Suchergebnisse

Introduction. At the present development stage of the high achievement sport, global transformations are taking place all over the world, which have influenced the intensification of competitive practices and the introduction of innovative technologies in the process of training elite athletes. Unfortunately, both external factors and internal political and economic problems in Ukraine become a serious obstacle to the effective competitive activity of national teams at major international sports competitions, namely: the socio-economic situation in the country calls into question the ability to prepare quality reserve, children's and youth sports suffer as a result of the financial and economic crisis; Insufficient level of logistics and the possibility of migration of the best players and coaches abroad, negatively affects the level of performance of the national team in the international arena. The planning of preparation of highly qualified athletes for the main international competitions should take into account the peculiarities of tournament loads in team and individual sports. Why is it necessary to determine the main factors influencing the quality and effectiveness of the performances of the best athletes and teams in sports games. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to analyze the effectiveness of competitive activities of highly qualified athletes in sports games.Material and methods: analysis of planning and competition documents and generalization of special literature, method of expert assessments, pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment, psychophysiological methods, methods of mathematical statistics.Conclusions: the implementation of effective performance of athletes of Ukrainian national teams in sports on the international arena requires optimization of the process of sports training based on individualization with the parallel use of technical-tactical, psychophysiological models of training of leading players in the world combined with modern capabilities.

Introduction. At the present development stage of the high achievement sport, global transformations are taking place all over the world, which have influenced the intensification of competitive practices and the introduction of innovative technologies in the process of training elite athletes. Unfortunately, both external factors and internal political and economic problems in Ukraine become a serious obstacle to the effective competitive activity of national teams at major international sports competitions, namely: the socio-economic situation in the country calls into question the ability to prepare quality reserve, children's and youth sports suffer as a result of the financial and economic crisis; Insufficient level of logistics and the possibility of migration of the best players and coaches abroad, negatively affects the level of performance of the national team in the international arena. The planning of preparation of highly qualified athletes for the main international competitions should take into account the peculiarities of tournament loads in team and individual sports. Why is it necessary to determine the main factors influencing the quality and effectiveness of the performances of the best athletes and teams in sports games. Therefore, the purpose of our work is to analyze the effectiveness of competitive activities of highly qualified athletes in sports games.Material and methods: analysis of planning and competition documents and generalization of special literature, method of expert assessments, pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment, psychophysiological methods, methods of mathematical statistics.Conclusions: the implementation of effective performance of athletes of Ukrainian national teams in sports on the international arena requires optimization of the process of sports training based on individualization with the parallel use of technical-tactical, psychophysiological models of training of leading players in the world combined with modern capabilities.

У статті проаналізовано загальні характеристики російської моделі управління та з'ясовано напрями їх кореляції з категоріальним змістом тлумачень ефективності та результативності. Крім того, обґрунтовано припущення про існування певних суперечностей у перспективі функціонування та розвитку об'єктів управління в межах існуючої управлінської парадигми. Наведено висновки щодо ступеню відповідності російської моделі управління основним принципам ринкової системи господарювання. ; The article analyses the key features of the Russian management model and the areas of their correlation with categorical interpretations of the meaning of efficiency and effectiveness. In addition, the article presents an assumption on the existence of certain contradictions in the operation and future development of management objects within the existing management paradigm. Conclusions about the level of compliance of Russian management model to the fundamental principles of market economic system have been made.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal institute of trust ownership of land plots in accordance with the latest changes introduced in the current civil and land legislation of Ukraine. According to the land legislation, the trust ownership to land plots performs at the same time the function of the measure to ensure the fulfillment of obligations and serves as the title of the use of the land plot. The author analyses both Civil and Land Codes and uncovers inconsistencies in the ways, the trust ownership is implemented in civil and land legislation. The confusion of the features of the trust ownership and legislator's desire to use at the same time it to satisfy different purposes gives rise to contradictions that the legislature has not eliminated. The author made an attempt to find out the legal nature of the institute of trust ownership incorporated in the legislation in view of its features and the regulatory impact on land relations. The author provides a comparison of the suggested legal instrument with theoretical models of similar classic legal phenomena – civil fiduciary, common law trust, as well as with variations of their introduction into the legislation of countries of different legal systems. It is concluded that legislation of different states implements different variations of the trust ownership as a legal phenomenon in the legislation. In particular, legislations of the states representing the continental legal family may include trust-like institutes. In this case all features of the trust should be clearly and precisely defined. Therefore, the intention of the Ukrainian legislator to mix different functions within the same legal institute seems to be vague. The contradictions arising from the dual legal nature of the trust ownership implemented in the current Ukrainian legislation are shown. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve the existing land and civil legislation in order to eliminate contradictions in the interpretation of the essence of the trust ownership ...

