Suchergebnisse

Klimatske promjene su jedan od najvećih izazova za postizanje ciljeva održivog razvoja. Formiranje odgovarajućih institucionalnih okvira za upravljanje klimatskim promjenama, koji uključuju i koordiniraju brojne interese i aktivnosti različitih aktera, razina i sektora, problem je i za zemlje jugoistočne Europe. Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH), Hrvatska, Slovenija i Srbija imaju značajne prirodne resurse koji su bili ugroženi proteklih godina zbog prirodnih katastrofa, što je utjecalo i na sektor šumarstva. Cilj rada je proučiti institucionalne okvire u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode, kao i stavove ispitanika o kompetencijama relevantnih institucija i organizacija, identificirati potrebe za poboljšanjem postojećeg okvira i ocijeniti njihove interese i utjecaje u procesu upravljanja klimatskim promjenama. Prikupljanje podataka provedeno je korištenjem intervjua, u razdoblju od studenog 2016. do travnja 2017. godine. Protokol za intervju sastojao se od 22 pitanja podijeljenih u pet skupina. U svrhu ovoga rada analizirani su odgovori na pitanja u vezi s institucionalnim okvirima za upravljanje klimatskim promjenama u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode. Uzorak je činilo 29 ispitanika (Federacija BiH-8, Hrvatska-6, Slovenija-5, Srbija-10), odnosno predstavnika javnih uprava i javnih službi u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode, poduzeća i ustanova za gospodarenje državnim šumama i upravljanje zaštićenim područjima, obrazovnih i istraživačkih organizacija te organizacija civilnog sektora. Ispitanici su odabrani probnim uzorkovanjem (uzorak na bazi vrijednosnog suda). Ispitanici su bili predstavnici institucija i organizacija na nacionalnoj razini upravljanja u šumarstvu i zaštiti prirode, koji su izravno ili neizravno povezani s problematikom klimatskih promjena u odabranim oblastima. O postojećim institucionalnim okvirima, 52,4% ispitanika nema pozitivno mišljenje, a 85,7% se zalaže za njihovo unapređenje, u smislu poboljšanja suradnje i koordinacije između različitih sektora, institucija i organizacija. Značajne su razlike u procjeni interesa i utjecaja institucija i organizacija u upravljanju klimatskim promjenama među ispitanicima iz Slovenije i Hrvatske, kao i onima iz Federacije BiH i Srbije. Ispitanici iz područja zaštite prirode procjenjuju da je interes veći u odnosu na predstavnike šumarskog sektora (ispitanici iz područja zaštite prirode smatraju da je interes ­"veoma visok" – prosječna ocjena 4,6, a iz sektora šumarstva da je "visok" – prosječna ocjena 4,1). Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja o suradnji i koordinaciji svih sudionika na različitim razinama upravljanja, kao i drugih elemenata koji, uz institucionalne okvire, dovode do stvaranja odgovornog sustava upravljanja klimatskim promjenama i rješavanja različitih izazova klimatskih promjena. ; Global environmental and ecological problems such as climate change and other related issues (e.g. biodiversity losses) do not recognize state boundaries. Therefore, intentions to address these problems require a multi-actor, multi-sector and multilevel approach. The concept that enables joint effort against these problems implies an active participation of all stakeholders, establishes the rules for shared responsibilities and strives to make efficient and effective procedures for addressing these issues is known as "governance" (Mutabdžija, 2012).Climate change and occurance of extreme events are presenting a threat to the natural resources, exposing the vulnerabilities of current resource governance regimes, including also forestry and nature conservation. The occurance of extreme events in last several years thretened the natural resources and impacted the forestry sector in all four selected countries of Southeast Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia). This has provided a further arguments for understanding the institutional framework for climate change governance in forestry and nature conservation as important element in dealing with uncertanties posed by the climate change challenges on natural resources.Hence, the aim of the paper is to examine the institutional frameworks of forestry and nature conservation, as well as the attitudes of respondents about the competences of the relevant institutions and organizations, to identify the need to improve the existing framework and to evaluate their interests and impacts in climate change governance.In this research were used individual, structured interviews as a research technique in collecting the primary data. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions, divided into 5 groups. For the purposes of this paper, responses to questions related to institutional frameworks for climate change governance in forestry and nature conservation are analyzed. The sample consisted of 29 representatives (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina – 8, Croatia – 6, Serbia – 10, Slovenia – 5) from public administrations and services in forestry and nature conservation, enterprises and organization for forest and protected area management, educational and research organizations, and non-governmental organizations. The respondents were selected by judgemental sampling. Current institutional framework for climate change governance comprises of various institutions and organizations in all analyzed countries (Table 1). In selected countries, there is a clear division of responsibilities between public administration institutions in forestry and nature conservation (these institutions are directly or indirectly are related to forestry). There is a number of common primary objectives within the given competencies common to the same organizational category (Table 2), in all four countries. Despite current institutional and organizational variaty and competency alignment between different institutions and organizations, there is a need for further improvement of institutional framework for climate change governance through cooperation and coordination, accross different sectors, institutions and organizations, as stated by the respondents attittudes (Table 3 and 4). Respondents attitudes towards the interest and influence of institutions/organizations on climate change governance are mostly showing a visible interest but indicating challenges in providing suitable inflluence (Table 5). Also, visible discrepancy in assessment of the interest and influence of institutions and organizations on climate change governance is between the respondents from Slovenia and Croatia at one side and respondents from Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia at the other side, indicates differences in inclusion of climate change challenges accross different competency levels. Regardless of the category of institutions and organizations, the respondents recognized the importance of the investigated issues and they assessed its interest as "high" and "very high" (Table 6).Further development of suitable institutional frameworks for climate change governance in forestry and nature conservation needs additional attention especially in the field of multilevel coordination between different actors and their activities, as well as the acknowledgment of potentially significant influence forestry sector might have in climate change governance.

