Suchergebnisse

'Prescriptive Nature of Th e Code of the Sworn Translator', proclaimed in the 2005 Resolution of the Supreme Board of the Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators 'TEPIS', is described in this article as seen from the perspective of the international and Polish laws and the practice of contemporary translation studies. As recommended by the "Grotius" and the "AGIS" projects, the Code has been prepared in cooperation with representatives of the Minister of Justice. Hence, it constitutes an authoritative reference for the 2004 legislative Act on the profession of the sworn translator.A comparison of the status of the newly established profession of the sworn translator and those of the advocate and the notary in Poland gives the author the grounds to claim that Th e Code of the Sworn Translator constitutes a truly independent and authoritative source of rules of professional ethics and practice. Such status is a natural consequence of its being developed in compliance both with the Polish law and the legislative customs enabling the professional environment to decide about its ethics and good practice itself, based on the long traditions of professional organizations in Poland. ; Wieloletnie starania polskich tłumaczy przysięgłych doprowadziły po raz pierwszy w dziejach tego zawodu do ich skutecznej współpracy z przedstawicielami Ministra Sprawiedliwości. Owocem wspólnych działań było opracowanie zbioru zasad etyki i praktyki zawodowej pt. Kodeks tłumacza przysięgłego. W artykule omówiono przesłanki zawarte w konwencjach międzynarodowych i przepisach prawa polskiego do tworzenia i stosowania takich ujednoliconych zasad wykonywania zawodu oraz genezę, strukturę, treść i preskryptywny charakter Kodeksu.

'Prescriptive Nature of Th e Code of the Sworn Translator', proclaimed in the 2005 Resolution of the Supreme Board of the Polish Society of Sworn and Specialised Translators 'TEPIS', is described in this article as seen from the perspective of the international and Polish laws and the practice of contemporary translation studies. As recommended by the "Grotius" and the "AGIS" projects, the Code has been prepared in cooperation with representatives of the Minister of Justice. Hence, it constitutes an authoritative reference for the 2004 legislative Act on the profession of the sworn translator.A comparison of the status of the newly established profession of the sworn translator and those of the advocate and the notary in Poland gives the author the grounds to claim that Th e Code of the Sworn Translator constitutes a truly independent and authoritative source of rules of professional ethics and practice. Such status is a natural consequence of its being developed in compliance both with the Polish law and the legislative customs enabling the professional environment to decide about its ethics and good practice itself, based on the long traditions of professional organizations in Poland. ; Wieloletnie starania polskich tłumaczy przysięgłych doprowadziły po raz pierwszy w dziejach tego zawodu do ich skutecznej współpracy z przedstawicielami Ministra Sprawiedliwości. Owocem wspólnych działań było opracowanie zbioru zasad etyki i praktyki zawodowej pt. Kodeks tłumacza przysięgłego. W artykule omówiono przesłanki zawarte w konwencjach międzynarodowych i przepisach prawa polskiego do tworzenia i stosowania takich ujednoliconych zasad wykonywania zawodu oraz genezę, strukturę, treść i preskryptywny charakter Kodeksu.

Current events in Ukraine and the world's response on them, urged the authors of the article to search the answers to a rhetorical question. Why are the Ukrainians not able to properly mold the political system, making repeatedly attempts to establish its distinguished features. The authors of the article aim at a thorough investigating of the Ukrainian scientific thought rather than analyzing the course of events – current or previous – to give the answer to a burning issue. How come? In the past, but mostly at the present time, the problem rises both in a scientific environment and in the society on the whole. As an illustration, the authors have chosen some published research-documentary positions, to figure out the push-pull factors of the present phenomenon, disturbing the Ukrainian society. ; Dzisiejsze wydarzenia na Ukrainie oraz reakcja na nie świata cywilizowanego pobudziły autorów artykułu do poszukiwania odpowiedzi na pytanie retoryczne: Dlaczego Ukraińcy dotychczas nie mogą w należyty sposób ukształtować swojej państwowości, mimo że próbowano to niejednokrot­nie uczynić? Autorzy postawili sobie za cel nie przeprowadzać analizy przebiegu wydarzeń teraźniejszych lub wcze­śniejszych, a spróbować przestudiować myśl naukową Ukrainy w zakresie poszukiwania odpowiedzi na palącą kwestię: Dlaczego?W przeszłości, a współcześnie jeszcze częściej, problem ten podejmowany jest tak w środowisku na­ukowym, jak i w całym społeczeństwie. Autorzy dla przykładu wybrali niektóre pozycje druków ba­dawczo-dokumentalnych, aby wyjaśnić pochodzenie dzisiejszych zjawisk nurtujących społeczeństwo ukraińskie.