In the provisions of the scientific article the author defines main elements of ensuring security system in Ukraine on the basis of analyzing valid normative and legal documents of Ukraine, the opinions of the leading scientists in the sphere of administrative law. The author determines main tasks of Public Security Strategy, characterizes public security principles, defines the objects of Public Security Strategy and civil protection of Ukraine, characterizes subjects of ensuring Public Security Strategy and civil protection of Ukraine. On this ground the author's vision is suggested in terms of introducing changes and amendments to the current legislation in the part concerning development of further administrative and legal regulating public security in Ukraine, that is, to amend p.1 art.1 of Law of Ukraine " On the National Security of Ukraine" with the following point 10 – 1 objects of national security of Ukraine including: Constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and citizen; Ukrainian society, its spiritual, moral and ethical, cultural, historical, intellectual, material values, informational, environmental and natural resources; Ukrainian state, its Constitutional order, sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability.

The article examines the modern authoritarian regime, considers its characteristics and manifestations. The author gives an overview of modern authoritarian regimes. The purpose of this article is to determine the nature and features of the authoritarian regime, as a kind of political regime, as well as the reasons that lead to its emergence or maintenance in the country. It is noted, that the authoritarian regime is not an evolutionary form of state development, it is always a logical consequence of the socio-political processes taking place in the country. It is noted, that it appears against the background of breakthrough processes, when the political system of the state needs changes, but these changes occur under the influence of the political elite, not society, which in turn allows us to identify the preconditions for an authoritarian regime in the state. It is stated, that the authoritarian regime is not an evolutionary form of state development, it does not provide high-quality succession of power, it is unable to offer new trends and transformations of public life due to the inability of one person to change their worldview, adapting to social demands and processes. It is noted, that most authoritarian countries do not proclaim, do not identify themselves in this way, but on the contrary try to position themselves as countries that promote democratic values. Authoritarian regime as such is not perceived by most countries in the world, as it is characterized by unstable, non-transparent and unpredictable development of socio-economic and socio-political processes. The dominance of liberal democracy in the tradition of economic relations demonstrates the tendency of socio-political preferences of most business elites to operate in the conditions of projected democratic regimes. It is concluded, that the authoritarian regime is based on the imperative planting of those values that will contribute to the maintenance of power, and therefore dominated by state ideology, which is planted by the forces and ...