Pitanje odnosa između osobe i prirode je modernoga porijekla, no ima svoje korijene u problemu (autentičnog) bitka (Sein), naročito ljudskog bitka (Dasein), što je ustvari jedno antropološ- ko pitanje. Osoba kao biće s logosom vlada sobom kao i drugima te prirodom. Kao simboličko biće osoba je suočena s teškim zadatkom pronalaska ravnoteže između nje i prirode. Ovo pitanje veze eskaliralo je u modernome dobu zbog isključive brige društva za znanost i tehniku, politički i ideološki vođenu prvenstveno kroz medijsko-tehnološki ovladan svijet, pri čemu nedostaju uvjeti za autentičan dijalog između osoba. No logos sâm mora održavati ravnotežu s obzirom na njegovu pravu prirodu a to je moguće jedino ako je osoba otvorena prema (svim) drugim osobama te dijaloški otvorena rješenjima svjetskih problema u kontekstu šire ljudske prirode. Ovaj tip odgovornosti ukorijenjen je u odgovoru: odgovaranje uključuje slušanje, a čuti znači ne samo slušati glasove drugih, nego i čuti njihova srca te osjetiti ih u punini vlastitoga bića. Ova simbolička zadaća duboko je duhovna. ; The issue of the relationship between person and nature is a modern one, but it has its roots in the problem of (genuine) Being (Sein), particularly the problem of the human being (Dasein), which is actually an anthropological question. Person as a being with logos governs herself as well as others and nature. As a symbolic being, she is confronted with the difficult task of finding a balance between herself and nature. The issue of this relationship escalated in the modern era because of society's exclusive concern with science and technology, which is primarily guided both politically and ideologically by a world ruled by media and technology. This world lacks the conditions for a genuine dialogue among persons. Yet logos itself has to maintain balance regarding its own true nature and this is possible only if a person is open to (all) other persons and dialogically open to solutions about the issues of the world in the context of a broader human nature. This type of responsibility is rooted in response. Responding includes hearing, and to hear means not only to listen to the voices of others, but also to hear their hearts and to feel them with one's entire being. This symbolic task is also deeply spiritual. ; Bien qu'elle ait ses racines dans le problème de l'(authentique) Être (Sein) et plus précisément dans celui de l'être humain (Dasein), la question de la relation entre la personne et la nature est un problème contemporain qui, à vrai dire, relève de l'anthropologie. En effet, une personne en tant qu'être doué de logos qui se gouverne, se gouverne aussi bien elle-même que les autres et la nature. En tant qu'être symbolique, la personne est confrontée à la difficile tâche de trouver un équilibre entre elle et la nature. Le problème de cette relation s'est intensifié dans l'ère moderne en raison de l'intérêt exclusif accordé par la société à la science et à la technologie, guidées toutes deux par une politique et une idéologie appartenant à un monde dirigé par une technologie médiatique qui néglige les conditions favorables pour un dialogue authentique entre les personnes. Or le logos lui-même doit maintenir cet équilibre en regard de sa véritable nature et cela est possible uniquement dans la mesure où la personne est ouverte aux autres personnes (dans leur totalité) et au dialogue, afin de trouver des solutions aux problèmes du monde dans un contexte plus large de nature humaine. Ce genre de responsabilité s'enracine dans une réponse : le répondre inclut l'écouter ; écouter ne signifie pas seulement entendre la voix des autres, mais aussi leur cœur en les ressentant dans la totalité de leur être. Cette tâche symbolique est profondément spirituelle. ; Die Frage der Beziehung zwischen einer Person und der Natur ist eine zeitgenössische Frage, jedoch schlägt sie ihre Wurzeln im Problem des ((eigentlichen) Seins), insbesondere des menschen (Dasein), was eigentlich eine anthropologische Frage ist. Eine Person als ein Wesen mit Logos regiert sich selbst ebenso wie die anderen und die Natur. Als ein symbolisches Wesen ist sie mit der diffizilen Aufgabe konfrontiert, ein Gleichgewicht zwischen sich selbst und der Natur zu finden. Dieses Beziehungsproblem eskalierte in der modernen Ära infolge des exklusiven Interesses der Gesellschaft an der Wissenschaft und Technologie, die politisch und ideologisch in erster Linie von einer medientechnologisch geregelten Welt gelenkt werden, wobei es an Voraussetzungen für einen echten Dialog zwischen den Personen mangelt. Jedoch muss der Logos selbst in Bezug auf dessen eigene wahre Natur das Gleichgewicht aufrechterhalten und dies ist nur möglich, wenn eine Person für (alle) andere(n) Personen und dialogisch für Lösungen der Weltprobleme in einem breiteren Kontext der menschlichen Natur offen ist. Diese Art von Verantwortung ist in einer Antwort verwurzelt: Eine Beantwortung umfasst das Zuhören, und zuhören heißt nicht nur, auf die Stimmen der anderen zu hören, sondern auch auf deren Herzen zu hören und sie mit dem ganzen eigenen Wesen zu fühlen. Diese symbolische Aufgabe ist zutiefst spirituell.

U tekstu se prikazuju prvi poratni napori u očuvanju i restauriranju spomenika bombardiranog Senja te planovi za njegovo revitaliziranje. Stanje u Senju stavlja se u povijesnu perspektivu istraživanja započetih u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća, a prvih pet godina konzervatorskog djelovanja prikazuje se prema arhivskim vrelima u tekstu i slici. Uz već poznata imena hrvatskih konzervatora, u tekstu se donose podaci o ulozi Vuka Krajača u planiranju očuvanja i razvitka toga povijesnoga grada. ; The paper examines information from the history of research and preservation of both individual monuments and the urban image of Senj. While the focus of interest is on the years following the Second World War, the frst section of the text recalls the pre-war national tradition of town research. The author argues that, in depicting events in the wake of wartime devastation, an account could to be given either of continuity or of the setting up of new principles in conservation and urban planning. Thus the frst portion of the paper centres on researchers who, prior to the bombardments, had set up a kind of cult of monuments in Senj as a nationally relevant town. This was a tradition launched by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski in his travelogues and topographic descriptions of the monuments and then picked up by local researchers Stjepan Sabljak, Mile Magdić and Pavao Tijan. From the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, this creation of the image of Senj as a heritage setting was equally the work of travel writers, painters and photographers. The nearly hundred-year-old tradition saw contributions from renowned scholars Gjuro Szabo and Artur Schneider, as well as photographers Ivan Standl, Ljudevit Griesbach and Josip Kratochwill. After the bombardments, Senj awoke to the end of the Second World War as one of the most devastated of Croatian towns. Following the initial reactions of Senj photographer Ivan Stella in 1943 and the first inspection by conservator Tihomil Stahuljak in 1945, life in the ravaged town continued in the new state. The official attitude to Senj also indicates problems in the setting up of a new conservation system in the People's Republic of Croatia. The town was relatively far away from both Zagreb and Rijeka, situated at the ends of the regional offices' jurisdictions. In the months after the war, the town was inspected by Zagreb conservators Ljubo Karaman, Anđela Horvat and Ana Deanović, and, once the Conservation Department in Rijeka was established, the task was taken up by Mladen and Branko Fučić, Aleksandar Perc and Iva Perčić. The paper reveals records from the archives of the Conservation Department in Zagreb, kept by the Croatian Ministry of Culture. In a chronological overview, information is presented from travel reports, studies and correspondence from the time of the Five-Year Plans, a period that was quite promising for Senj. These practical assessments and recommendations are examined in their social context, i.e. within the framework of political reforms by the new communist state. While the Zagreb and Rijeka conservators drafted basic documents such as the Protocol on the Protection of Heritage in the Town of Senj of 1947, insisting on the concepts of maximum preservation of the historical setting, the inability to set up a permanent conservator in the town opened the way for appointments of honorary conservators. Although only appointed in 1949, Vuk Krajač was recognized soon after the war as an important ally of conservation ofcials. He authored the Study on the Regulation of the Town and Port of Senj of February 1949, where he discussed the preservation of the character of the historical town setting (as seen by the influential Gjuro Szabo prior to the devastation) and its development into a socialist town: one wellconnected and with developed industry and tourism, growth of population, cultural activity, physical culture and trade. The article draws attention to how the ravaged historical setting of Senj was treated. Krajač, as a man with the confdence of Zagreb and Rijeka conservators, fought in his home town for procedures of reconstruction (Gulden Tower and Lipica Tower) and adaptation with stylistic restoration (transformations of Vukasović Palace into the City Museum, Ježić Palace into a theatre building and the Grand Magazines into state ofces and ofcials' residences), as well as for substitutional new architecture with commemorative features (project for the Uskok Mausoleum at the site of the demolished St. Francis' Church). He took the city walls with their towers, as depicted by Valvasor, as a model for the efforts to bring the town back to life.

