Suchergebnisse

Thema der Dissertation ist das Automobil als nationales Identifikationssymbol der Deutschen zwischen 1933 und 1974. Dabei wird die öffentliche Wahrnehmung des Automobils mit der Frage nach nationalen Identitätskonstruktionen verknüpft. Forschungsgegenstand ist die diskursive Repräsentation des Autos in der politischen Öffentlichkeit, insbesondere die Bedeutungs- bzw. Symbolzusammenhänge, die zwischen dem Auto und der Nation hergestellt wurden. Die politische Symbolik des Automobils offenbart zwei übergreifende Kontinuitätslinien im nationalen Selbstverständnis über die Epochenzäsur von 1945 hinweg. Erstens eine Modernitätskonzeption, die bereits vor 1945 die Verheißung einer breiten Wohlstandspartizipation barg und in der die Umrisse einer Konsumgesellschaft unter völkischen Vorzeichen erkennbar wurden, sowie zweitens den Topos eines an nationalen Traditionen orientierten deutschen Sonderwegs in die Moderne. Zentrales Bestimmungsstück dieses unterstellten Sonderwegs ist eine bereits von der NS-Propaganda als spezifisch deutsch dargestellte Tugend der Zweckmäßigkeit, die auch in den Nachkriegsjahrzehnten noch durch das Automobil verkörpert wurde. ; This dissertation looks at automobile in Germany between 1933 and 1974 as a symbol of national identification. It deals with the perception of cars in the public opinion and how this perception was influenced by the construction of a national identity. The political symbolism of the automobile reveals two aspects in the national identity of Germany that were greatly influcenced by NS-Ideology and which persisted well into the 50's. First the concept of modernization based on mass consumption and economic participation of broad parts of the population, revealing the contours of a consumer society along racial terms. And secondly the idea of a particular German way into the modern era, which was being contrasted with the "American Way of Life". In this context the German automobile became the symbol of a specific usefulness which was regarded to be a German virtue.

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Die Arbeit präsentiert die Geschichte der modernen Wirtschaftswerbung in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts und zeigt, dass Werbung trotz kultureller Barrieren die Alltagswelten der Deutschen kolonialisierte und Einfluss auf die "deutsche Kultur" nahm. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass das Konstrukt der "deutschen Kultur" nicht ausschließlich durch die bürgerliche Hochkultur definiert wurde, sondern zunehmend auch durch Einflüsse der Konsumkultur bestimmt war. Die Bilderwelten der Werbung prägten nationale Ikonen, schufen (bspw. durch Leuchtwerbung) modifizierte "Oberflächen" und Raumwahrnehmungen, ebenso wie die Logik der Marktdifferenzierung und des Marketing soziale Interaktionen als auch die politische Kommunikation (Hitler als Marke) zu bestimmen begann. Diese Entwicklung verlief nicht konfliktfrei. Sowohl die Debatten über Werbung als auch die direkte Konfrontation zwischen Kulturkritikern und Werbern verdeutlichen den massiven Zusammenprall zweier Mentalitäten, die den Konflikt von traditionellem zünftigem Denken, hochkultureller Repräsentation sowie einer vermeintlich authentischen Ästhetik des Inhalts auf der einen Seite und einer "Welt des Scheins" und einer Ästhetik der äußeren Form auf der anderen Seite hervortreten ließ. In dieser Debatte spielte eine Frage eine zentrale Rolle: inwieweit Kapitalismus, Marktwirtschaft, Konsum und die Ästhetik der modernen Lebenswelt mit ihrer spezifischen (werblichen) Oberflächenstruktur mit Vorstellungen "des Deutschen" zu vereinbaren waren. ; This dissertation offers a history of modern commercial advertising during the first half of the twentieth century and demonstrates that despite cultural barriers, advertising colonized the everyday world of Germans and began to encroach upon "German culture". The work shows that the construct of "German culture" was not only defined by bourgeois high culture, but rather increasingly by factors from consumer culture. The imagery of advertising shaped national icons, created modified "surfaces" (for example, through illuminated ad media) and perceptions of space. Likewise, the logic of market differentiation and marketing began to determine social interactions as well as political communication (Hitler branding). This development did not progress without conflict: Debates surrounding both advertising as well as the direct confrontation between cultural critics and advertisers make clear that there was a massive collision between two mentalities. This allowed a conflict to emerge between traditional, guild thinking, high cultural representations and a putatively authentic aesthetics of content, on the one hand, and on the other hand, a "world of appearances" and aesthetic of the exterior form. One question in particular played a central role in this debate, namely: the extent to which capitalism, the market economy, consumption and the aesthetics of the modern Lebenswelt with its specific (commercial) texture were in accord with ideas of "Germanness."