In the article features of formation of ideological orientations ukrainian Transcarpathia. Affected by the comparison is considered in the context of archetypes in Ukraine. Comparative Philosophy leads to the conclusion that the local ideological features ukrainian­ruthenian, despite some nuances fit into the all­ethno­psychological portrait. It is necessary to distinguish humanistychnist (not militant, compassion, sincerity, hospitality, democracy (equality and a high degree of freedom traditionally high role of women in Ukrainian life, family matriarchy) cordocentrism and idealism, which means the advantage of spiritual development, superficial understanding of reality, isolation from reality. These features are common to all ukrainian, but make generalizations regarding ethno­psychological characteristics rather difficult and problematic task. Local differences in regions nakladayut mark on the mentality of their inhabitants. Common features are evidence and result of ethnic and cultural unity of Ukrainian, while local differences caused by the peculiarities of the geographical position and historical conditions of Transcarpathian composed of foreign states. Overall, despite the different nuances researchers identify positive and negative aspects of ethnicity, which are common and typical for all ukrainian. ; У статті проаналізовано особливості формування світоглядних орієнтацій українців Закарпаття. Порушена проблема розглядається у контексті порівняння архетипів населення України. Філософська компаративістика приводить до висновку, що локальні світоглядні особливості українців­русинів, незважаючи на деякі нюанси, вписуються в загальноукраїнський етнопсихологічний портрет. Варто виділити гуманістичність (не войовничість, милосердя, щирість, гостинність; демократизм (рівноправність та високий ступінь свободи, традиційно висока роль жінки в житті українців, родинний матріархат); кордоцентризм та ідеалізм, що означає перевагу духовного розвитку, поверхневе розуміння дійсності, відірваність від реальності. Згадані риси характерні для всіх українців, хоча робити узагальнення стосовно етнопсихологічних особливостей доволі складне та проблематичне завдання. Локальні відмінності регіонів країни накладають відбиток на менталітет їх мешканців. Спільні риси є свідченням та результатом етнокультурної єдності українців, тоді як локальні відмінності викликані особливостями економіко­географічного становища та умовами історичного розвитку закарпатців у складі іноземних держав. У цілому, незважаючи на різні нюанси, дослідники виділяють позитивні та негативні риси етнічного світогляду, які є спільними та типовими для всіх українців. ; У статті проаналізовано особливості формування світоглядних орієнтацій українців Закарпаття. Порушена проблема розглядається у контексті порівняння архетипів населення України. Філософська компаративістика приводить до висновку, що локальні світоглядні особливості українців­русинів, незважаючи на деякі нюанси, вписуються в загальноукраїнський етнопсихологічний портрет. Варто виділити гуманістичність (не войовничість, милосердя, щирість, гостинність; демократизм (рівноправність та високий ступінь свободи, традиційно висока роль жінки в житті українців, родинний матріархат); кордоцентризм та ідеалізм, що означає перевагу духовного розвитку, поверхневе розуміння дійсності, відірваність від реальності. Згадані риси характерні для всіх українців, хоча робити узагальнення стосовно етнопсихологічних особливостей доволі складне та проблематичне завдання. Локальні відмінності регіонів країни накладають відбиток на менталітет їх мешканців. Спільні риси є свідченням та результатом етнокультурної єдності українців, тоді як локальні відмінності викликані особливостями економіко­географічного становища та умовами історичного розвитку закарпатців у складі іноземних держав. У цілому, незважаючи на різні нюанси, дослідники виділяють позитивні та негативні риси етнічного світогляду, які є спільними та типовими для всіх українців.

The insufficient degree of common identity at the state level, the distinct regional character of axiological and ideological differences in the Ukrainian society, direct interference with the internal affairs and imposition of common identifications on the part of other subjects of international relations considerably aggravates the threat of separatism, leads to the increase of joint identification of citizens with other societies and their political interests, which can lead to the territorial disintegration of the country. The annexation of Crimea by Russia became a significant destabilizing factor in the region, which sharpened ethnopolitical controversies on the peninsula. The most ethnically dissatisfied are Crimean Tatars and ethnic Ukrainians, who experience constant discrimination due to their ethnic origin, language, and religion from the state authorities of Crimea and Russian Federation. According to the population census, conducted by the Federal Service of State Statistics, subordinate to the Russian power, the peninsula has observed a considerable decrease of the Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar population: 15.8% of Ukrainians and 10.6% of Crimean Tatars. Russians constitute the majority: 68.3% comparing to 58.3% in 2001. Different sociological studies in Crimea claim annexation to cause the intensification of regional tendencies. Thus, according to the 2016 poll, 35% of the citizens identified themselves, first of all, as Crimeans and not as the citizens of Russia, which considerably exceeds average Russian figures. This dynamics does not obviously fit the ideas of the "Russian World"; thus, the peninsula observes the implementation of the "soft deportation" policy of Crimeans, substituted by Russians. The official data state that during four years 178 thousand people have migrated to Crimea, the prevailing majority of them being Russians. Although Ukraine does not have opportunities for implementing the legislation developed in the time period of 2014–2018 for the regulation of Crimean ethnopolitical disputes on the occupied peninsula, the development and implementation of the de-occupation and reintegration strategy of Crimea is crucial for the protection of Crimean ethnic communities' rights and restoration of the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

