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- ed. issued in loose-leaf format. ; - ed. issued in 2v. ; v. 2 of 1977 ed. has title: Natural resources rules & orders. ; At head of title: State of Michigan. ; Cumulative supplement issued in 1970 to update 1968 ed. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Compiled by the Dept. of Natural Resources; prepared by the Legislative Service Bureau.

How much is beauty worth in dollars? Some people may recoil at the very phrasing of this question. Yet placing a monetary value on natural resources is not inherently destructive. Custom places a monetary value on artwork. Capitalism even values beautiful natural vistas in the form of land prices. Placing a monetary value on beauty and other features of nature may be essential if one is to protect natural resources fully. This Article explores the proper monetary valuation under Superfund and other legislation of natural objects,' including living animals, aesthetic views, and water purity. The path to achieving valuation is rife with pitfalls, both philosophical and practical. Should the law focus on the monetary value to those people who "consume beauty for gain," as in the free market, or should government also consider beauty's existence and intrinsic value to the rest of society, which may"consume it to live." If the latter, then what dollar value possibly can be used?

State web portal to provide a single place to discover, learn about, and access available salmon and watershed data for Washington State. This represents the first phase in the development of this portal and includes a searchable catalog with simple links to datasets and their associated metadata ("data about the data"). This catalog currently includes spatial datasets, tabular datasets, reports and studies. This site has been designed for a wide range of users who may be interested in salmon and watershed data including scientists, watershed planners/managers, consultants, and the general public.

pt. 4. Our mineral resources [by] G.O. Smith. The production and waste of mineral resources and their bearing on conservation [by] J.A. Holmes. Preservation of the phosphates and the conservation of the soil [by] C.R. Van Hise. ; pt. 1. Forestry on private lands [by] G. Pinchot. Public regulation of private forests [by] H.S. Graves. Can the states regulate private forests? [by] F.C. Zacharie.--pt. 2. Water as a resource [by] W.J. McGee. Water power in the United States [by] M.O. Leighton. The scope of state and federal legislation concerning the use of waters [by] C.E. Wright. The necessity for state or federal regulation of water power development [by] C.W. Baker. Federal control of water power in Switzerland [by] T. Cleveland.--pt. 3. Classification of the public lands [by] G.W. Woodruff. A summary of our most important land laws [by] K. Nelson. Indian lands: their administration with reference to present and future use [by] F.E. Leupp. The conservation and preservation of soil fertility [by] C.G. Hopkins. Farm tenure in the United States [by] H. Gannett. What may be accomplished by reclamation [by] F.H. Newell. The legal problems of reclamation of lands by means in irrigation [by] M. Bien. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Although the relationship between natural resources and civil war has received much attention, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Controversies and contradictions in the stylized facts persist because resource extraction is treated as exogenous while in reality fighting affects extraction. We study endogenous fighting, armament, and extraction method, speed and investment. Rapacious resource exploitation has economic costs, but can nevertheless be preferred to balanced depletion due to lowered incentives for future rebel attacks. With private exploitation, rebels fight more than the government if they can renege on the contract with the mining company, and hence government turnover is larger in this case. Incentive-compatible license fees paid by private companies and mining investment are lower in unstable countries, and increase with the quality of the government army and office rents. This implies that privatised resource exploitation is more attractive for governments who have incentives to fight hard, i.e., in the presence of large office rents and a strong army. With endogenous weapon investments, the government invests more under balanced than under rapacious or private extraction. If the government can commit before mining licenses are auctioned, it will invest more in weapons under private extraction than under balanced and rapacious nationalized extraction.

We look at the formation of new Indian states in 2001 to uncover the effects of political secession on the comparative economic performance of natural resource rich and natural resource poor areas. Resource rich constituencies fared comparatively worse within new states that inherited a relatively larger proportion of natural resources. We argue that these patterns reflect how political reorganisation affected the quality of state governance of natural resources. We describe a model of collusion between state politicians and resource rent recipients that can account for the relationships we see in the data between natural resource abundance and post-breakup local outcomes.

