Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the study of the legal nature of procedural law as a general theoretical category and its purpose in regulating procedural activity, to determine the main task that should be faced with administrative justice and to determine its effectiveness, as well as to formulate some proposals for ensuring the effectiveness of administrative justice. It is proved that the basis of the appointment of administrative justice lies in the theoretical foundations of procedural law. Appointment of administrative justice is to protect the rights, freedoms and interests of persons in the field of public relations from violations by the authorities (state authorities, local self-government bodies, their officials and officials, other entities in the exercise of their power. management functions based on legislation, including the exercise of delegated powers). The rights, freedoms and interests that protect administrative courts can be varied (from constitutional to civil). But the largest share among them belongs to the subjective public law. Subjective public rights are usually manifested not only in the relationship of "public entity - public administration", but also in the relationship "public administration - private entity", as well as in the relations that arise between the two legal entities of public law. For example, public administration has the right to demand from a private person tax. The practical importance of the protection of subjective public rights is manifested in the possibility of securing and enforcing them by appealing to the court. According to Part 2 of Art. 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone is guaranteed the right to challenge in court the decisions, actions or omissions of state authorities, local self-government bodies, officials and officials. However, a necessary prerequisite to appeal to an administrative court is the fact that the subject of public administration violates its own, that is, the subjective public rights of an individual.

Having analyzed the content and correlation of methods of coercion and encouragement in the domestic criminal law doctrine and legislation, we came to the following conclusions. The modern criminal law policy of fighting against crime is directed not only on the application of coercion, but also on the encouragement (stimulation) of the behavior of the person who made (or is going to make) a criminal offense. This is provided for the purpose of preventing further criminal conduct and resolving the criminal law conflict through encouraging criminal law measures. Incentive measures of a criminal legal nature are divided into measures that are provided for in the General and Special parts of the Criminal code of Ukraine. Encouraging measures of criminal-legal character of the General part are realized in the form of: 1) final termination of preparation for a crime or attempt at a crime – Art. 17, 31 of the Criminal code of Ukraine; 2) exemption from criminal liability – Art. 45, 46, 48 of the Criminal code of Ukraine; 3) mitigation of punishment, which is the result of positive post-criminal behavior of a person – items 1, 2, 2-1 of Part 1 of Art. 66, Art. 69-1 of the Criminal code of Ukraine; 4) conditionally-early release from punishment or replacement of the unserved part of punishment more lenient, which is associated with positive post-criminal behavior of the convict – Art. 81, 82, 107 of the Criminal code of Ukraine. Criminal-legal encouragement is realized also by some norms of a Special part of the Criminal code of Ukraine in the form of special cases of voluntary refusal or active repentance. Incentives of criminal law are some methods provided by the Criminal code of Ukraine, which methods legal regulation of a criminal offence committed (or about to be committed) by means of which the state encourages a person to the desired behavior. Such behavior is aimed at preventing, neutralizing or reducing criminal damage (losses), as well as to facilitate the disclosure of a criminal offense, not committing new criminal offenses. Also, this behavior may indicate repentance of the person in the deed, and the further desire for correction. ; У статті досліджується зміст примусу та заохочення у кримінальному праві та законодавстві, простежується розвиток кримінально-правових заходів, які є альтернативними кримінальному покаранню, проаналізовано правову природузаохочувальних кримінально-правових заходів Загальної та Особливої частин Кримінального кодексу України.

