Suchergebnisse

The article explores the special legal regime of natural resources. The position is evaluated of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation also and the provisions of the General theory of law on a special legal regime are considered. Analyzed the special legal regime of natural resources. Nature is investigated as an exceptional value for society and, accordingly, the object of a special legal regime.

We build a theoretical framework that allows for endogenous conflict behaviour (i.e., fighting efforts) and for endogenous natural resource exploitation (i.e., speed, ownership, and investments). While depletion is spread in a balanced Hotelling fashion during peace, the presence of conflict creates incentives for rapacious extraction, as this lowers the stakes of future contest. This voracious extraction depresses total oil revenue, especially if world oil demand is relatively elastic and the government's weapon advantage is weak. Some of these political distortions can be overcome by bribing rebels or by government investment in weapons. The shadow of conflict can also make less efficient nationalized oil extraction more attractive than private extraction, as insecure property rights create a holdup problem for the private firm and lead to a lower license fee. Furthermore, the government fights less intensely than the rebels under private exploitation, which leads to more government turnover. Without credible commitment to future fighting efforts, private oil depletion is only lucrative if the government's non-oil office rents are large and weaponry powerful, which guarantees the government a stronger grip on office and makes the holdup problem less severe.

Natural resource issues provide a useful context for analysing and intervening in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict because environmental destruction harms both Israelis and Palestinians given their close proximity in a small, ecologically fragile landscape. This article argues that because Israeli and Palestinian national narratives both assume a special relationship between their peoples and the land, a traditional natural resources management (NRM) approach treating land as a finite resource to be 'managed' or divided will not help to resolve the issue. Instead, politicians, scholars and practitioners should draw upon the principles of conflict transformation in designing intervention strategies and work to create a new 'ecological' narrative that weaves the long-term wellbeing of the two peoples together with the environment. Looking at the conflict over land in one location along the route of the separation barrier, the author applies a natural resource transformation framework in analysing the land conflict between Israeli authorities, the settlement of Zufin and the villagers of Jayyous. Adapted from the source document.

The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2018.05.015 ; This paper explores the relationship between natural resource revenues and expenditure decentralization. While the literature suggests that an abundance of natural resources may have deleterious effects on fiscal decentralization and other variables, existing empirical evidence regarding expenditure decentral- ization is scant and suspect. We find that expenditure decentralization is highly persistent. We take this persistence into account and use four different estimation strategies to examine whether natural resource revenues influence expenditure decentralization. Increases in natural resource rents as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) statistically significantly and negatively affect expenditure decentralization. A 1% year-on-year increase in natural resource rents reduces estimated expenditure decentralization by approximately 0.1% to 0.3%. This result is robust to an alternative measure of resource dependence. Our findings strongly suggest that increases in resource endowments lead to a centralization of government expenditures.

Examines the concept of community as a means of implementing renewable natural resource management. Decades of exclusionary conservation policies failed to protect resources & have had undesirable distributive effects. The poor populations that have most needed the resources have been marginalized & disempowered. A central role for community in conservation may improve the opportunities of poor rural communities. Presently, over 50 countries have reported attempts to form partnerships with local communities in conservation & have made new attempts to distribute the benefits of environmental management within the community. Conceptualizations of community in conservation & resource management are explored, including community as a small spatial unit, as a homogeneous social structure, & as shared norms. Implementation of community-based natural resource management policies will require an understanding of the community, including the multiplicity of actors & interests, institutions & processes, & the production of community. Careful images of community are required to understand its internal differences & processes, its interactions with the outside world, & the institutions that structure their interactions. L. A. Hoffman

Providing both a theoretical background and practical examples of natural resource conflict, this volume explores the pressures on natural resources leading to scarcity and conflict. It is shown that the causes and driving forces behind natural resource conflicts are diverse, complex and often interlinked, including global economic growth, exploding consumption,poor governance, poverty, unequal access to resources and power. The different interpretations of nature-culture and the role of humans in the ecosystem are often at the centre of the conflict. Natural resource conflicts range from armed conflicts to conflicts of interest between stakeholders in the North as well as in the South. The varying driving forces behind such disputes at different levels and scales are critically analysed, and approaches to facilitate and enforce mediation, transformation and collaboration at these levels and scales are presented and discussed. In order to transform existing resource conflicts, as well as to decrease the risk of future conflicts, approaches that enhance and enforce collaboration for sustainable development at global, regional, national and local levels are reviewed, and sustainable pathways suggested. A range of global examples is presented including water resources, fisheries, forests, human-wildlife conflicts, urban environments and the consequences of climate change. It will be a valuable text for advanced students of natural resource management, environment and development studies and peace and conflict management. The book will also be of interest to practitioners in the field of natural resource management.

Farmworker -- Livestock farmworker -- Pest control technician/animal control officer -- Butcher/various meat-processing occupations -- Groundskeeper (landscaper, tree trimmer) -- Forestry/conservation/logging-crew member -- Nursery/greenhouse assistant -- Forest firefighter/range aide