The question of the legal nature of the European Union (hereafter: the EU) has been left unanswered to date. Determining the legal nature is important for predicting the consequences, limits and ways of action of any organization, including the EU. Today, the EU is most often defined as a sui generis organization. Given the limited analytical value of the term sui generis, it is important to determine its content. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze, along with the political aspect of the community, the formal and legal ones, which includes the analysis of federal, international and other elements contained in the legal and political system of the EU. Also, a comparison between the formal and political elements of the EU and a typical federal society such as the United States of America will be made, with the aim of determining the specific features of the EU which prevent it from being called "the United States of Europe". The most prominent definitions of the EU offered by prominent theorists will be briefly addressed in this article.

Predmet istraživanja ovog rada su modernizacijski razvojni procesi u gradu Splitu i uloga ekoloških stavova i percepcija urbanog okoliša u tim procesima. Rad je utemeljen na kombiniranom pristupu proizašlom iz sociologije okoliša i modernizacijskih teorija. Osnovni je postulat suvremene ekološke sociologije, proizašao iz tradicije "nove ekološke paradigme", da se društvo i okoliš ispituju u interakciji, s povratnim vezama između obje razine. Istraživanje se djelomično temeljilo na ovom pristupu, s obzirom da mu je cilj ispitati na koji se način odnose sociokulturne determinante ekoloških stavova i kvaliteta urbanog okoliša. Ovako orijentirano istraživanje ne zadovoljava strogi Durkheimov postulat o tumačenju društvenih činjenica (isključivo) drugim društvenim činjenicama, ali je usklađen s proširenom istraživačkom paradigmom sociologije okoliša koja teži eksplikaciji međusobnih odnosa društvene i okolišne razine. Drugi dio konceptualnog utemeljenja rada odnosi se na teorijske pristupe koji ekološke orijentacije smještaju u širu sociokulturnu matricu društvenih odnosa. U ovoj su tradiciji posebno prominentna tri pristupa: teorija društva rizika, teorija refleksivne modernizacije i Inglehartova teorija modernizacije. Iz ovih su pristupa proizašle brojne studije o odnosu bogatstva, postmaterijalističkih vrijednosnih orijentacija i okolišnih stavova, koje su se odvijale ili na makro razini nacionalnih država ili na mikro razini individualnih stavova. U posljednjih desetak godina istraživanja proizašla iz ove tradicije bilježe veliki napredak zbog konceptualnih poboljšanja, uz koje slijede i važne metodološke inovacije. U skladu s odgovarajućim nacrtima, istraživanja se provode na individualnoj razini, ali se analiziraju i na individualnoj i na agregiranoj razini, što je urodilo sadržajno bogatijim zaključcima nego studije koje su se zadržale na (odvojenoj) mikro ili makro jedinici analize. U radu opisano istraživanje potaknuto je idejom da se istraživanja odnosa okoliša i stavova moraju baviti i entitetima koji se nalaze između ovih dviju razina. Kao odgovarajuća prostorna mezo-razina nametnuo se prostor opsega srednje velikog grada, a kao reprezentativni primjer ovakvog područja izabran je grad Split. Kvaliteta urbanog okoliša je identificirana kao čimbenik koji je od neposrednog značaja za svakodnevni život stanovnika Splita te se očekuje da će imati moderirajući utjecaj na ekološke stavove, uz prije spomenute sociokulturne čimbenike koji proizlaze iz teorija modernizacije. Cilj je istraživanja bio na odgovarajući način izmjeriti kvalitetu urbanog okoliša i potom utvrditi postoji li interakcija između ekoloških stavova, postmaterijalizma i kvalitete okoliša na individualnoj razini, razini gradske četvrti i razini grada Splita. Istraživanjem provedenim na uzorku građanki i građana Splita utvrđeno je da nema empirijske podrške za tezu o prevlasti sociokulturnih determinanti ekoloških stavova u razvijenim društvima. Raširenost ekoloških orijentacija može se bolje objasniti tezom o njihovom općem prihvaćanju među stanovnicima Splita, u skladu s hipotezom o globalizaciji brige za okoliš. Empirijski uočene varijacije u ekološkim stavovima su više povezane sa sociodemografskim karakteristikama i partikularnim elementima modernizacijskog procesa poput političkog sudjelovanja nego sa širokim konceptom postmaterijalizma. Vezu između ekoloških stavova i modernizacijskih tendencija u gradu Splitu moderira kvaliteta okoliša, čiji je utjecaj na navedenu povezanost analiziran na razini gradskih zona. Istraživanje je pokazalo da u različitim zonama grada postoje bitno različiti obrasci povezanosti percepcije okoliša i ekoloških stavova. U pojedinim je dijelovima grada ova povezanost negativna, a u nekim pozitivna, što implicira da se s razlikama u kvaliteti okoliša pojedinih dijelova grada fundamentalno mijenja i struktura ekoloških stavova. Znanstveni je doprinos provedenog istraživanja detaljni opis strukture ekoloških stavova te utvrđivanje obrazaca veza između ekoloških stavova i (post)modernizacijskih vrijednosti, sociodemografskih varijabli i dodatnih čimbenika poput političke participacije na razini grada Splita. Nalaz da u pojedinim dijelovima grada na ekološke stavove djeluju percepcije okoliša u različitim smjerovima i intenzitetima ne bi bilo moguće utvrditi korištenjem samo uobičajenih - mikro ili makro - analitičkih razina i bez ciljanog prikupljanja podataka na razini urbane cjeline. ; Subject of this thesis are the modernization processes in the city of Split, in the context of environmental attitudes and the perception of urban environment in those processes. The thesis is based on the hybrid approach stemming from the environmental sociology and the modernization theories. Furthermore, it is based on the basic assumption of the modern environmental sociology, that society and the environment should be researched interactively, taking into account the links among both levels. The research was partly based on such approach, as its goal was to describe the links between sociocultural determinants of the environmental attitudes and the urban environmental quality. Such research does not fulfill the strict Durkheim's proposal on the explanations of the social facts using (exclusively) other social facts. It is in line, however, with the extended research paradigm of the environmental sociology which aims to make explicit the interrelations between the social and the environmental aspects. The second part of the conceptualization deals with the theoretical approaches which place the ecological orientations into the wider matrix of the social relations. In this tradition, we find three especially prominent approaches: risk society theory, reflexive modernization theory and Ronald Inglehart's version of modernization theory. Many studies analyzing the interrelations between wealth, postmaterialist