Having analyzed the content and correlation of methods of coercion and encouragement in the domestic criminal law doctrine and legislation, we came to the following conclusions. The modern criminal law policy of fighting against crime is directed not only on the application of coercion, but also on the encouragement (stimulation) of the behavior of the person who made (or is going to make) a criminal offense. This is provided for the purpose of preventing further criminal conduct and resolving the criminal law conflict through encouraging criminal law measures. Incentive measures of a criminal legal nature are divided into measures that are provided for in the General and Special parts of the Criminal code of Ukraine. Encouraging measures of criminal-legal character of the General part are realized in the form of: 1) final termination of preparation for a crime or attempt at a crime – Art. 17, 31 of the Criminal code of Ukraine; 2) exemption from criminal liability – Art. 45, 46, 48 of the Criminal code of Ukraine; 3) mitigation of punishment, which is the result of positive post-criminal behavior of a person – items 1, 2, 2-1 of Part 1 of Art. 66, Art. 69-1 of the Criminal code of Ukraine; 4) conditionally-early release from punishment or replacement of the unserved part of punishment more lenient, which is associated with positive post-criminal behavior of the convict – Art. 81, 82, 107 of the Criminal code of Ukraine. Criminal-legal encouragement is realized also by some norms of a Special part of the Criminal code of Ukraine in the form of special cases of voluntary refusal or active repentance. Incentives of criminal law are some methods provided by the Criminal code of Ukraine, which methods legal regulation of a criminal offence committed (or about to be committed) by means of which the state encourages a person to the desired behavior. Such behavior is aimed at preventing, neutralizing or reducing criminal damage (losses), as well as to facilitate the disclosure of a criminal offense, not committing new criminal offenses. Also, this behavior may indicate repentance of the person in the deed, and the further desire for correction. ; У статті досліджується зміст примусу та заохочення у кримінальному праві та законодавстві, простежується розвиток кримінально-правових заходів, які є альтернативними кримінальному покаранню, проаналізовано правову природузаохочувальних кримінально-правових заходів Загальної та Особливої частин Кримінального кодексу України.

The present research is devoted to the study of euphemy and euphemisms. Nowadays, the phenomenon of euphemy is drawing linguists' attention more frequently. They study it within frames of functional and semantic, pragmatic, stylistic, gender, discourse and many other linguistic approaches. As a rule, euphemisms are understood as emotionally neutral words / expressions that are used instead of synonymic words / expressions that are regarded as inappropriate, rude, offensive or tactless. Special attention is paid to the fact that euphemisms are aimed at achieving deliberate mitigating effect. According to this, it is considered that euphemisms do not belong to certain lexico-semantic group of words, rather they are referred to certain stylistic result which is achieved when a "stronger" expression gives way to a weaker one. Besides mitigating, euphemisms realize a row of other pragmatic functions to which we refer the following ones: politeness function, taboo function, veil function, etiquette function. Politeness function is based on the maxims of tact and modesty (according to P. Grice). It is implemented in situations when euphemisms substitute rude offensive words. Taboo function is realized when death, severe disease, indecent issues are talked about. In such a case, words / expressions that replace indecent or unwanted phenomena / notions are conventionally called taboo deixis. Veil function is aimed at concealing "true essence of the degnified". As a rule, euphemisms realize this function in political sphere. As for etiquette function, euphemisms implement it when the speaker avoid direct nominations of non-prestigious professions, low social status of a person, vicious habits, racial or national problems. As far as it concerns classifications of euphemisms, the criterionof usage frequency allows to single out generally-used and occasional. According to the thematic criterion, euphemisms are divided into four groups: the ones that denote physiological process and states; the ones that nominate certain ...

