for political actions, through the particular case of one garden.Through this combination of social and ecological approaches, this thesis highlights the crucial role played by relational values in nature conservation motivation. These relations have to be acknowledged and promoted in all their diversity. ; Les cadres théoriques de la conservation de la nature n'ont pas un caractère figé, mais ont évolué au cours du temps en privilégiant telles ou telles valeurs, notamment intrinsèques ou instrumentales. Or, les limites de ces cadres d'analyse pour susciter des engagements pour la nature ont été montrées. En m'appuyant sur la notion de valeurs relationnelles ...

Theoretical frameworks for nature conservation have evolved through time, with priority successively given to different values, instrumental or intrinsic. However, these frameworks have limits in motivating engagement towards nature. Building on the respective notions of relational values and transformation of nature experiences, my thesis work aims to fuel the reflection on new ways of considering nature conservation. I have used community gardens, a particular form of citizen initiative, as a study case to understand the motivations of ordinary citizens to engage towards nature. On the social side, I showed that experiences of nature can be gained in these gardens despite the urban environment, to fulfil personal needs through gardening and through the development of social and ecological relationships. These experiences of nature influence the neighbouring citizens of the gardens, who acknowledge their benefits for themselves, the gardeners, the neighbourhood, and the city in general.On the ecological side, I showed that community gardens host a rich community of spontaneous plants, which species richness depends upon gardeners' management and garden age, which in turn depends on stakeholder decisions as to the durability of community gardens.Last, I showed how socio-ecological relationships created and promoted in a community garden can become drivers for political actions, through the particular case of one garden.Through this combination of social and ecological approaches, this thesis highlights the crucial role played by relational values in nature conservation motivation. These relations have to be acknowledged and promoted in all their diversity. ; Les cadres théoriques de la conservation de la nature n'ont pas un caractère figé, mais ont évolué au cours du temps en privilégiant telles ou telles valeurs, notamment intrinsèques ou instrumentales. Or, les limites de ces cadres d'analyse pour susciter des engagements pour la nature ont été montrées. En m'appuyant sur la notion de valeurs relationnelles ...

Deux grands objectifs nationaux portés d'une part par la loi d'avenir pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et la forêt (2014), d'autre part par la loi pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages (2016) peuvent qu'apparente car elle s'explique et se comprend dans le contexte de l'évolution des mentalités et de sa transcription dans les politiques publiques sur les relations entre les humains et leur environnement, ce qu'on appelle parfois une « nouvelle conservation ». Après un bref rappel de quelques fondamentaux scientifiques sur les dynamiques naturelles en forêt méditerranéenne, l'article décrit l'évolution des mentalités et de leur transcription dans l'agenda des politiques publiques. Les nouvelles logiques de gestion et de conservation sont explicitement intégrées dans le tissu socioéconomique et s'inscrivent dans un courant de profonds changements dans les regards portés sur la nature et sa conservation. Alors que l'écologie des années 1960 opposait les activités humaines à la protection de la nature (métaphore de la mise sous cloche), on assiste aujourd'hui à un glissement épistémologique qui fait passer la notion de nature à protéger à celle de ressources naturelles à gérer, puis à celle de patrimoine naturel à valoriser, puis à celle de biodiversité et enfin à celle de services écosystémiques. Mais l'instrumentalisation de la biodiversité et son introduction dans le champ de la gestion et de l'économie marchande, pour prometteuses qu'elles soient, soulèvent de nombreuses questions scientifiques et techniques qui relèvent aussi de l'éthique de l'environnement.