This dissertation explores the use and development of computable models for environmental policy assessment. It is aimed at improving methodologies, extending the range of applications and elaborating on the theoretical underpinnings of the models. Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4 all deal with the economics of water resources. Most of them make use of computable general equilibrium models to assess the effects of future water availability on the economy of the Mediterranean. Chapter 2 addresses methodological issues arising in the estimation of "virtual water" flows, whereas Chapter 5 explores some aspects of sustainable economic growth in a theoretical setting. In particular, Chapter 1 builds and illustrates four scenarios, assessing future water availability in the Mediterranean and its macroeconomic implications. The scenarios are constructed by considering forecasts of economic and demographic growth, as well as climate change and environmental policies. It is found that some northern Mediterranean countries will face insuffcient water supply for agricultural sectors, because of climate change and reduced precipitation, whereas other southern Mediterranean countries will face similar problems mainly caused, however, by strong economic and demographic development. Chapter 2 discusses some methodological issues associated with the estimation of virtual water flows, which refer to the volume of water used in the production of a commodity or service, and virtually exchanged through conventional trade. In this paper, we argue that conventional methods for the computation of virtual water flows may bring about biased estimates, thereby limiting the usefulness of the virtual water concept as a tool for informing water policy. We propose a new approach, accounting for both direct and indirect water consumption, that is the one associated with the use of intermediate factors. Furthermore, we distinguish between green (soil moisture) and blue (surface) water resources, which is important because green and blue water have different opportunity-costs. Chapter 3 analyzes current and future virtual water trade patterns in the Mediterranean. The future scenario is obtained by means of a computable general equilibrium model, where the effects of reduced agricultural productivity, induced by lower water availability, are simulated. The analysis highlights a future reduction of intra-Mediterranean virtual water trade and an increase of virtual imports from central and northern Europe, as well as from the rest of the world. Chapter 4 considers the consequences, in terms of water demand and economic performance, of climate change-induced variations in tourism flows, for a number of southern European economies. It is found that additional tourists from abroad would increase income and welfare in a hosting country, but they would also induce a change in the productive structure, with a decline in agriculture and manufacturing, partially compensated by an expansion of service industries. The reduction in agricultural production would entail a lower demand for water, possibly counteracting the additional request coming from the tourism sector. Chapter 5 follows a rather different approach, in examining the implications of alternative assumptions on discounting in a theoretical model of economic growth, in which one natural resource (which could possibly be interpreted as water quality level) affects the inter-temporal utility of a representative consumer. The chapter builds upon Smulders (2007), who analyses a model of economic growth with renewable resource dynamics, to study how society's discount rate and the inter- temporal optimization process affect the long-run stock of an environmental resource.

We build a theoretical framework that allows for endogenous conflict behaviour (i.e., fighting efforts) and for endogenous natural resource exploitation (i.e., speed, ownership, and investments). While depletion is spread in a balanced Hotelling fashion during peace, the presence of conflict creates incentives for rapacious extraction, as this lowers the stakes of future contest. This voracious extraction depresses total oil revenue, especially if world oil demand is relatively elastic and the government's weapon advantage is weak. Some of these political distortions can be overcome by bribing rebels or by government investment in weapons. The shadow of conflict can also make less efficient nationalized oil extraction more attractive than private extraction, as insecure property rights create a holdup problem for the private firm and lead to a lower license fee. Furthermore, the government fights less intensely than the rebels under private exploitation, which leads to more government turnover. Without credible commitment to future fighting efforts, private oil depletion is only lucrative if the government's non-oil office rents are large and weaponry powerful, which guarantees the government a stronger grip on office and makes the holdup problem less severe.