values and environmental attitudes were based upon these approaches; they were however based either on the macro level of nation states or the micro level of individuals. In the last ten years, conceptual and methodological advances have been made in the environmental attitudes research. In accordance with the appropriate research designs, data has been collected at the individual level, but they are analyzed simultaneously both on the individual and the aggregated level. This has led to the richer conclusions than have been possible in the studies which dealt with the data analyzed separately on the micro and the macro level. The research design described in the following thesis has been motivated by the need to study entities beyond micro and macro levels. Thus, meso level unit in the form of a middle-sized city of Split was chosen. Urban environmental quality was identified as an important factor in the day-to-day lives of the citizens of Split. It is expected that the environmental quality will have a moderating effect in the link between the sociocultural factors and environmental attitudes. Research goal was thus to measure appropriately urban environmental quality and then determine the extent of the interaction between the environmental attitudes, postmaterialism and environmental quality on the 3 levels: individual-, neighborhood- and city-level. Research results, based on the sample of citizens of Split, indicate that there is no empirical support for the hypothesis of sociocultural factors being the most important predictor of environmental attitudes in the developed societies. Variations in environmental orientations are better explained using the globalization hypothesis. In other words, those variations are more closely linked with sociodemographic variables and some particular modernization elements such as political participation, than with a broad postmaterialism concept. The association between the environmental attitudes and the modernization tendencies in Split is moderated by the environmental quality, which was analyzed at the city-zones level. Study results show that there are markedly different patterns of association among the environmental quality perception and the environmental attitudes. The association is negative in some parts of the city, while it is positive in others, implying that differences in environmental quality fundamentally change the structure of environmental attitudes. Scientific contribution of the study is twofold. First, the structure of environmental attitudes is described in detail. Second, the associations in the city of Split among the environmental attitudes, (post)modernization values, sociodemographic variables and additional factors like political participation are disentangled. The main finding - that the perception of environmental quality affects environmental attitudes differently in various city zones - could not be established using only traditional (micro and macro) levels of analysis and without data gathered at the level of the urban settlement.

Predmet istraživanja ovog rada su modernizacijski razvojni procesi u gradu Splitu i uloga ekoloških stavova i percepcija urbanog okoliša u tim procesima. Rad je utemeljen na kombiniranom pristupu proizašlom iz sociologije okoliša i modernizacijskih teorija. Osnovni je postulat suvremene ekološke sociologije, proizašao iz tradicije "nove ekološke paradigme", da se društvo i okoliš ispituju u interakciji, s povratnim vezama između obje razine. Istraživanje se djelomično temeljilo na ovom pristupu, s obzirom da mu je cilj ispitati na koji se način odnose sociokulturne determinante ekoloških stavova i kvaliteta urbanog okoliša. Ovako orijentirano istraživanje ne zadovoljava strogi Durkheimov postulat o tumačenju društvenih činjenica (isključivo) drugim društvenim činjenicama, ali je usklađen s proširenom istraživačkom paradigmom sociologije okoliša koja teži eksplikaciji međusobnih odnosa društvene i okolišne razine. Drugi dio konceptualnog utemeljenja rada odnosi se na teorijske pristupe koji ekološke orijentacije smještaju u širu sociokulturnu matricu društvenih odnosa. U ovoj su tradiciji posebno prominentna tri pristupa: teorija društva rizika, teorija refleksivne modernizacije i Inglehartova teorija modernizacije. Iz ovih su pristupa proizašle brojne studije o odnosu bogatstva, postmaterijalističkih vrijednosnih orijentacija i okolišnih stavova, koje su se odvijale ili na makro razini nacionalnih država ili na mikro razini individualnih stavova. U posljednjih desetak godina istraživanja proizašla iz ove tradicije bilježe veliki napredak zbog konceptualnih poboljšanja, uz koje slijede i važne metodološke inovacije. U skladu s odgovarajućim nacrtima, istraživanja se provode na individualnoj razini, ali se analiziraju i na individualnoj i na agregiranoj razini, što je urodilo sadržajno bogatijim zaključcima nego studije koje su se zadržale na (odvojenoj) mikro ili makro jedinici analize. U radu opisano istraživanje potaknuto je idejom da se istraživanja odnosa okoliša i stavova moraju baviti i entitetima koji se nalaze između ovih dviju razina. Kao odgovarajuća prostorna mezo-razina nametnuo se prostor opsega srednje velikog grada, a kao reprezentativni primjer ovakvog područja izabran je grad Split. Kvaliteta urbanog okoliša je identificirana kao čimbenik koji je od neposrednog značaja za svakodnevni život stanovnika Splita te se očekuje da će imati moderirajući utjecaj na ekološke stavove, uz prije spomenute sociokulturne čimbenike koji proizlaze iz teorija modernizacije. Cilj je istraživanja bio na odgovarajući način izmjeriti kvalitetu urbanog okoliša i potom utvrditi postoji li interakcija između ekoloških stavova, postmaterijalizma i kvalitete okoliša na individualnoj razini, razini gradske četvrti i razini grada Splita. Istraživanjem provedenim na uzorku građanki i građana Splita utvrđeno je da nema empirijske podrške za tezu o prevlasti sociokulturnih determinanti ekoloških stavova u razvijenim društvima. Raširenost ekoloških orijentacija može se bolje objasniti tezom o njihovom općem prihvaćanju među stanovnicima Splita, u skladu s hipotezom o globalizaciji brige za okoliš. Empirijski uočene varijacije u ekološkim stavovima su više povezane sa sociodemografskim karakteristikama i partikularnim elementima modernizacijskog procesa poput političkog sudjelovanja nego sa širokim konceptom postmaterijalizma. Vezu između ekoloških stavova i modernizacijskih tendencija u gradu Splitu moderira kvaliteta okoliša, čiji je utjecaj na navedenu povezanost analiziran na razini gradskih zona. Istraživanje je pokazalo da u različitim zonama grada postoje bitno različiti obrasci povezanosti percepcije okoliša i ekoloških stavova. U pojedinim je dijelovima grada ova povezanost negativna, a u nekim pozitivna, što implicira da se s razlikama u kvaliteti okoliša pojedinih dijelova grada fundamentalno mijenja i struktura ekoloških