International audience ; The Cévennes National Park was created in 1970 with the aim of conserving landscapes, lifestyles, habitats and species in the less populated areas of the region. These landscapes had been previously described as ruined by animal rearing but were no longer despised. On the contrary they were praised for their originality, their beauty and their apparently unchanged nature. Among several options, the project of the Park is focused on the conservation of the current state. Unlike other National Parks, human activities are not excluded from the park's core area. The management principles of the Park includes a close interest paid to human activities. However – at least at the outset, their importance for conservation and landscape structure is not fully understood. These activities will evolve under the effects of national and european policies. When setting up a management system in a small area, the values and traditions of different groups (conservationists, farmers, forest owners and managers, hunters .) have been brought together. The relationships between those diverses professional cultures were complicated by the emergence of a politicsof territorial development, by public support for farmers and by the resulting changes in farm management. Several interdisciplinary research programs have accompanied and guided park management. This article analyses the phases in the encounters between farmers and conservationists from the end of the 19th century when the first environmental analyses of the territory were issued and when farming, in the Cévennes and more widely, in all western Europe, were at the beginning of a major tranformation ; Le Parc National des Cévennes a été créé en 1970 pour protéger les paysages, les modes de vie, les habitats et les espèces des "hautes terres", celles qui étaient les moins peuplées de la région. Ces paysages qui avaient été autrefois décrits comme ruinés par les activités pastorales, sont appréciés par les promoteurs du Parc pour leur orginalité, leurs qualités esthétiques et une apparence de nature immuable. Parmi plusieurs options, le projet de conservation de l'état actuel est retenu. Au contraire d'autres Parcs Nationaux, les activités humaines ne sont pas exclues de la zone centrale/coeur de parc. La conception de la gestion du Parc est ouverte à la prise en compte des activités humaines mais leur importance n'est, au moins au départ, pas clairement comprise et ces activités vont évoluer sous l'effet des politiques nationales ou européennes.

International audience ; The Cévennes National Park was created in 1970 with the aim of conserving landscapes, lifestyles, habitats and species in the less populated areas of the region. These landscapes had been previously described as ruined by animal rearing but were no longer despised. On the contrary they were praised for their originality, their beauty and their apparently unchanged nature. Among several options, the project of the Park is focused on the conservation of the current state. Unlike other National Parks, human activities are not excluded from the park's core area. The management principles of the Park includes a close interest paid to human activities. However – at least at the outset, their importance for conservation and landscape structure is not fully understood. These activities will evolve under the effects of national and european policies. When setting up a management system in a small area, the values and traditions of different groups (conservationists, farmers, forest owners and managers, hunters .) have been brought together. The relationships between those diverses professional cultures were complicated by the emergence of a politicsof territorial development, by public support for farmers and by the resulting changes in farm management. Several interdisciplinary research programs have accompanied and guided park management. This article analyses the phases in the encounters between farmers and conservationists from the end of the 19th century when the first environmental analyses of the territory were issued and when farming, in the Cévennes and more widely, in all western Europe, were at the beginning of a major tranformation ; Le Parc National des Cévennes a été créé en 1970 pour protéger les paysages, les modes de vie, les habitats et les espèces des "hautes terres", celles qui étaient les moins peuplées de la région. Ces paysages qui avaient été autrefois décrits comme ruinés par les activités pastorales, sont appréciés par les promoteurs du Parc pour leur orginalité, leurs ...

International audience ; The Cévennes National Park was created in 1970 with the aim of conserving landscapes, lifestyles, habitats and species in the less populated areas of the region. These landscapes had been previously described as ruined by animal rearing but were no longer despised. On the contrary they were praised for their originality, their beauty and their apparently unchanged nature. Among several options, the project of the Park is focused on the conservation of the current state. Unlike other National Parks, human activities are not excluded from the park's core area. The management principles of the Park includes a close interest paid to human activities. However – at least at the outset, their importance for conservation and landscape structure is not fully understood. These activities will evolve under the effects of national and european policies. When setting up a management system in a small area, the values and traditions of different groups (conservationists, farmers, forest owners and managers, hunters .) have been brought together. The relationships between those diverses professional cultures were complicated by the emergence of a politicsof territorial development, by public support for farmers and by the resulting changes in farm management. Several interdisciplinary research programs have accompanied and guided park management. This article analyses the phases in the encounters between farmers and conservationists from the end of the 19th century when the first environmental analyses of the territory were issued and when farming, in the Cévennes and more widely, in all western Europe, were at the beginning of a major tranformation ; Le Parc National des Cévennes a été créé en 1970 pour protéger les paysages, les modes de vie, les habitats et les espèces des "hautes terres", celles qui étaient les moins peuplées de la région. Ces paysages qui avaient été autrefois décrits comme ruinés par les activités pastorales, sont appréciés par les promoteurs du Parc pour leur orginalité, leurs ...