The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.05.015 ; This paper explores the relationship between natural resource revenues and expenditure decentralization. While the literature suggests that an abundance of natural resources may have deleterious effects on fiscal decentralization and other variables, existing empirical evidence regarding expenditure decentral- ization is scant and suspect. We find that expenditure decentralization is highly persistent. We take this persistence into account and use four different estimation strategies to examine whether natural resource revenues influence expenditure decentralization. Increases in natural resource rents as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) statistically significantly and negatively affect expenditure decentralization. A 1% year-on-year increase in natural resource rents reduces estimated expenditure decentralization by approximately 0.1% to 0.3%. This result is robust to an alternative measure of resource dependence. Our findings strongly suggest that increases in resource endowments lead to a centralization of government expenditures.

In this Globelics Thematic Review, the author team presents and discusses recent research on the relationships between natural resources, innovation and development, and suggests some implications of this body of knowledge for policy makers. The Review sets out to explore three interlinked questions with a particular focus on innovation and industry dynamics. First, to what extent is it currently possible for a country to develop on the basis of natural resources? Second, what are the main underlying mechanisms of resource intensive development paths? Third, how can such mechanisms be supported politically? The Globelics review considers a range of contemporary and historical studies and diverse theoretical positions concerning resource intensive development paths. The intention is to make it easier for analysts and policy makers to learn both from countries that in the past have succeeded in transforming their natural resource wealth into long-term development and from recent obstacles to resource intensive development encountered by some developing economies. The review furthermore considers whether a resource intensive development path is more or less environmentally sustainable than other forms of industrial specialization.

We study how natural resources can feed corruption and how this effect depends on the quality of the democratic institutions. Our game-theoretic model predicts that resource rents lead to an increase in corruption if the quality of the democratic institutions is relatively poor, but not otherwise. We use panel data covering the period 1980-2004 and 124 countries to test this theoretical prediction. Our estimates confirm that the relationship between resource rents and corruption depends on the quality of the democratic institutions. Our main results hold when we control for the effects of income, time varying common shocks, regional fixed effects and various additional covariates. They are also robust across different samples, and to the use of various alternative measures of natural resources, democracy and corruption.

The Department's statutes and regulations are designed to protect the natural resources of the state particularly water, fish and wildlife. These laws operate principally to regulate the recreational and commercial use of these resources. They also protect the quality of life that attracts visitors and permanent residents to the state.

This chapter explores some of the themes emerging in current research around themes of boundless nature and bounded political spaces and people. It explores how natural resources and transnational governance are global phenomena with uneven geographies, constructed in particular places by particular people and with effects in distant places. This chapter will review some of the key themes and scholarship on nature, politics, boundaries and the re-grounding of the nation-state. The aim throughout is not to be comprehensive but rather to give some idea of current debates.

Environmental issues and the management of natural resources have become a significant element of the binational relationship between Mexico and the United States during the last three decades. The environmental challenges now shaping the bilateral agenda for environmental cooperation are formidable and their address engages a rich and diverse set of institutions and stakeholders at multiple levels of government across the international boundary. This chapter studies environmental issues relevant to the two countries in the 21st century and suggests policy strategies to address them. The first part of the chapter discuss relevant environmental issues common to Mexico and the United States and their potential implications for their relationship in the short and long term. The second part analyzes binational efforts created to manage environmental issues and provide a critical perspective of their strengths and shortcomings. The last section of the chapter suggests recommendations to address those environmental challenges in the 21st century.

Creates the Natural Resources Conservation Authority which has as main purpose to take such steps as are necessary for the effective management of the physical environment of Jamaica so as to ensure the conservation, protection and proper use of its natural resources; to promote public awareness of the ecological systems of Jamaica and their importance to the social and economic life of the Island; to manage such national parks, marine parks, protected areas and public recreational facilities as may be prescribed; to advise the Minister on matters of general policy relating to the management, development, conservation and care of the environment; and to perform such other functions pertaining to the natural resources of Jamaica as may be assigned to it by the Minister or by or under this Act or any other enactment.