Currently, the entire world community is entering a new era, which is characterized by the emergence of numerous and widespread phenomena and challenges of world civilization, such as international terrorism, progressive nationalism, religious intolerance, as well as increasingly persistent political separatism. The disintegration of a number of political states in Asia, Africa and Europe, the destructive potential of disintegration of peoples that have existed for a long time within the framework of a single statehood, give grounds to believe that political separatism goes beyond the framework of not only national, but also regional security, acquiring an increasingly international aspect. These separatist movements use not only peaceful demonstrations in their arsenal, but violent forms such as uprisings also carry terrorist threats. Extremist acts in this context represent a form of realizing a separatist goal, acquiring more and more new forms and methods. Separate political, nationalist, religious organizations of a separatist orientation use violent methods to achieve their goals. Our era is an era of globalization of all aspects of social life, strengthening of interaction and mutual cooperation of different peoples, states, civilizations and cultures. But at the same time, it should be noted that at all times peoples exchanged material and spiritual values. Moreover, as mankind developed, this exchange intensified more and more. National sectors of the economy turned into international ones, trade, economic, cultural, social and political ties were strengthened. Separatism as a phenomenon is studied from various positions: both at the level of political science itself and at the trans-scientific level. An important task in this study is the analysis of the origins of separatism and the mechanisms of its emergence in various historical and geographical conditions. ; Визначено, що сьогодні все світове співтовариство вступає в нову еру, яка характеризується появою численних і широко розповсюджених явищ та викликів світової цивілізації, таких як міжнародний тероризм, прогресивний націоналізм, релігійна нетерпимість, а також усе більш стійкий політичний сепаратизм. Розпад ряду політичних держав в Азії, Африці та Європі, руйнівний потенціал дезінтеграції народів, які тривалий час існували в рамках єдиної державності, дають підстави вважати, що політичний сепаратизм виходить за рамки лише національної, а й регіональної безпеки, набуваючи дедалі більше міжнародного аспекту. Ці сепаратистські рухи використовують у своєму арсеналі не лише мирні демонстрації, але й такі насильницькі форми, як повстання, а також несуть терористичні загрози. Екстремістські дії в цьому контексті являють собою форму реалізації сепаратистської мети, набуття всенових і нових форм і методів. Окремі політичні, націоналістичні, релігійні організації сепаратистської орієнтації використовують насильницькі методи для досягнення своєї мети. Зазначено, що наша епоха – це епоха глобалізації всіх аспектів суспільного життя, посилення взаємодії та взаємної співпраці різних народів, держав, цивілізацій та культур. Зазначено, що в усі часи люди обмінювались матеріальними та духовними цінностями. Більш того, з розвитком людства цей обмін дедалі більше посилювався. Національні сектори економіки перетворилися на міжнародні, зміцнилися торговельно-економічні, культурні, соціальні та політичні зв'язки. Сепаратизм як явище вивчається з різних позицій: як на рівні самої політології, так і на транснауковому рівні. Важливим завданням у цьому дослідженні є аналіз витоків сепаратизму та механізмів його виникнення в різних історико-географічних умовах.

The article considers the legal nature of Internet law. The opinions of the scholars on the essence of Internet law are studied. It is established that the legal nature of Internet law is not comprehensively understood in the scientific literature. Internet law covers the rules of various branches of law as well as legislation of different countries, which govern relations on the Internet. It is concluded that the synonyms to Internet law are computer law, cybernetic law and virtual space law.It is also stated that the Internet does not have a single centralized administration and a single set of rules for use. Only technical rules for the use of the address space (Internet protocol, domain names) are centralized. It is proved that Internet law is a complex branch of law, a complex of legal norms contained in the international legal acts, as well as in the national legislation of different countries, other rules that regulate the relations between the participants that arise, change and terminate in the digital environment (on the Internet).In addition, it is argued that Internet law cannot be regarded solely as an institution of private law, because the rules of public law are considered also an important regulator of such relationships. It is established that Internet law contains rules from different branches of law as well as branches of legislation.It is emphasized that the Internet is a worldwide information system for general access, logically linked to the global address space and based on the Internet protocol defined by international standards. The following features of the Internet are highlighted: its technical character, universality, interoperability, availability of universal access for users regardless of location, availability of a logically linked global address space, based on Internet Protocol, the presence of an unrestricted large number of Internet users who seek information, post information on the Internet, exercising other rights on the Internet.Moreover, it is established that the principles of Internet law should include the freedom of expression on the Internet; non-compulsory intrusion into the personal sphere of life of individuals, as well as non-compulsion for misuse of technical knowledge and means of pursuing