International audience ; The Cévennes National Park was created in 1970 with the aim of conserving landscapes, lifestyles, habitats and species in the less populated areas of the region. These landscapes had been previously described as ruined by animal rearing but were no longer despised. On the contrary they were praised for their originality, their beauty and their apparently unchanged nature. Among several options, the project of the Park is focused on the conservation of the current state. Unlike other National Parks, human activities are not excluded from the park's core area. The management principles of the Park includes a close interest paid to human activities. However – at least at the outset, their importance for conservation and landscape structure is not fully understood. These activities will evolve under the effects of national and european policies. When setting up a management system in a small area, the values and traditions of different groups (conservationists, farmers, forest owners and managers, hunters .) have been brought together. The relationships between those diverses professional cultures were complicated by the emergence of a politicsof territorial development, by public support for farmers and by the resulting changes in farm management. Several interdisciplinary research programs have accompanied and guided park management. This article analyses the phases in the encounters between farmers and conservationists from the end of the 19th century when the first environmental analyses of the territory were issued and when farming, in the Cévennes and more widely, in all western Europe, were at the beginning of a major tranformation ; Le Parc National des Cévennes a été créé en 1970 pour protéger les paysages, les modes de vie, les habitats et les espèces des "hautes terres", celles qui étaient les moins peuplées de la région. Ces paysages qui avaient été autrefois décrits comme ruinés par les activités pastorales, sont appréciés par les promoteurs du Parc pour leur orginalité, leurs ...

International audience ; The Cévennes National Park was created in 1970 with the aim of conserving landscapes, lifestyles, habitats and species in the less populated areas of the region. These landscapes had been previously described as ruined by animal rearing but were no longer despised. On the contrary they were praised for their originality, their beauty and their apparently unchanged nature. Among several options, the project of the Park is focused on the conservation of the current state. Unlike other National Parks, human activities are not excluded from the park's core area. The management principles of the Park includes a close interest paid to human activities. However – at least at the outset, their importance for conservation and landscape structure is not fully understood. These activities will evolve under the effects of national and european policies. When setting up a management system in a small area, the values and traditions of different groups (conservationists, farmers, forest owners and managers, hunters .) have been brought together. The relationships between those diverses professional cultures were complicated by the emergence of a politicsof territorial development, by public support for farmers and by the resulting changes in farm management. Several interdisciplinary research programs have accompanied and guided park management. This article analyses the phases in the encounters between farmers and conservationists from the end of the 19th century when the first environmental analyses of the territory were issued and when farming, in the Cévennes and more widely, in all western Europe, were at the beginning of a major tranformation ; Le Parc National des Cévennes a été créé en 1970 pour protéger les paysages, les modes de vie, les habitats et les espèces des "hautes terres", celles qui étaient les moins peuplées de la région. Ces paysages qui avaient été autrefois décrits comme ruinés par les activités pastorales, sont appréciés par les promoteurs du Parc pour leur orginalité, leurs ...

International audience ; The Cévennes National Park was created in 1970 with the aim of conserving landscapes, lifestyles, habitats and species in the less populated areas of the region. These landscapes had been previously described as ruined by animal rearing but were no longer despised. On the contrary they were praised for their originality, their beauty and their apparently unchanged nature. Among several options, the project of the Park is focused on the conservation of the current state. Unlike other National Parks, human activities are not excluded from the park's core area. The management principles of the Park includes a close interest paid to human activities. However – at least at the outset, their importance for conservation and landscape structure is not fully understood. These activities will evolve under the effects of national and european policies. When setting up a management system in a small area, the values and traditions of different groups (conservationists, farmers, forest owners and managers, hunters .) have been brought together. The relationships between those diverses professional cultures were complicated by the emergence of a politicsof territorial development, by public support for farmers and by the resulting changes in farm management. Several interdisciplinary research programs have accompanied and guided park management. This article analyses the phases in the encounters between farmers and conservationists from the end of the 19th century when the first environmental analyses of the territory were issued and when farming, in the Cévennes and more widely, in all western Europe, were at the beginning of a major tranformation ; Le Parc National des Cévennes a été créé en 1970 pour protéger les paysages, les modes de vie, les habitats et les espèces des "hautes terres", celles qui étaient les moins peuplées de la région. Ces paysages qui avaient été autrefois décrits comme ruinés par les activités pastorales, sont appréciés par les promoteurs du Parc pour leur orginalité, leurs ...