Przedmiotem zaprezentowanej w artykule analizy jest samorząd korporacyjny, którego podstawę stanowi związek osób o przymusowym charakterze członkostwa. W tym kontekście kluczowe stało się scharakteryzowanie istoty i kierunków rozwoju samorządu terytorialnego jako fundamentu władzy lokalnej. Samorząd korporacyjny nie jest jednak pojęciem jednowymiarowym odnoszącym się wyłącznie do stosunków terytorialnych. Bardzo ważną rolę w systemie reprezentowania interesów określonych środowisk odgrywa także samorząd specjalny, który wyodrębnia się według innych kryteriów. W jego ramach wyróżnić możemy związki personalne, reprezentujące interesy osób wykonujących profesje zaufania publicznego oraz związki ekonomiczne, których zadaniem jest rzecznictwo interesów środowiska gospodarczego. Odpowiednio do zaprezentowanego powyżej podziału, w ramach samorządu specjalnego wyróżniamy samorząd zawodowy i gospodarczy. Warto zauważyć, że w kontekście takich procesów jak globalizacja, metropolizacja czy demokracja uczestnicząca na samorząd należy spojrzeć z nieco innej perspektywy, nie tylko przez pryzmat społeczności zorganizowanych terytorialnie, ale również z punktu widzenia przedsiębiorców oraz osób wykonujących profesje zaufania publicznego, a więc w kategoriach governance. Jest to szczególnie istotne ze względu na potrzebę poszukiwania nowych, efektywnych i równoprawnych form współpracy pomiędzy jednostkami samorządu terytorialnego a organizacjami samorządu specjalnego. ; The analysis presented in this paper concerns corporate self-regulatory associations (in Polish: samorząd korporacyjny) based on the principle of mandatory mem- bership of individuals. In this context, it was necessary to outline the nature and directions of development of local governments (in Polish: samorząd terytorialny) as the core of local authorities. A corporate self-regulatory association, however, is not a unidimensional term that exclusively concerns territorial relations. The system that represents the interests of certain circles also encompasses a highly significant type of special self-regulatory entities (in Polish: samorząd specjalny) identified by different criteria. This includes personal associations that express the interests of individuals representing professions of public trust and business associations whose task is to act in the name of different economic circles. This division is reflected by professional and business self-regulatory associations respectively (in Polish: samorząd zawodowy and samorząd gospodarczy). In the context of globalisation, metropolisation and participatory democracy, self-regulatory associations should be viewed from a slightly different perspective - not only through the prism of communities organised in terms of territories, but also from the point of view of persons who perform professions of public trust, that is in terms of governance. This is particularly important on account of the necessity to seek new, effective and equal forms of collaboration between local government units and the organisations of special self-regulatory associations.

The objective of scientific forecasting is to present the most probable course of an analyzed phenomenon, taking into account the direction and dynamics of its development. In the course of making forecasts one endeavors to determine the conditions providing for the evolution of this phenomenon. Twenty-something years of an independent Ukraine is decidedly too short a period to facilitate responsible hypothesizing on the development of internal and external situation of this country, but some suppositions are justified. On account of the limitations of this paper the author analyzes only selected events from the recent history of Ukraine. The analysis does not answer the question of whether the recurring crises in Ukraine result primarily from phenomena that cyclically occur in a democracy (i.e. elections), and are simply inherent in it or not. Alternatively, when the chronic nature of a crisis (not: crises) is assumed, it may be concluded that as Ukraine emerges 'unscathed' from each stage of the crisis it evolves towards a new, more advanced phase, in consistence with Kondratiev's theories of economic and political cycles. ; The objective of scientific forecasting is to present the most probable course of an analyzed phenomenon, taking into account the direction and dynamics of its development. In the course of making forecasts one endeavors to determine the conditions providing for the evolution of this phenomenon. Twenty-something years of an independent Ukraine is decidedly too short a period to facilitate responsible hypothesizing on the development of internal and external situation of this country, but some suppositions are justified. On account of the limitations of this paper the author analyzes only selected events from the recent history of Ukraine. The analysis does not answer the question of whether the recurring crises in Ukraine result primarily from phenomena that cyclically occur in a democracy (i.e. elections), and are simply inherent in it or not. Alternatively, when the chronic nature of a crisis (not: crises) is assumed, it may be concluded that as Ukraine emerges 'unscathed' from each stage of the crisis it evolves towards a new, more advanced phase, in consistence with Kondratiev's theories of economic and political cycles.