individual interests; respect for the results of intellectual property used on the Internet; non-competence in using digital media for the dissemination of ideas not permitted by the rest of the world.Consequently, it is argued that Internet law, when regulating relations, shall take into account the purpose of the Internet functioning. It is reported that the Internet performs informational, communication, advertising, commercial, entertaining, social, educational functions. The functions of the Internet determine the scope of the legal regulation of the relations under analysis, and have an indirect impact on the formation of Internet law. ; У статті проаналізовано правову природу Інтернетправа. Досліджено позиції науковців щодо сутності Інтернетправа. Доведено, що Інтернет-право – це комплексна галузь законодавства, сукупність правових норм, що містяться як у міжнародних нормативно-правових актах, так і в національному законодавстві різних країн, інших регуляторів, які регулюють відносини між учасниками правовідносин, що виникають, змінюються та припиняються у цифровому середовищі (у мережі Інтернет). Встановлено, що Інтернет-право містить норми з різних галузей права та галузей законодавства. Обґрунтовано, що ознаками Інтернету є: технічний характер, всесвітній, екстериторіальний характер, наяв­ність загального доступу для користувачів незалежно від місця перебування, наявність логічно пов'язаного глобального адресного простору, базування на Інтернет-протоколі, наявність необмеженої величезної кількості користувачів Інтернету, які шукають інфор­ма­цію, розміщають інформацію в Інтернеті, здійснюють інші права в Інтернеті. Встановлено, що до принципів Інтернет-права варто віднести свободу вираження поглядів у мережі Інтернет; неприпустимість свавільного втручання у сферу особистого життя людини, неприпустимість зловживання технічними знаннями, засобами для досягнення особистих інтересів; повагу до результатів інтелектуальної власності, яку використовують у мережі Інтернет; неприпустимість зловживання цифровим середовищем для поширення забо­ронених світовою спільнотою ідей та інші. Доведено, що Інтернет виконує інформаційну, комунікаційну, рекламну, комерційну, розважальну, соціальну, освітню функції.

Колективна монографія підготовлена в межах виконання науково-дослідної теми «Географія Сумської області: особливості природи, соціально-економічного розвитку та раціонального природокористування» (державний реєстраційний номер 0117U004980). Видання орієнтоване на науковців, викладачів, аспірантів і студентів закладів вищої освіти, працівників органів державного управління та місцевого самоврядування, підприємців та іншими особами, які цікавляться цією проблематикою. ; The collective monograph was prepared within the framework of the research topic "Geography of the Sumy region: features of nature, socio-economic development and rational use of nature" (state registration number 0117U004980). The publication is aimed at researchers, teachers, graduate students and students of higher education institutions, employees of public administration and local government, entrepreneurs and others interested in this issues.

Charisma is an inherent exceptional human authority, which consists of the ability to subdue others to one's will. Throughout the history of human civilization, charismatic individuals have played a significant role in all spheres of human activity ‒ politics, education, science, production, art, philosophy, religion, and so on. The article analyzes the current state of research on teacher's charisma. This phenomenon has long been known in education, but recently it has attracted more and more attention because it significantly increases learning performance. But research on teacher's charisma is still rare, as its presence and variations are difficult to identify and operate on. The most important feature of a charismatic teacher is that in his professional activity, first of all, he tries to form and develop dynamic positive relationships with all his pupils, regardless of their abilities, gender, or social origin. Such a teacher becomes a role model, authority, and source of inspiration. Students of higher education institutions perceive the teacher's charisma somewhat differently. For them, the key features of an ideal teacher are professional competence and positive character traits. Not only does a competent teacher know his subject well, but he is also able to present it to students so that they understand the most difficult issues. Students consider friendliness, accessibility, patience, enthusiasm, self-discipline, and decency to be positive traits of an ideal teacher. Genetic studies of the teacher's charisma are completely absent. Although usual life experience shows that charisma is hereditary, its heritability remains unknown, which makes it impossible to determine how much charisma development depends on learning and upbringing. There are still no studies aimed at identifying genetic factors, not only charisma altogether but also the teacher's charisma in particular. The exacerbation of the problem of the education quality in today's rapidly changing world makes genetic research of pedagogical charisma very relevant. ; У статті здійснено аналіз сучасного стану дослідження харизми вчителя. Констатовано, що найголовнішою особливістю харизматичного вчителя є те, що він у своїй професійній діяльності намагається сформу­вати і розвинути позитивні стосунки з усіма своїми учнями, незалежно від їхніх здібностей, статі чи соціального походження. Такий учитель стає зразком для наслідування, авторитетом і джерелом натхнення. Студен­ти вищих закладів дещо інакше сприймають харизму викладача. Для них ключовими рисами є професійна компетентність і позитивні риси харак­теру (доброзичливість, доступність, терпіння, ентузіазм, організова­ність і порядність). Підкреслюється актуальність генетичних дослід­жень педагогічної харизми.

