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AbstractThis paper discusses export development in New Zealand in the 1970s and 1980s with reference to the long‐running literature about the sustainability of natural resource‐based growth, export diversification, and the role of state regulation and encouragement. Since 1970 New Zealand's export commodity mix has diversified. Pastoral exports, once dominant, are complemented by seafood, wine, fruit, vegetables, forest products and a range of manufactured goods. Diversification of export markets and commodities was a priority for policymakers from the mid‐1950s, and more so from the mid‐1970s. Export incentives were a chosen instrument. Seafood and kiwifruit were among the most significant examples of primary sector diversification. The paper finds that the circumstances of each industry required different government policies, and that entrepreneurship and innovation were significant alongside government policy.

"For historical, sociological and documentary approach based on a chronological analysis of the facts on armed conflicts in the Great lakes region, in this article, we show how the construction of sustainable painting is possible in this Region. This implies the purpose and roles of the various actors which are the states supported by regional organizations, the international community and civil society. Thus, do entered strategies applied by regional policies to set up cooperation for the management and exploitation of the natural resources in the municipalities. These common development policies thus contribute to the strengthening of collective security in application to the national defenses of the states and their political and legal mechanism of dispute rules.

Keywords: Peace building, states and strategies, great lakes-region, Africa
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Prompted by the closure of archives and new ways of working during lockdown, Su Lin Lewis and Robert Bickers find an unexpected intersection in their own family histories. Photographs of their grandparents were taken a decade and a hundred miles apart but betray parallel histories of migration, war, and social aspiration amid the decolonization of Malaya and the birth of a new Malaysia. The car is a symbol of social mobility both forwards and up, in a colony whose wealth of natural resources helped fuel the postwar explosion of the global middle class. This piece reminds us that even when we are confined to our homes, with albums as our archives, we can also find new possibilities in the banality of everyday social histories, perhaps richer when woven together.

Mali is a Sub-Saharan African country with 19.1 million people. Almost half of this population lives in poverty, due to the dysfunction of activity sectors (agriculture, energy, education, employment, services, etc.). Natural resource management especially land and water together with corollaries remain one of the greatest challenges for this dryland region to sustainably face climate change, meet food demand and improve its economy. The social crisis (especially in the northern region) is significantly affecting development and human security as well. This study had been carried out to review the current state of affairs, key trends, problems, solutions and their implications for sustainable development of Mali under changing climate and the impacts of land degradation. Likewise, investment opportunities in the priority areas are highlighted in this report.

Environmental Governance is an integrated effort in the utilization, arrangement, maintenance, supervision, restoration and development of the environment. The goal in Environmental Governance is to achieve the sustainability of human relations with the environment as the goal of complete human development. This paper describes how environmental governance is in sustainable mining management in Kabaena Utara. This study uses a qualitative descriptive study, this research focuses on post-mining environmental management and as many as 15 informants between the government and the community. The results of this study generally describe the Control of Environmental Damage and Pollution regarding environmental management in Bombana Regency in terms of not being well-managed and not yet maximizing the protection of conservation areas from damage due to uncontrolled and exploitative use of natural resources.

The ecological consequences of industrial agriculture and the pace at which the natural resources of soil and water are being exhausted, make a rethink of food systems imperative. Rice being the staple for more than half the world population and a major water consumer crop can play a vital role in this. This work builds the case for agroecological interventions in rice farming to mitigate the negative impacts of the food system on the environment, to attain sustainable development in rural areas. In this regard, the improvements in plant growth parameters and plant health conditions observed under SRIBI (System of Rice Intensification with Beans Intercropping) are reported. Rice iCrop, based on SRIBI, is presented as an alternative rice farming system due to its wide-ranging socioeconomic and ecological benefits.

This paper presents an analysis of the factors affecting foreign direct investments, focusing on governance quality and adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards on countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, which are a special case of study due to their idiosyncratic characteristics, rich natural resources and geographical position. Panel data analysis was conducted, implementing three different models (Fixed Effect, Random Effect, and Arellano Bond Dynamic Model). The results show that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards is a strong determinant that promotes foreign direct investments. As regards the governance quality, the block of Gulf Cooperation Council countries has fulfilled the minimum level of governance pre-conditions relative to foreign direct investments. In addition, governance indicators associated with law, rules, and corruption are more influential determinants for foreign direct investments.

The article deals with constitutional and legal foundations of the public organization of business activity within the oil sector of the energy-producing industry in the Russian Federation. It is on the one hand connected with the basic constitutional principles of the common economic area in the Russian Federation such as the admission of varying legal standing in relation to proprietorial right to natural resources, the obligatory normative separation of the jurisdiction between different governmental agencies, and on the other hand the mandatory legal regulation of the public organization of business activity, particularly within the oil sector. Due to this, attention is paid to the necessity of consistency regarding the legal regulation of accounting, currency transactions, tax system, sustainability issues and other most important legal bodies of business activity regulation.