Establishing legal forms of nature conservation entails a restriction on the right of ownership and other property rights. For this reason, the legislature introduced in the Act of 27 April 2001 on Environmental Protection Law solutions allowing for the purchase of real estate or payment of damages. The provisions of the Environmental Protection Law set out an administrative-judicial procedure of claiming for remedying a damage caused by the legal operation of the public administration related to the protection of environmental resources. This procedure is based on the fact that a claim, essentially of a civil nature (a claim for remedying a damage caused by restricting the use of property) is pursued in two stages – the first in an administrative proceeding in which the administrative authority issues a decision and in the second, where the case is decided by a general court. The first stage is obligatory, in the sense that in the event of a dispute for compensation, the aggrieved party must apply to the administrative body for compensation. The second is initiated as a result of the action of the party dissatisfied with the compensation awarded by the administrative body. ; Ustanowienie prawnych form ochrony przyrody wiąże się z ograniczeniem prawa własności i innych praw rzeczowych. Z tej przyczyny ustawodawca wprowadził w ustawie z dnia 27 kwietnia 2001 r. – Prawo ochrony środowiska rozwiązania umożliwiające domaganie się wykupu nieruchomości lub zapłaty odszkodowania. Przepisy ustawy Prawo ochrony środowiska przewidziały administracyjnosądowy tryb realizacji roszczenia o naprawienie szkody wywołanej legalnym działaniem administracji, związanym z ochroną zasobów środowiska. Tryb ten polega na tym, że roszczenie co do zasady o charakterze cywilnym (roszczenie o naprawienie szkody spowodowanej ograniczeniem sposobu korzystania z nieruchomości) jest dochodzone w dwóch etapach: 1) w postępowaniu administracyjnym, w którym organ administracji wydaje decyzję, oraz 2) w postępowaniu, w którym orzeka sąd powszechny. Pierwszy etap jest obowiązkowy w tym sensie, że w razie sporu o odszkodowanie poszkodowany musi wystąpić do organu administracji o ustalenie odszkodowania. Drugi natomiast jest inicjowany na skutek powództwa strony niezadowolonej z przyznanego przez organ administracji odszkodowania.

Switzerland is an example of a state that has adopted specific solutions as regards the election and execution of executive power, which has generated the common conviction that the Swiss Confederation is among the most solid democracies in the world. Recent years have shown, however, that political practice has brought about a significant evolution of Swiss solutions as the distribution of power in the parliament has resulted in the abolition of the 'magical formula' that guaranteed the great (and stable) government coalition, and the emergence of initiatives aiming at changing the principles along which executive power is elected in Switzerland. The purpose of considerations presented in this paper is to analyze the specific character of how the executive institutions function in the Swiss Confederation, answer the question of what directions the changes to the composition of the Federal Council are taking, as well as address the directions of evolutionary changes to the principles of electing the members of the Swiss government.

Switzerland is an example of a state that has adopted specific solutions as regards the election and execution of executive power, which has generated the common conviction that the Swiss Confederation is among the most solid democracies in the world. Recent years have shown, however, that political practice has brought about a significant evolution of Swiss solutions as the distribution of power in the parliament has resulted in the abolition of the 'magical formula' that guaranteed the great (and stable) government coalition, and the emergence of initiatives aiming at changing the principles along which executive power is elected in Switzerland. The purpose of considerations presented in this paper is to analyze the specific character of how the executive institutions function in the Swiss Confederation, answer the question of what directions the changes to the composition of the Federal Council are taking, as well as address the directions of evolutionary changes to the principles of electing the members of the Swiss government. ; Switzerland is an example of a state that has adopted specific solutions as regards the election and execution of executive power, which has generated the common conviction that the Swiss Confederation is among the most solid democracies in the world. Recent years have shown, however, that political practice has brought about a significant evolution of Swiss solutions as the distribution of power in the parliament has resulted in the abolition of the 'magical formula' that guaranteed the great (and stable) government coalition, and the emergence of initiatives aiming at changing the principles along which executive power is elected in Switzerland. The purpose of considerations presented in this paper is to analyze the specific character of how the executive institutions function in the Swiss Confederation, answer the question of what directions the changes to the composition of the Federal Council are taking, as well as address the directions of evolutionary changes to the principles of electing the members of the Swiss government.