Charisma is an inherent exceptional human authority, which consists of the ability to subdue others to one's will. Throughout the history of human civilization, charismatic individuals have played a significant role in all spheres of human activity ‒ politics, education, science, production, art, philosophy, religion, and so on. The article analyzes the current state of research on teacher's charisma. This phenomenon has long been known in education, but recently it has attracted more and more attention because it significantly increases learning performance. But research on teacher's charisma is still rare, as its presence and variations are difficult to identify and operate on. The most important feature of a charismatic teacher is that in his professional activity, first of all, he tries to form and develop dynamic positive relationships with all his pupils, regardless of their abilities, gender, or social origin. Such a teacher becomes a role model, authority, and source of inspiration. Students of higher education institutions perceive the teacher's charisma somewhat differently. For them, the key features of an ideal teacher are professional competence and positive character traits. Not only does a competent teacher know his subject well, but he is also able to present it to students so that they understand the most difficult issues. Students consider friendliness, accessibility, patience, enthusiasm, self-discipline, and decency to be positive traits of an ideal teacher. Genetic studies of the teacher's charisma are completely absent. Although usual life experience shows that charisma is hereditary, its heritability remains unknown, which makes it impossible to determine how much charisma development depends on learning and upbringing. There are still no studies aimed at identifying genetic factors, not only charisma altogether but also the teacher's charisma in particular. The exacerbation of the problem of the education quality in today's rapidly changing world makes genetic research of pedagogical charisma very relevant. ; У статті здійснено аналіз сучасного стану дослідження харизми вчителя. Констатовано, що найголовнішою особливістю харизматичного вчителя є те, що він у своїй професійній діяльності намагається сформу­вати і розвинути позитивні стосунки з усіма своїми учнями, незалежно від їхніх здібностей, статі чи соціального походження. Такий учитель стає зразком для наслідування, авторитетом і джерелом натхнення. Студен­ти вищих закладів дещо інакше сприймають харизму викладача. Для них ключовими рисами є професійна компетентність і позитивні риси харак­теру (доброзичливість, доступність, терпіння, ентузіазм, організова­ність і порядність). Підкреслюється актуальність генетичних дослід­жень педагогічної харизми.

The research is relevant due to the need of successful solution of the domestic and foreign policy objectives of Ukraine in the current context of hybrid war. Understanding the nature of political propaganda on a theoretical level is a prerequisite for mastering this phenomenon in a practical way. This suggests that defiing the nature of political propaganda, one can optimize propaganda both in relation to political opponents, and effectively counter the opponents' propaganda inflence.The purpose of this article is to determine the nature of political propaganda, to examine what determines the role of propaganda as an effective instrument of control over consciousness and behavior of the masses.The author argues that the nature of political propaganda is manipulative. This means that political propaganda for the achievement of strategic outcomes should be based on the mechanism of manipulative inflence on public consciousness and behavior.Effective propaganda, by absorbing the mechanism of manipulation, inconspicuously seeks to change the perception of reality its recipient, directing its activity on keeping with interests of the propagandist through different kinds of motivating actions.The most effective instrument of propaganda is the manipulation in combination with the structuring of various discourses. This leads to the fact that the image of the political subject becomes more desirable for public opinion, if it acquires a positive interpretation in legal, domestic, mass-media, entertainment and any other discourses. However, any discourse be understood to the General public through the images that illustrate and give it life dimension. The nature of propaganda is not determined by social practices, which propaganda uses as carriers of their inflence. Subordinating diverse social practices and phenomena as the methods and instruments of its dissemination, propaganda spreading its manipulative nature to them.The author of this article made the following conclusions. Propaganda operates in multiple dimensions simultaneously, using ideological, symbolic, mythological, verbal, visual, emotional, rational, communicative, entertainment, virtual, educational inflence on the perception of the target audience, which helps it to penetrate into all spheres of social interaction, including political relations. The role of propaganda as an effective instrument of control over consciousness andbehavior of the masses is defied by its following features: ability to motivate, tempt, confuse, intimidate the target audience; to give the target the illusion that one can choose actions freely and independently; to act invisibly on the decision-making process, during