stavova. Znanstveni je doprinos provedenog istraživanja detaljni opis strukture ekoloških stavova te utvrđivanje obrazaca veza između ekoloških stavova i (post)modernizacijskih vrijednosti, sociodemografskih varijabli i dodatnih čimbenika poput političke participacije na razini grada Splita. Nalaz da u pojedinim dijelovima grada na ekološke stavove djeluju percepcije okoliša u različitim smjerovima i intenzitetima ne bi bilo moguće utvrditi korištenjem samo uobičajenih - mikro ili makro - analitičkih razina i bez ciljanog prikupljanja podataka na razini urbane cjeline. ; Subject of this thesis are the modernization processes in the city of Split, in the context of environmental attitudes and the perception of urban environment in those processes. The thesis is based on the hybrid approach stemming from the environmental sociology and the modernization theories. Furthermore, it is based on the basic assumption of the modern environmental sociology, that society and the environment should be researched interactively, taking into account the links among both levels. The research was partly based on such approach, as its goal was to describe the links between sociocultural determinants of the environmental attitudes and the urban environmental quality. Such research does not fulfill the strict Durkheim's proposal on the explanations of the social facts using (exclusively) other social facts. It is in line, however, with the extended research paradigm of the environmental sociology which aims to make explicit the interrelations between the social and the environmental aspects. The second part of the conceptualization deals with the theoretical approaches which place the ecological orientations into the wider matrix of the social relations. In this tradition, we find three especially prominent approaches: risk society theory, reflexive modernization theory and Ronald Inglehart's version of modernization theory. Many studies analyzing the interrelations between wealth, postmaterialist values and environmental attitudes were based upon these approaches; they were however based either on the macro level of nation states or the micro level of individuals. In the last ten years, conceptual and methodological advances have been made in the environmental attitudes research. In accordance with the appropriate research designs, data has been collected at the individual level, but they are analyzed simultaneously both on the individual and the aggregated level. This has led to the richer conclusions than have been possible in the studies which dealt with the data analyzed separately on the micro and the macro level. The research design described in the following thesis has been motivated by the need to study entities beyond micro and macro levels. Thus, meso level unit in the form of a middle-sized city of Split was chosen. Urban environmental quality was identified as an important factor in the day-to-day lives of the citizens of Split. It is expected that the environmental quality will have a moderating effect in the link between the sociocultural factors and environmental attitudes. Research goal was thus to measure appropriately urban environmental quality and then determine the extent of the interaction between the environmental attitudes, postmaterialism and environmental quality on the 3 levels: individual-, neighborhood- and city-level. Research results, based on the sample of citizens of Split, indicate that there is no empirical support for the hypothesis of sociocultural factors being the most important predictor of environmental attitudes in the developed societies. Variations in environmental orientations are better explained using the globalization hypothesis. In other words, those variations are more closely linked with sociodemographic variables and some particular modernization elements such as political participation, than with a broad postmaterialism concept. The association between the environmental attitudes and the modernization tendencies in Split is moderated by the environmental quality, which was analyzed at the city-zones level. Study results show that there are markedly different patterns of association among the environmental quality perception and the environmental attitudes. The association is negative in some parts of the city, while it is positive in others, implying that differences in environmental quality fundamentally change the structure of environmental attitudes. Scientific contribution of the study is twofold. First, the structure of environmental attitudes is described in detail. Second, the associations in the city of Split among the environmental attitudes, (post)modernization values, sociodemographic variables and additional factors like political participation are disentangled. The main finding - that the perception of environmental quality affects environmental attitudes differently in various city zones - could not be established using only traditional (micro and macro) levels of analysis and without data gathered at the level of the urban settlement.

O poimanju ljudske prirode u Machiavellijevu djelu možemo govoriti na dvije razine. Prva je razina njegov temeljni antropološki pesimizam. Polazna je točka Machiavellijeve političke filozofije da su ljudi po prirodi skloni zlu, što, kako navodi u Raspravama o prvoj dekadi Tita Livija, kao početnu pretpostavku mora uzeti i svaki zakonodavac. Na drugoj razini, narav je pojedinoga čovjeka po njemu bitno nepromjenjiva pa kada se ona slaže s vremenima, on uspijeva (primjer pape Julija II.), a kada je u neskladu s onim što zahtijeva kontekst, neuspjeh je neizbježan. Na nizu primjera iz Machiavellijevih djela pokazuje se da je njegov pesimistički uvid u ljudsku prirodu temelj na kojem se gradi cijela njegova politička teorija. Zlu i sebičnosti sklona ljudska priroda objašnjenje je za stvaranja zajednice, zakona i državnih institucija, ali i dinamike koja dovodi do njihovog kvarenja i propasti. ; The concept of human nature in Machiavelli's work can be discussed on two levels. The first level regards its fundamental anthropological pessimism. The starting points of Machiavelli's political philosophy is that people are inclined by nature to be evil, which, as quoted in The Discourses on Livy, must be taken as a starting assumption by every legislator. On the second level, the nature of a particular man is essentially unchangeable, and thus when it agrees with the times, he succeeds (Pope Julius II being an example), and when a man is in contradiction with what is required by the context, failure is inevitable. Many examples from Machiavelli's work show that his pessimistic insight into human nature is the foundation upon which his entire political theory is built. The human nature, prone to evil and selfishness, is the explanation for the creation of communities, laws and state institutions, but also for the dynamics that lead to their decay and destruction.