This article is a comparative analysis of the legal nature and the rights and obligations of parties concluding property insurance contracts under the provisions of the Maritime Code and the Civil Code. When navigating a ship, the shipowner conducts a business commonly referred to as the operation of a ship, which includes, inter alia, its use for business purposes. The shipowner business is therefore an economic activity and the owner is the entrepreneur who runs his business which s/he is liable for. It is his/her broad interest to insure permanent assets of his/her company against damage as well as his/her civil liability. As the text indicates, s/he is treated by the legislature more severely than a person conducting a standard property insurance. In addition, the legal nature of the policy, due to the requirements of maritime traffic, differs from that from the Civil Code. The purpose of this study is to identify the key differences between the two regulations.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to analyse the relationship between ideas of philosophical anthropology and the problem of intellectual legitimacy of democracy. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: In the article I am trying to answer the question, what is the relationship between views on human nature and attitude to democracy. I analyse this problem by interpreting classic works of political thought. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The starting point is the statement: aversion to democracy arose largely from misanthropy. Democracy was not considered as intellectually legitimate regime, because it was not believed in the rationality of an ordinary person and his ability to participate responsibly in public life. This situation changes during the Enlightenment, when anthropological pessimism was undermined, and the theories underlying the idea of the intellectual legitimacy of democracy were formulated. The later course of events largely questioned these theories, but nevertheless democracy in the West is considered as the only legitimate form of government. RESEARCH RESULTS: This leads me to a view on the paradoxical nature of modern democracy. On the one hand, there is a consensus regarding the intellectual legitimacy of democracy. On the other hand, in theory and practice, the ability of ordinary people to participate reasonably in public life is commonly questioned. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The results of the analysis should prompt the political scientist to change the way of understanding the nature of modern democracy. This system is called democracy, but it seems to have less and less to do with the hopes of those authors who formulated its intellectual assumptions. ; CEL NAUKOWY: Celem tego artykułu jest analiza związku między wy‑ obrażeniami z zakresu antropologii filozoficznej a problemem intelektualnej prawomocności demokracji. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: W artykule próbuję odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jaki jest związek między poglądami na temat natury ludzkiej a sto‑ sunkiem do demokracji. Analizuję ten problem interpretując klasyczne dzieła z zakresu myśli politycznej. PROCES WYWODU: Punktem wyjścia jest konstatacja: niechęć wobec demo‑ kracji wyrastała w dużej mierze z mizantropii. Demokracja nie była uznawana za ustrój godny poparcia, ponieważ nie wierzono w racjonalność zwykłego czło‑ wieka i jego zdolność do odpowiedzialnego uczestnictwa w życiu publicznym. Ta sytuacja zmienia się w epoce Oświecenia, kiedy to podważono pesymizm antropologiczny i sformułowane zostały teorie stanowiące podstawę dla idei intelektualnej prawomocności demokracji. Późniejszy bieg wypadków w du‑ żym stopniu te teorie zakwestionował, ale mimo to demokracja na Zachodzie uznawana jest za jedyną prawomocną formę rządu. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Analiza prowadzi do sformułowania poglądu o paradoksalnym charakterze współczesnej demokracji. Z jednej stro‑ ny, istnieje konsensus co do intelektualnej prawomocności demokracji, z dru‑ giej – w teorii i praktyce powszechnie kwestionowana jest zdolność zwykłego człowieka do rozumnego uczestnictwa w życiu publicznym. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wyniki analizy powinny skłonić politologa do zmiany sposobu rozumienia charakteru współczesnej demo‑ kracji. Ustrój ten nosi nazwę demokracja, ale wydaje się mieć coraz mniej wspól‑ nego z nadziejami tych autorów, którzy sformułowali jej intelektualne założenia.