which one cannot understand, what is propaganda or what is not; to neutralize the critical ability of his recipient; to create a link between the intentional action (purpose of the propagandist) and satisfaction a strong desire of the target audience ; Статья посвящена раскрытию природы политической пропаганды. Автор определяет ее роль как эффективного инструмента контроля над сознанием и поведением масс. В статье доказывается, что скрытность, косвенный характер воздействия и ориентация на психологически уязвимые места в структуре личности указывают на манипулятивную субстанциональность пропаганды как социальной практики для управления и контроля политически господствующих сил над массами. Определено, что пропаганда действует в нескольких измерениях одновременно, используя идеологические, символические, мифологические, вербальные, визуальные, эмоциональные, рациональные, коммуникативные, развлекательные, виртуальные, образовательные инструменты влияния на восприятие целевой аудитории, что помогает ей проникать во все сферы социального взаимодействия, включая и политические отношения ; Стаття присвячена розкриттю природи політичної пропаганди. Автор визначає її роль як ефективного інструменту контролю над свідомістю і поведінкою мас. У статті доводиться, що скритність, непрямий характер впливу і орієнтація на психологічно вразливі місця в структурі особистості вказують на маніпулятивну субстанціональність пропаганди як соціальної практики для управління і контролю політично панівних сил над масами. Визначено, що пропаганда діє в кількох вимірах одночасно, використовуючи ідеологічні, символічні, міфологічні, вербальні, візуальні, емоційні, раціональні, комунікативні, розважальні, віртуальні, освітні інструменти впливу на сприйняття цільової аудиторії, що допомагає їй проникати у всі сфери соціальної взаємодії, включаючи і політичні відносини.

The phenomenon of power plays an important role, in the life of any society and therefore the study of power problem will remain relevant as long as there is human society.Despite the wide interest in the problems of power, most research is conducted in the line of political power, not the phenomenon of power as such. But in the contemporary socio-cultural situation there is greatly increased attention to such social phenomenon as communication, which is the object of analysis at different levels and in different contexts. Hence the urgency is the study of the role of communication in the exercise of power, its communicative nature.The purpose of this article – to reveal the communicative nature of power and show the crucial role of communication in the implementation of power relations.The analysis clearly showed the phenomenon of power and multifunctional multiplicity of this phenomenon. It is activated in the context of social interactions where one of the subjects has the ability to influence the other, thus overcoming possible resistance on who it affects. As a result, power is qualified as advantage over someone.The government may manifest itself as direct violence or as a hidden coercion, or as effects on the mind and will of the people through persuasion. The Authority subject of is a kind of fire resistance of power according to its own logic, which is possible only by mastering the resources of a culture.The condition for the success and sustainability of power is a voluntary, conscious desire of people to obey. If the category constraint is seen as a negative form of aman, for the result achieved by the suppression of the will of others, the conviction is recognized as a meaningful, reasonable and positive act, as the impact on a human free will, and the will to power is realized through persuasion.Since the basis of any power relations is communication, interaction, communication in a particular subject of power and its object, it is necessary to pay special attention to the language as an instrument of power and explore the basis, which makes it an important instrument of power. It can actually facilitate the implementation of government at different levels of its operation. Wanting to make a person do something, often use sophisticated language technique save of ten used.The dynamics of social processes and social changes of the XXI century. actualizes the need to research the role of communication in the implementation of the public, including government, relations with the aim of improving means of implementation of all forms of power in the modern society. articular attention must be drawn to in our opinion, the need to study the role and techniques of making sure the impact of using logical and rational, psychological and linguistic techniques in order to use the most effective forms of communication and procedures in all areas of public life where the relations of power exist. ; В современной социокультурной ситуации особую актуальность приобретает исследование роли коммуникации в реализации власти. Цель статьи – проанализировать коммуникативную природу власти и роль коммуникации в реализации властных отношений. Успешная коммуникация власти может обеспечиваться убеждением, важную роль в котором играет речь. ; В сучасній соціокультурній ситуації особливої актуальності набуває дослідження ролі комунікації у реалізації влади. Мета статті – проаналізувати комунікативну природу влади та роль комунікації у реалізації владних відносин. Успішна комунікація влади може забезпечуватися переконанням, важливу роль у якому відіграє мова.