This article deals with works devoted to events on the Independence, during the Revolution of Dominion, the annexation of the Crimea and Russian aggression in general. The study raises the question of the impartiality and reliability of the facts presented by the researchers of the works which is covered by this article. The author is proposed to divide researches into three categories on a chronological basis. The subject of the study is extremely relevant as wars of a new format generate the formation of a new hybrid world order. The aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine became the starting point for shaping such a future world order. Investigating the work of Russian researchers, one can conclude that in Russia, aggression in Ukraine is called a civil war. The main challenge is to shift responsibility for the war to the Ukrainian leadership. Their position in the conflict is due to the alleged protection of the Russian-speaking population on the territory of Ukraine. The Russian Federation is trying to intensify the formation and support of the image of itself as a peacemaking country on the international scene. After all, creating a belt of "external enemies" unites people and distracting from the urgent domestic problems in the country. Analyzing Russian labor it becomes clear that the problems of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict are being paid little attention. Authors studying events highlight only certain beneficial aspects of the conflict and are often openly propagandistic. Also, an attempt is made to make a generalized analysis of the work of Russian authors on hybrid wars and to assess the degree of its objectivity. Generally analyzed works published in the period 2014-2017 and had a fairly large circulation and distribution. All of them, with rare exceptions, do not objectively highlight the chronicles of events and act in favor of pro-Russian propaganda. Most of the authors previously covered other conflicts related to the Russian Federation, such as the war with Georgia or the conflict in Chechnya, or they are fugitives from the east of Ukraine and are carriers of exclusively pro-Russian political thought. An interesting fact is that they are easily accessible and accessed online and even sold in some Ukrainian online stores. ; У даній статті розглядаються праці, які присвячені подіям на Майдані, Революції Гідності, анексії Криму та російської агресії в цілому. У дослідженні порушується питання об'єктивності та достовірності фактів. які наводяться дослідниками праць, які охоплює дана стаття. Авторкою запропоновано розділити дані праці на три категорії за хронологічною ознакою. Тема дослідження є надзвичайно актуальною, адже війни нового формату генерують формування нового гібридного світопорядку. Відправною точною для формування такого майбутнього світопорядку стала агресія РФ в Україні. Досліджуючи праці російських дослідників, можна зробити висновок, що в РФ агресію в Україну називають громадянською війною. Основним посилом є перекладання відповідальності за війну на українське керівництво. Свою позицію у конфлікті обумовлюють нібито захистом російськомовного населення на території України. На міжнародній арені РФ намагається посилено формувати і підтримувати образ себе як країни-миротворця. Адже створення поясу «зовнішніх ворогів» згуртовує людей і відволікає від нагальних внутрішніх проблем у країні. Аналізуючи російські праці, стає зрозумілим, що проблематиці російсько-українського конфлікту приділяється мало уваги. Автори, які досліджують події, висвітлюють лише певні вигідні сторони конфлікту, а їх праці часто носять відверто пропагандистський характер. Також у статті зроблено спробу зробити узагальнений аналіз доробку російських авторів щодо гібридних війн та оцінити ступінь його об'єктивності. Загалом проаналізовані праці, що видавались в період 2014-2017 років і мали доволі великий тираж та розповсюдження. Всі вони за рідким виключенням не об'єктивно висвітлюють хроніку подій і діють на користь проросійської пропаганди. Більшість авторів раніше висвітлювали інші конфлікти, пов'язані з РФ, такі як війна з Грузією чи конфлікт в Чечні, або ж є втікачами зі сходу України і є носіями виключно проросійської політичної думки. Цікавим фактом є те, що праці є у відкритому доступі в онлайн мережі і навіть продаються на деяких українських онлайн-магазинах.