AbstractIn a typical assemble‐to‐order system, a customer order may request multiple items, and the order may not be filled if any of the requested items are out of stock. A key customer service measure when unfilled orders are backordered is the order‐based backorder level. To evaluate this crucial performance measure, a fundamental question is whether the stationary joint inventory positions follow an independent and uniform distribution. In this context, this is equivalent to the irreducibility of the Markov chain formed by the joint inventory positions. This article presents a necessary and sufficient condition for the irreducibility of such a Markov chain through a set of simultaneous Diophantine equations. This result also leads to sufficient conditions that are more general than those in the published reports. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011

Worldwide, 4.8 billion people do not have access to safe, adequate surgical care and anaesthetic management. Surgical care has been deemed "the neglected child of global health," a startling reminder of the disparities in health services. The provision of surgical interventions can avert 11% of the global burden of disease and 1.5 million deaths each year. Many obstacles exist for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to progress towards accessible surgical care. The first challenge is delivering cost-effective surgical care despite financial constraints and political turmoil. Foreign aid was established to alleviate the financial burden and its contributions have been pivotal. However, based on the political climate in certain countries, funds are siphoned to government sectors other than health care. Moreover, the lack of infrastructure, equipment, and personnel in LMIC compound the issue. The other challenge is determining if surgery is as feasible and effective as non-surgical health interventions. Surgical care is crucial and this paper aims to assess the challenges that limit its stature in global health discussions. The paper will address the influence of financing, infrastructure, workforce, service delivery, and information management on surgical care, and the current resolutions, such as humanitarian aid missions. ; À l'échelle mondiale, 4,8 milliards de personnes n'ont pas accès à des soins chirurgicaux ni à une gestion de l'anesthésie sécuritaires ou adéquats. Les soins chirurgicaux sont considérés comme « le parent pauvre de la santé mondiale »; un rappel frappant des disparités en matière de soins de santé. Les interventions chirurgicales peuvent prévenir 11 pour cent de la charge mondiale de morbidité et 1,5 million de morts annuellement. Cependant, de nombreux obstacles empêchent les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire (PRFI) d'accéder à des soins chirurgicaux. Le premier défi consiste à offrir des soins chirurgicaux efficients malgré les res-trictions financières et les bouleversements politiques. De l'aide étrangère a été mise en place pour alléger le fardeau financier et ses contributions ont été essentielles. Mais dans certains pays, en raison du climat politique, les fonds destinés au domaine de la santé sont détournés vers d'autres secteurs du gouvernement. De plus, le manque d'infrastructure, d'équipement et de personnel dans les PRFI aggrave la situation. Le second défi consiste à déterminer si une intervention chirurgicale est possible et aussi efficace qu'une intervention non chirurgicale. Les soins chirurgicaux sont essentiels et cet article vise à évaluer quels sont les obstacles qui limitent l'importance qu'on leur accorde dans les discussions portant sur la santé mondiale. Cet article abordera l'impact du financement, de l'infrastructure, de la main-d'oeuvre, de la prestation de service et de la gestion de l'information sur les soins chirurgicaux, ainsi que les solutions actuelles telles que les missions d'aide humanitaire.

Contamination of military ranges by the use of explosives can lead to irreversible environmental damage, specifically to soil and groundwater. The fate and effects of traditional explosive residues are well understood, while less is known about the impact of Insensitive High Explosives (IHEs) that are currently being brought into military service. Current research has focussed on the investigation of individual constituents of IHE formulations, which may not be representative of real-world scenarios when explosive residues will be deposited together. Therefore, this study investigated the fate and transport of the combined IHE constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 1-nitroguanidine (NQ) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in two UK soil types. Static experiments ran for 9 weeks to determine the fate of the combined explosive constituents in soil by monitoring the rate of degradation. Transport was examined by running soil column experiments for 5 weeks, with a watering regime equivalent to the average yearly UK rainfall. Both static and soil column experiments confirmed that DNAN and NTO started to degrade within twenty-four hours in soil with high organic content, and were both completely degraded within sixty days. NQ was more stable, with 80% of the original material recovered after sixty days. The major degradation product of DNAN in the test soils was 2-amino-4-nitroanisole (2-ANAN), with trace amounts of 4-amino-2-nitroanisole. NTO was rapidly degraded in soil with high organic content, although no degradation products were identified. Results supported work from literature on the individual constituents DNAN, NQ and NTO suggesting that the three explosives in combination did not interact with each other when in soil. This study should provide a useful insight into the behaviour of three combined Insensitive High Explosive constituents for the predication of soil and water contamination during military training.

PurposeThis study examines a moderated moderation model in which the hardiness of chief marketing officers (CMOs) moderates the relationship between CMOs' future focus and firms' sustainability marketing commitment (SMC), and this moderating effect is moderated by CMOs' proactive personality.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 298 CMOs of firms in Vietnam was surveyed to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the measures of the constructs used in the model and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the model and hypotheses.FindingsThe SEM results reveal that CMOs' future focus had a positive relationship with firms' SMC. Furthermore, both CMOs' hardiness and its interaction with CMOs' future focus had positive effects on firms' SMC. Finally, the three-way interaction between CMOs' future focus, hardiness and proactive personality had a positive effect on firms' SMC.Practical implicationsThe study findings assist firms in emerging markets in understanding the roles of some key personality-based resources of CMOs in fostering firms' SMC.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to investigate the roles of CMOs' personality-based resources (i.e. future focus, hardiness and proactive personality) in firms' SMC, offering insight into the sustainability marketing literature.