U radu su obrađeni konzervatorsko-restauratorski radovi na portretu Marije Terezije iz prve polovine 18. stoljeća. Slika je pripisana radionici Martina van Meytensa. Tehnika slike je ulje na platnu, a portret prikazuje Mariju Tereziju koja je kao ugarsko-hrvatska i češka kraljica vladala u doba Habsburške Monarhije od 1740. do 1780. godine. U svojoj je vladavini uvela brojne reforme u vanjskoj i unutarnjoj politici. Slika potječe iz ranog razdoblja njezine vladavine, a prikazuje je cijelim stasom u slavljeničkoj brokatnoj odori. Stoji kraj bogato izrezbarenog stola na kojem se nalazi svečano ukrašen jastuk s dvjema položenim krunama austrijskih nadvojvoda. Visina slike je 203 cm, a širina 140 cm. Specifičnost ove slike je da je imala dvije ranije restauratorske intervencije, 1857. i 1993. godine. U donjem desnom kutu slike, u sloju preslika, vidljiva je teško čitljiva signatura koja se najbolje razaznaje uz pomoć makrofotografije, a glasi Mayerwieser renoviert 1857, dok se u dostavljenoj dokumentaciji iz 1993. tumači da se na slici nalazi naziv Meytensen pinxit 1857. kojeg je Mayerwieser potpisao prilikom obnavljanja slike iste godine. Taj nam podatak potvrđuje da je naziv Mayerwieser renoviert 1857. nastao prilikom prve restauracije na slici u izvedbi austrijskog slikara Ferdinanda (?) Mayerwiesera. Tijekom restauracije 2014. godine komisijski je utvrđeno da se taj potpis neće uklanjati radi osjetljivosti slikanog sloja u tom dijelu slike. Signatura u donjem desnom kutu očišćena je samo površinski, stanjivanjem starog požutjelog laka vrlo blagim otapalima. Prilikom istraživačkih radova koja su uključivala tehnička ispitivanja i testove topivosti, zaključeno je da je u ranijim restauratorskim intervencijama uklonjena zelena boja s haljine i tirkizno plava s desnog rukava, a djelomično je uklonjena i tamna pozadina ispod koje se nazire arhitektura i draperija. S obzirom da je bilo potrebno utvrditi područje ostatka laka i preslika kao i sastav punila u prethodnoj intervenciji, pristupilo se dodatnim istraživačkim radovima koji su obuhvaćali IC i UV snimke, stratigrafiju slikanog sloja, probe uklanjanja sloja potamnjelog laka s nečistoćama i preslicima, te probe uklanjanja starih zakita. Stratigrafska analiza presjeka slikanog sloja pokazala je da je slika u restauraciji 1857. godine većim dijelom tonirana tamnom lazurom u čijem je sastavu pronađeno saharidno i proteinsko vezivo. Toniranje je bilo izvedeno bez prethodnog uklanjanja naslaga nečistoće i požutjelog laka. Analize XRF snimaka ostataka zelenog sloja preslika s haljine otkrile su barijevu bijelu i krom oksid zelenu. Ti su pigmenti otkriveni početkom 19. stoljeća što potvrđuje prethodni zaključak o prisutnosti velike količine preslika. Prilikom čišćenja prljavštine i preslika otkrivena je znatno svijetlija pozadina oko lika Marije Terezije. Nakon istraživačkih radova, čišćenja lica i poleđine slike, parcijalno su skinuti umetci platna i platnenih traka s rubova na poleđini slike. Slika je tretirana na toplinskom vakuum stolu radi dodatne konsolidacije i ravnanja. Prilikom tog postupka, spuštene su i blago izdignute krakelire na licu slike. Oštećenja su sanirana novim umetcima ranije prepariranog lanenog platna, iskrojenim prema obliku oštećenja, a pukotine na platnu spajane su pomoću pulveriziranog ljepila toplinskom špatulom. Nakon sanacije oštećenja, slika je s poleđine, kao i novo laneno dublirno platno, tretirana sintetskim ljepilom nakon čega je dublirana na toplinskom vakuum stolu. Nakon tog su postupka sanirana oštećenja u sloju preparacije. Slika je na kraju napeta na novo izrađeni drveni, križni klinasti podokvir. Podlaganje retuša izvedeno je u gvaš tehnici, u svijetlijoj nijansi lokalnog tona. Nakon podlaganja, slika je izolirana lakom. Završni retuš izveden je smolnim lazurama. Osim po svojoj umjetničkoj vrijednosti, slika je specifična i po svojim ranijim restauratorskim intervencijama koje su izazvale mnoge polemike u pronalaženju optimalnih rješenja za predmetnu restauraciju i konzervaciju koja je dovršena 2014. godine. ; This article is about the conservation and restoration carried out on a portrait of Maria Theresa from the 18th century attributed to the workshop of painter Martin van Meytens. The painting is an oil on canvas and portrays Maria Theresa, Hapsburg sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. During her rule (1740 – 1780) she introduced a number of reforms in foreign and domestic policies. This painting, painted during the first few years of her rule, shows her whole posture in celebratory brocade robe, as she stands next to a richly carved table with a solemnly decorated cushion and two crowns of the Austrian archduke. The dimensions of the painting are 203 cm x 140 cm (height/width). The painting had undergone two previous restorations, in 1857 and 1993. Based on documentation, an interesting detail was added during the 1993 restoration: in the lower right corner of the painting, in the overpaint layer there is a visible signature Meytensen pinxit 1857 – even though the painter died in 1770. It is therefore assumed that he was signed during the first restoration of the painting in 1857, led by painter Mayerwieser. During the last restoration in 2014, it was concluded that this signature is not correct, the correct one is Mayerwieser renoviert 1857. Because of the fragility of painted layer on this part of the canvas, the signature was cleaned only superficially by thinning of the yellowy varnish with a mild solution. Because of the incomplete and unclear documentation following the 1993 restoration, it was very hard to determinate all of the zones with layers of overpaint and validate the decision to remove them completely or only partially. After the probing it was concluded that the green color from the robe and turquoise color from the right sleeve were both removed during previous restorations. The dark background with visible architecture and drapery was also partially removed. Additional probes, including IC and UV scans, stratigraphy of the painted layer, removal probing of tarnished varnish with impurities and overpaint, were conducted to determine the zones of preserved varnish and overpaint as well as the quality of fill composition in the previous intervention. Stratigraphic cross-sectional analysis showed that during 1857 restoration, the painting was tanned with dark glaze based on saccharides and protein binder. Toning was executed without the removal of dirt, rust and old varnish. Analysis of XRF images of the green overpaint layer from the robe detected barium white and green chromium pigments. These pigments originated in the early 19th century which proves the previous conclusion of a huge overpaint presence. Considerably brighter background behind the image of Maria Theresa was discovered during the removal of impurities and overpaint. After the probing and cleaning of the face of the painting, canvas inserts were partially removed as well as linen strips from the edges on the back of the painting. Inserts from the previous restoration works did not follow the form of damage, they were square in shape and attached with hardened, inadequate glue that was unevenly applied on the original canvas. Linen strips were also inadequately formed so they all had to be removed. The whole back of the painting was mechanically and chemically cleaned, and then strainghtened on the thermal vacuum table. During the procedure, even craquelures on the face of the painting descended. All damage was repaired with prefabricated linen adjusted to the shape of the damage. Inserts in the level of original canvas were fixed with Beva Film and Japanese paper, and the cracks on the canvas were bonded with powdered adhesive applied with heat shrink. After the damage was repaired, both face and the back of the painting were treated with a synthetic adhesive, and fixed on a new canvas doubled on the thermal vacuum table. After doubling and additional straightening, damages in the ground layer were reconstituted with methyl cellulose filler of the appropriate pigment and a smaller amount of acrylic adhesive. During this process, the structure of the canvas was followed. Finally the painting was monuted on the new wooden underframe. Retouche underlying was executed in gouache technique, in a lighter shade of the local tone. After that, the painting was isolated in varnish. The final retouching was executed in resin glaze, and the painting was additionally protected with a combination of glossy and matte lacquer in equal proportions. Except for its artistic value, the painting is unique because of earlier restorations that caused many discussions to try and come up with optimal solutions for the conservation and restoration completed in 2014.