This paper presents an analysis of the factors affecting foreign direct investments, focusing on governance quality and adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards on countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, which are a special case of study due to their idiosyncratic characteristics, rich natural resources and geographical position. Panel data analysis was conducted, implementing three different models (Fixed Effect, Random Effect, and Arellano Bond Dynamic Model). The results show that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards is a strong determinant that promotes foreign direct investments. As regards the governance quality, the block of Gulf Cooperation Council countries has fulfilled the minimum level of governance pre-conditions relative to foreign direct investments. In addition, governance indicators associated with law, rules, and corruption are more influential determinants for foreign direct investments.

Overlapping norms in regulations, for example in the Natural Resources sector in terms of ease of investment, which previously had been sufficiently well regulated in the Law, many of the rules were cut through the omnibus law draft. The issues to be discussed are the constitutionality of the omnibus law concept in achieving legal certainty and usefulness in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical legal research. The results show that the omnibus law will also not interfere with the hierarchy of statutory regulations because the omnibus law is actually applied the same as the usual statutory regulation formation system. Apart from that, the omnibus law will also provide significant legal objectives in the form of legal certainty and usefulness compared to the normal law revision method (one by one).

"The conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo and their consequences remain a major source of concern, as they constitute a multidimensional challenge to economic and human development in the country and the region. There is a need to address the issue at the highest level, both regionally and globally, and to support the Government of the Democratic Republic of Congo in its search for a solution to the conflicts and in its efforts to put the country back on the path of sustainable development. In this context, this article seeks to increase understanding of the root causes of conflict and their consequences for development so that informed decisions can be made at the national, regional and international levels.

Keywords: conflicts, violence, natural resources, development, Central Africa
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The importance of Arctic natural resources and communications is increasing in the modern global society. At the same time, the Arctic conflict space is not only unprotected from cyberattacks, but their consequences here can be the most terrible in the hybrid war conditions of the XXI century. Cyberattacks on the critical information infrastructure of credit and financial institutions, the economy, authorities and other facilities are becoming especially dangerous. Cybercrimes of hackers for the purpose of obtaining illegal income, threats of money and property loss by the population become more active. The main source of cyberattacks onRussiaare the US Cyber Command, the aggravation risks of cyber warfare between theUSandRussiaare increasing. One of the leaders in protecting against cyberthreats in the Russian Arctic is PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel.

This research aims to describe fiscal independency in regions (cities) /municipalities in Kepulauan Riau Province. Researcher selected Kepulauan Riau Province because seven regions/municipalities in Kepulauan Riau Province are new local government; and regions/municipalities in Kepulauan Riau Province have a lot of natural resources. Fiscal independency is measured used degree of Fiscal Desentralization concept. This Research used qualitative approach and descriptive method.Beside that, this research used data local government budget (APBD) regions/municipalities in Kepulauan Riau Province periode 2008-2012 which is got from Indonesian Finance Ministry. The result shows there are five regions/municipalities in Kepulauan Riau Province have well fiscal independency and low dependency about central government. And just two regions/municipalities in Kepulauan Riau Province still have bad fiscal independency and high dependency about central government.

The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) in Indonesia accelerated by public awareness of the importance of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. One of the Indonesian government's efforts to apply the principles of GI in urban areas in a structured and massive manner is through the Green City Development Program (P2KH) Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR). The approach taken is Green Planning and Design, Green Open Space, Green Energy, Green Water, Green Waste, Green Building, Green Transportation, Green Community. The city that is the case study for discussion is Jakarta. Jakarta Smart City, Green Buildings, Urban Agriculture, and Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA) are programs that successfully implemented. The implementation GI program easily accepted if based on the community.

PT. Freeport Indonesia began operating in the Mimika district in Papua Province at the Gresberg mining. Their cooperation with Indonesia was marked with a contract of work I (Kontrak Karya / KK), with contract period of 30 years. The contract was made after the legalization of the investment LAW on 7 April 1967. This cooperation had been going long when KK II was established. However, in 2017 there was a change of regulation of natural resources management of Indonesia namely IUPK (Izin Usaha Pertambangan Khusus). This regulation initiated debate between Freeport and Indonesia government to reach a consensus. The method used to collect data in this study is qualitative method. Using mercantilist theory, this study suggests that state income and gains are major aspect in international cooperation.Keywords : Indonesia, Freeport, Mercantilism, and Foreign Policy