The article discusses the factors of forming, the essence and importance of a global ethic as a moral regulator of intercultural interaction in the modern global society. The current global ethics built around basic common goals - peace and dignity of people, social justice, individual freedom, cultural pluralism, sustainable development - and allow plans to achieve different objectives, functioning set of identities and nationalities. It lies in increasing awareness of common fate, common human and social rights, interests, shared vulnerability to global environmental, social and political crises of necessity, consequent, to find common solutions and act on the basis of cultural dialogue and cooperation. ; У статті розглядаються чинники формування, сутність і значення глобальної етики як морального регулятора міжкультурної взаємодії у сучасному глобальному суспільстві. Сучасна глобальна етика побудована нав­коло базових спільних цілей – мир, гідність людей, соціальна справедливість, свобода особистості, культурний плюралізм, сталий розвиток – і допускає плани досягнення різних цілей, функціонування безлічі ідентичностей і громадянств. Вона закладена в зростанні усвідомлення спільної долі, спільних людських і соціальних прав, інтересів, спільної вразливості до глобальних екологічних, соціальних і політичних криз із необхідністю, що випливає звідси, знаходити спільні рішення й діяти на основі культури діалогу й співпраці.

Background: Recently, the functional-communicative approach to the study of different linguistic phenomena, including the nature of the term, is becoming more and more common. The analysis of the discourse as the most essential category of communication enables a comprehensive, dynamic and anthropocentric study of the term's nature. That is why, the cognitive and communicative functions of the term are in the foreground. As a result, a termsystem reveals not only its classified-logical character, but also its linguocultural essence. The necessity of a complex approach (both semantic and conceptual analyses) to the mental essence knowledge of the culture (especially political) of a confident society is proved.Purpose: By expanding the research paradigm from structural to anthropocentric, to justify the discursive nature of the term, including a politonym, rethinking the nature of its semantics.Results: The article deals with those interpretations of the discourse, which purposefully have direct links to its linguocultural essence. This essence is laid in the political picture of the world which reveals the insight of the linguistic community about certain political processes through the communicative code and situational context. Such reality as a "word" is inseparable from that of the one who says, whom it is said to, what the intentions are and what situation it happens in. We should take into consideration the implications and speech tone which together enable the recipient to know the hidden in a quotation, to update the semantic potential of a term-politonym.It follows that discourse promotes an adequate understanding of the term's nature, its semantics. It reveals, on the one hand, the interaction of the communicants and mechanisms of their consciousness (cognitive processes), on the other hand – a semantic self-realization of the term.Key words: term, discourse, politonym, linguocultural essence, termsystem. ; На основі функціонально-комунікативного підходу як вияву антропологічної парадигми висвітлено нові грані у пізнанні природи терміна. Наголошено, що власне комунікативний контекст (дискурс) наближає до розкриття гетерогенної суті цієї мовної одиниці.Ключові слова: термін, дискурс, комунікативна особистість, синергетика слова.