This article deals with works devoted to events on the Independence, during the Revolution of Dominion, the annexation of the Crimea and Russian aggression in general. The study raises the question of the impartiality and reliability of the facts presented by the researchers of the works which is covered by this article. The author is proposed to divide researches into three categories on a chronological basis. The subject of the study is extremely relevant as wars of a new format generate the formation of a new hybrid world order. The aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine became the starting point for shaping such a future world order. Investigating the work of Russian researchers, one can conclude that in Russia, aggression in Ukraine is called a civil war. The main challenge is to shift responsibility for the war to the Ukrainian leadership. Their position in the conflict is due to the alleged protection of the Russian-speaking population on the territory of Ukraine. The Russian Federation is trying to intensify the formation and support of the image of itself as a peacemaking country on the international scene. After all, creating a belt of "external enemies" unites people and distracting from the urgent domestic problems in the country. Analyzing Russian labor it becomes clear that the problems of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict are being paid little attention. Authors studying events highlight only certain beneficial aspects of the conflict and are often openly propagandistic. Also, an attempt is made to make a generalized analysis of the work of Russian authors on hybrid wars and to assess the degree of its objectivity. Generally analyzed works published in the period 2014-2017 and had a fairly large circulation and distribution. All of them, with rare exceptions, do not objectively highlight the chronicles of events and act in favor of pro-Russian propaganda. Most of the authors previously covered other conflicts related to the Russian Federation, such as the war with Georgia or the conflict in Chechnya, or they are fugitives from the east of Ukraine and are carriers of exclusively pro-Russian political thought. An interesting fact is that they are easily accessible and accessed online and even sold in some Ukrainian online stores. ; У даній статті розглядаються праці, які присвячені подіям на Майдані, Революції Гідності, анексії Криму та російської агресії в цілому. У дослідженні порушується питання об'єктивності та достовірності фактів. які наводяться дослідниками праць, які охоплює дана стаття. Авторкою запропоновано розділити дані праці на три категорії за хронологічною ознакою. Тема дослідження є надзвичайно актуальною, адже війни нового формату генерують формування нового гібридного світопорядку. Відправною точною для формування такого майбутнього світопорядку стала агресія РФ в Україні. Досліджуючи праці російських дослідників, можна зробити висновок, що в РФ агресію в Україну називають громадянською війною. Основним посилом є перекладання відповідальності за війну на українське керівництво. Свою позицію у конфлікті обумовлюють нібито захистом російськомовного населення на території України. На міжнародній арені РФ намагається посилено формувати і підтримувати образ себе як країни-миротворця. Адже створення поясу «зовнішніх ворогів» згуртовує людей і відволікає від нагальних внутрішніх проблем у країні. Аналізуючи російські праці, стає зрозумілим, що проблематиці російсько-українського конфлікту приділяється мало уваги. Автори, які досліджують події, висвітлюють лише певні вигідні сторони конфлікту, а їх праці часто носять відверто пропагандистський характер. Також у статті зроблено спробу зробити узагальнений аналіз доробку російських авторів щодо гібридних війн та оцінити ступінь його об'єктивності. Загалом проаналізовані праці, що видавались в період 2014-2017 років і мали доволі великий тираж та розповсюдження. Всі вони за рідким виключенням не об'єктивно висвітлюють хроніку подій і діють на користь проросійської пропаганди. Більшість авторів раніше висвітлювали інші конфлікти, пов'язані з РФ, такі як війна з Грузією чи конфлікт в Чечні, або ж є втікачами зі сходу України і є носіями виключно проросійської політичної думки. Цікавим фактом є те, що праці є у відкритому доступі в онлайн мережі і навіть продаються на деяких українських онлайн-магазинах.

Undoubtedly, the effectiveness of combating drug trafficking crimes, in particular their smuggling, depends on the extent to which current legislation is in line with current realities of life and how it is applied in the judicial practice. It should be noted that the situation with regard to the spread of drug addiction in the country is explained not only by crisis phenomena in different spheres of public life, deterioration of socio-economic and socio-psychological state of a number of population groups, but also by significant shortcomings in the work of customs and law enforcement agencies. bodies, their material, technical, informational and legal support for counteracting drug smuggling. Despite the urgency and importance of the issue under consideration, no special dissertation studies on the criminal-law characterization of drug smuggling as a crime, as well as its counteraction by domestic scientists, were conducted. Part of the work being investigated has been covered in the work of researchers in the fields of criminal law and criminology, who have, to one degree or another, addressed the issue of criminal liability for drug offenses and counteracting drug trafficking. The foregoing testifies to the expediency and relevance of the in-depth study of the concept of drug smuggling under domestic and foreign legislation, its social dangers, a deeper study of objective and subjective features, which to some extent will help to increase the effectiveness of counteraction. Analyze the process of forming criminal and legal counteraction to drug smuggling in the historical and legal aspect. Statements regarding the public danger of drug smuggling for the purpose of disclosure in a modern manner. To carry out comparative legal analysis of the criminal legislation of foreign countries on establishing responsibility for drug smuggling. To carry out a legal analysis of the composition of the crime provided for in Article 305 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Identify ways to improve the fight against drug ...