The EU Marine Strategy Directive (2008/56/EC) proposes four marine regions as a political geographic framework for implementation of the Community's environmental policy. This study critically analyzes the state-based approach, which the Directive uses to outline the regions' boundaries. It suggests that environmental sustainability of marine odies strongly depends on the geographic congruence between their watersheds and the borders of the respective environmental management system, i.e., marine regions have to be environmentally managed within their watersheds. The proposed watershed-based approach also takes into consideration all elements – water, land, and air – of marine regions, which is a conditio sine qua non for their integrated and sustainable management. In the case of the Black Sea region in particular, the borders of a watershed-based environmental management system include a much wider set of stakeholder countries and enable a higher level of environmental cooperation among them. ; Direktiva marinske strategije Europske unije (2008/56/EC) predlaže četiri marinska područja kao političko geografski okvir za primjenu politike o zaštiti okoliša u Europskoj uniji. Ovaj rad kritički analizira pristup koji se temelji na državnim granicama, a kojim se Direktiva koristi za određivanje granica regija. Autor također smatra da održivost okoliša u marinskim područjima uvelike ovisi o geografskom podudaranju između pojedinih sljevova i granicama njihovih sustava upravljanja okolišem, tj. okolišem u marinskim područjima treba upravljati unutar njihovih sljevova. Predloženi pristup koji se temelji na granicama sljevova također u obzir uzima sve elemente marinskih sustava (voda, zemlja i zrak), koji su conditio sine qua non za integralno i održivo upravljanje. Crno more je dobar primjer u kojem sustav upravljanja okolišem koji je određen granicama slijeva uključuje puno veći broj zemalja dionika te omogućuje višu razinu suradnje među zemljama vezano uz upravljanje okolišem.

INFRAREDESIGN se bazira na ideji spajanja grafika bojanjem sa dvije skupine bojila jednakog tona boje: V bojila i Z bojila. Uvodi se pojam blizanaca: jednake boje u vizualnom spektru u sustavu doživljaja RGB-a (crvena, zelena, plava). Blizanci bojila različito apsorbiraju infracrvenu valnu duljinu svjetlosti. Kreiraju se bojila blizanaca koja se razlikuju tek po vrijednosti apsorpcije u bliskom infracrvenom dijelu spektra, odnosno NIR svjetla na 1000 nm. Simulacijom boja iz prirode na kamuflažnu vojnu odjeću postignut je cilj: uklapanje vojnika u prirodnu osnovu koja ga okružuje u dva spektralna područja, vidljivom i infracrvenom. Infracrveno Z bojilo nosi skrivenu informaciju koja se otkriva u programiranim uvjetima. Postupak INFRAREDESIGN tehnologije omogućuje vojniku da prikriveno djeluje na bojnom polju i neopaženo izvrši zadanu misiju. IRD Informacija je nevidljiva, zaštićena od naših očiju. Z - IR kamera ima dvostruku zadaću: otkriti i pročitati informaciju. ; INFRAREDESIGN is based on the idea of merging graphics of two colour groups with the same color tone; the dyes V (visual) and dyes Z (near infrared). The concept of twins is introduced through the same color in the visual spectrum in the system of filling the RGB color (red, green, blue). The twin dyes absorb a wavelength of infrared light differently. The twin dyes differ only by the value of the absorption of the NIR light at 1000nm. By simulating nature colors to camouflage military clothes, the goal is successfully reached; the integration of soldiers into a natural environment, which is surrounded by two spectral regions: visual and infrared. The infrared dye carries hidden information that is revealed under planned conditions. The procedure of INFRAREDESIGN technology allows a soldier to covert acts on the battlefield and perform a given mission undetected. The IRD Information is invisible to the naked eye. The Z - IR camera has a double purpose: to discover a hidden picture and make it possible to read the information.

U ovom se radu istražuju determinante životnog zadovoljstva na uzorku od 135 zemalja. Osnovni se doprinos rada sastoji u ispitivanju osjetljivosti životnog zadovoljstva na okolišne i društvene eksternalije. Rezultati analize, pritom, imaju implikacije i za nosioce javnih politika. Naime, oni pokazuju da neki faktori konzistentno utječu na razinu životnog zadovoljstva građana, bez obzira jesu li okolišne ili društvene eksternalije uključene u analizu. Postoji, međutim, i skup faktora čiji utjecaj na razinu životnog zadovoljstva oscilira ako se spomenute eksternalije uključe u analizu. Rezultati analize također pokazuju da je razina životnog zadovoljstva u tranzicijskim zemljama, uz ostale nepromijenjene uvjete, niža u odnosu na druge zemlje iz uzorka, upućujući na zaključak da u ovim zemljama nisu ostvarena ranija očekivanja građana. ; Using recent cross-country data for 135 nations, this paper examines the determinants of life satisfaction. The main contribution lies in examining the sensitivity of satisfaction to externalities, both social and environmental. Besides contributing to the literature, the findings also have some implications for public policy. The results show that some factors consistently affect life satisfaction whether or not externalities are considered, while others are sensitive to such considerations. Even under each category of spillovers, the influence in satisfaction varies. Further, other things being the same, satisfaction was lower in transition nations, perhaps signifying that these countries were somehow failing to meet the expectations of their citizens.