Russian authorities do not recognize their participation in the Donbass war. Participation concealment in military conflicts is a long-standing Russian political tradition. The Soviet Union, which was modernized by Russia, did not recognize that it had fought in Korea, Vietnam, Angola, and Ogaden. Modern Russia, which has deployed its forces to Donbass, is officially convincing the world community and Russians that this war is an internal civil conflict in Ukraine. Although all information is available on the Internet about which Russian units are fighting in Donbass, who controls them and where the flows of Russian equipment, weapons, ammunition, soldiers, officers and even where the killed Russian soldiers are buried come from. That is why films about the Donbass war help the mass audience to understand who is actually fighting in Eastern Ukraine. An article is devoted to this topic, which analyzes feature films about the Russian-Ukrainian war that lasts in Donbass. In particular, Oleksiy Shapariev's series "The Guard", films of Akhtem Seitablaiev "Cyborgs. Heroes never die", Serhiy Loznytsia "Donbass", Zaza Buadze "Call sign 'Banderas'", Ivan Tymchenko "Ilovaisk 2014. Battalion 'Donbass'", Valentyn Vasyanovych "Atlantis", Volodymyr Tykhyi "Our cats". In the context of world cinematography and peculiarities of the national character, it is presented how modern Ukrainian cinema develops the comedic traditions of war films. The reaction to films about the war by Ukrainian spectators, critics, Russian politicians and public officials, film awards at film festivals are shown.

The article investigates the Russian national minority which was the youngest in Transcarpathia. It had been formed during1944-1990 by a deliberate state policy and played a role in the political and ideological domination of the Soviet regime. At the same time, it played an important past in the process of linguistic Russification and assimilation of the local population. Their quantitative growth is fully connected with the constant influx of Russian-speaking migrants and processes the Russification of the local population. ; У статті досліджується російська національна меншина - наймолодша в Закарпатті. Вона формувалась упродовж 1944–1990 рр. цілеспрямованою державною політикою і виконувала роль політичного та ідеологічного панування радянського режиму. Водночас вона відігравала важливу роль у процесі мовного зросійщення й асиміляції місцевого населення Їх кількісне зростання повністю пов'язане з постійним припливом російськомовних мігрантів та процесами русифікації місцевого населення

The results of empirical research devoted to the study of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social entrepreneurship in Ukraine are considered in this article. Social entrepreneurship is a new area of practice that is developing rapidly but is still insufficiently studied in psychology. Foreign research projects compare social entrepreneurs' personal traits with the ones of traditional entrepreneurs, members of the general public, employees in the same area of activity, volunteers, etc. There are such personal traits of social entrepreneurs that have a higher level of development (compared to others) as empathy, willingness to take risks and to cooperate and develop social networks, creativity, need for autonomy and independence, optimism, trust in others, belief in positive social changes, ability to cope with obstacles on their way to social mission implementation. Most researchers emphasize the developed sense of social responsibility, moral obligations towards others, self-sacrifice of social entrepreneurs. As a result of the empirical research of individual psychological characteristics of individuals engaged in social and traditional entrepreneurship in Ukraine psychological particularities within each group of entrepreneurs have been determined. A psychological portrait of social entrepreneur has been compiled based on the obtained empirical data: an active, focused on the external world, intent on reflection and introspection, receptive to obtain new knowledge, hardworking, creative, relatively emotionally stable, moderately conformable and ambitious individual, which is characterized by a high level of empathy and an internal locus of control, which can work successfully both as a team member and independently, which can adequately estimate their capabilities and make right decisions in situations of uncertainty and risk. The differences between groups of traditional and social entrepreneurs in such factors as «Openness» according to the Big 5 Personality Traits, «Сreative tendency», «Calculated risk-taking», «Internal locus of control» according to the General measure of Enterprising Tendency (GET) test, as well as according to the Balanced Emotional Empathy Test have been detected. Based on these findings one can conclude that a phenomenon of social entrepreneurship is a dynamic process that meets the urgent needs of society, corresponds to individual motives and is determined by the specifics of professional tasks we solve, and therefore by the type of business activity in general.