Zbirka javnog gradskog prijevoza u Tehničkom muzeju u Brnu osnovana je 1970. godine. Temelj kolekcije čini više od sto vozila – muzejskih izložaka – tramvaja (motornih kola i prikolica), trolejbusa, autobusa te autobusnih prikolica. U manjoj mjeri su zastupljene i parne i električne lokomotive, željeznička kola te specijalna radna kola. Navedeni predmeti zahtjevaju sasvim drugačiji pristup, koji se umnogome razlikuje od prakse ostalih muzejskih područja. S obzirom na velike dimenzije zahtijevaju i posebne uvjete čuvanja. Ne treba zanemariti ni njihovu veliku težinu, što ima posebnu važnost pri manipulaciji ako se vozila ne mogu kretati na vlastitim osovinama. Zbog toga su postupci konzervatorsko-restauratorskih radova na tim muzejskim predmetima vrlo specifični, što se najbolje očituje na odabranom primjeru – autobusu Karosa ŠL 11.1305. ; Public-transport vehicles in the collection of the Technical Museum in Brno are characterized by specific conservation and restoration. This is the largest collection in the Czech Republic and contains more than one hundred trams, trolleybuses, buses and their trailers. There are also a small number of steam and electric locomotives, railway cars and special impellers. The conservation of the public-transport vehicles is carried out in professional workshops where present-day trams, trolleybuses and buses are repaired and inspected. Restoring them to their function is important so that operational vehicles can be presented to the general public. So far, the only way of presenting public transport vehicles from the collection of the Technical Museum in Brno has been occasional rides through the streets of the city. In order to be able to use refurbished public transport vehicles in this way, it is necessary to comply with strict legislative requirements. Conservation and restoration of museum public-transport vehicles includes repairing their basic elements: coachwork, traction unit or electrical equipment, and chassis. The Technical Museum acquired its public-transport vehicles after they had been scrapped. All the parts of these vehicles were worn out. The load-bearing elements of the coachwork were especially corroded, and it is not advisable to keep only partially-preserved vehicles in the condition in which they were acquired. With more than 50 years of experience, achieved during the formation of the collection of public-transport vehicles, it can be concluded that the Technical Museum in Brno considers the best method to preserve and restore a vehicle is an overhaul, and a return to its proper historical appearance in accordance with the principles of the International Federation of Historic Vehicles, FIVA, formulated in several articles of the Turin Charter. A characteristic example of this type of procedure is the conservation of the famous Czech bus, Karos ŠL 11.1305. The vehicle is one of the first buses of the Czechoslovak state bus carrier, ČSAD, intended for regional transport. The Technical Museum in Brno received the Karos ŠL 11.1305 bus in 2004. The entire bus was preserved, although it was quite damaged, because it was left in the open by the previous owner, and exposed to floods in 1997. Restoration of the Karos ŠL 11.1305 bus took 5 years. The collection curator is fully responsible for making decisions on the necessary conservation and restoration of museum public-transport vehicles, and the condition and phase of renovation of each individual object. The Technical Museum in Brno strives to return every public-transport vehicle to its original and running condition, to the extent that that can be achieved.

Empirijsko analitički pristup znanosti šumarske politike primijenjen je na primjeru specijalnog rezervata prirode "Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit" (Srbija) s ciljem sveobuhvatne analize korisnika, njihovih interesa i potencijalnih sukoba interesa. Istraživanje je provedeno od kolovoza 2017. do kolovoza 2018. godine. Procjena intenziteta interesa identificiranih korisnika temelji se na kvalitativnoj analizi sadržaja i kritičkoj analizi te kombinaciji tehnika triangulacije, logičkog zaključivanja, indukcije i dedukcije. Unosom procijenjenog intenziteta interesa korisnika (vlasnici šuma – država i privatni šumovlasnici; zaposleni u šumarstvu; poduzeća/institucije – drvna industrija, pokrajinski sekretarijat, itd.; građani) u analitičku shemu jasno se mogla izdvojiti zona sukoba između korisnika s vrlo jakim interesom za korištenje drvne mase (Vojvodinašume, crkva, prerada drva) i korisnika koji pripadaju interesnom polju očuvanja/zaštite prirode (institucije zaštite prirode, građani). Uz navedeno, država tj. Vojvodinašume su u unutarnjem sukobu, jer (također) imaju vrlo snažan interes za proizvodnju drva s jedne strane i za zaštitu prirode s druge strane. Kako bi uravnotežila interese, država/pokrajina je u prednosti jer rješenje može potražiti interno, ali analitička shema pokazuje i da će rezultat neizbježno dovesti do sukoba s drugim korisnicima (drvnom industrijom ako se poveća opseg zaštite ili zaštitom prirode ako se pojača sječa drva). Koncept zaštitnih zona pokazuje trenutni kompromisni paket između zainteresiranih strana (stroga zaštita 6%, aktivna zaštita 29% i korištenje drva 65%), koji će opstati dok ga država bude mogla podržati političkim mjerama. Empirijsko analitički pristup omogućio je sveobuhvatni uvid u korisnike i interese vezane za Rit, a metodološka postavka je uz zaključake relevantne za daljnja znanstvena istraživanja stvorila osnovu za aktivniju komunikaciju rezultata s praksom. ; This study, based on modified Schusser´s sequential method, was conducted from August 2017 to August 2018 with the aim of using accessible and familiar case example from Serbia to verify the claim of forest policy science - that users, their interests and potential conflicts of interest can be comprehensively identified and analysed while applying empirically analytical approach. On the example of special nature reserve Koviljsko-Petrovaradinski Rit the intensity of user´s interest is assessed based on qualitative content analysis and critical reasoning in combination with the techniques of triangulation, induction and deduction. By entering the estimated intensity of user interests into the analytical sheme (users categorized as forest owners- state/province and private, forestry employees, enterprises/institutions and citizens), the first conflicting zone was identified between the very strong interests in forest utilization (priority of profitable timber harvesting) and the interest field comprising the very strong and strong user interests for nature conservation. In addition, the state/province (public enterprise Vojvodinašume) is in an internal conflict, having (also) a very strong interest in wood production (creating revenues) on the one hand and in nature conservation on another. In order to balance them (towards the general social interest), the state/province has an advantage of being in the position to look internally for a solution, but the analytical scheme also shows how potential changes could trigger conflicts with other users (wood industry if protection is increased or nature protection actors if logging intensifies). The current solution of protection zones, divided into strict protection 6%, active protection 29% and profitable use of wood 65%, reflects the actual compromise package between the state/province andinterests of remaining users, which will last as long as the state/province is in the position to support it with available political means.Whereas individual discourses take into account only partial aspects, the current approach has provided a comprehensive insight into Rit´s actors and interests. Methodological set-up of existing theoretically-based analytical categories has offered conclusions relevant for further research, forming at the same time a strong basis for more active communication of results with practice: users can more clearly perceive each other's positions and evaluate own abilities to act, while searching for the implementation concepts that work in practice.