A man lives in natural environment and considers it the primordial of his being on the Earth. But depending on the nature causes terrible feeling. It is the state that is caused by sacral things.Sacral things have ambiguous meaning in philosophical literature; it is different from "religious", "dark", "spiritual". Such terms can be synonyms and they have to be differentiated. Indistinct content of term "sacral" enables to use it for any natural landscapes, manmade constructions.Man's existence itself is soaked with sacral value as archaic person schematize the Universe, his behavior attitude to nature. It oversteps religion which is a certain systematizer as well.It is impossible to go beyond sacral for it covers everything.To be revealed in nature a religious person has to be soaked with sacral. At the same time the man with sacral feelings transposes his attitude to the places determined individually as unusual.Religion applies term sacral to its myths. But it forgets that religion can disappear , but not a sacral thing.Religion uses such terms, which are those among sacral features.People settle spontaneously based on natural-biological needs and colonization principle does not rely on religious views, on the contrary, a man gives the places regarded as outstanding ones supernatural features.A man chose places for settling with favourable conditions and imparted unusual traits for them. Worship sites were divided into sacral ones and those bearing political-ideological role.At the same time sacral symbol has got exoteric and esoteric sense; it covers and uncovers spiritual aspect. But what cover-up do they mean when God himself has changed into simulator during post-modern times?Contradistinction process of "spiritual", "heavenly", "secular" has originated from monotheistic religions that have resulted in secularization and desacralization afterwards.When studying natural worship places you need to consider more ethically terms "sacral", "spiritual", "religious". ; У статті розглядається сакральне ставлення до природи, яке притаманне всім без винятку народам. Проведено диференціацію понять "релігійне", "священне", "святе", "сакральне". Акцентується увага на тому, що до об'єктів поклоніння природного походження більш коректно вживати поняття "сакральний", яке охоплює всю повноту буття.

In the article the conceptual problems of philosophical and psychological study of aggression as a holistic phenomenon of human existence and justified dualistic nature of aggression. Based on the ambivalence meaning in human existence aggression, ambivalence, which is caused by anthropo-ontologically, defines the basic meanings of the dualistic nature of aggression.А standard image of aggression is that of an animal in the wild trying to take over some other animal's territory or attacking it to eat it. In human contexts, aggression often invokes anger, uncontrolled range, and belligerence. However, this negative concept, when it is specifically connected to males qua males or to workers in certain professions (sales, management, law, philosophy, politics) often takes on positive associations. In a civilized society, physical aggression is likely to land one in a jail or a mental institution. But males and workers in certain professions are not required to physically attack or eat their customers and coworkers to be considered aggressive. In these contexts, aggression is thought to be related to more positive concepts such as power, activity, ambition, authority, competence, and effectiveness – concepts that are related to success in these professions. And exhibition of these positive concepts is considered evidence that one is, or has been, aggressive.It is outlined complementary the lines of meaning and characteristics of concept «aggression», highlighting the problem human destructiveness.Due to the eccentricity of the human condition in the world «I» always split: it is fighting two major, necessary but oppositely directed forces – positive, constructive, and that creates and negative, destructive, which generating fundamental irresolvable conflict, causing enormous variety and complexity of human behavior, positivity and negativity is determined advantage of one of the forces.As for the prospects of philosophical and anthropological studies of aggression, we associate with heuristic potential «Anthropology limits», which provides opportunities to avoid the one-dimensional perception of aggression as an exceptional manifestation of human destructiveness, and in its relationship with transgression, human capacity for transcendence. Key words: metaphysics, aggression, human destructiveness, meanings, dualistic nature of aggression, aggression metaphysics. ; У статті розглядаються концептуальні проблеми філософсько–психологічного дослідження агресії як цілісного феномену людського буття і обгрунтовується дуалістична природа агресії. Виходячи з амбівалентності значення агресії в людському бутті, амбівалентності, яка обумовлена антропо–онтологічно, визначаються основні смисли дуалістичної природи агресії. Комплементарно окреслюються смислові контури та характеристики поняття «агресія». Ключові слова: метафізика, агресія, людська деструктивність, смисл, дуалістична природа агресії, метафізика агресії. В статье рассматриваются концептуальные проблемы философско-психологического исследования агрессии как целостного феномена человеческого бытия и обосновывается дуалистическая природа агрессии. Исходя из амбивалентности значение агрессии в человеческом бытии, амбивалентности, которая обусловлена антропо- онтологически, определяются основные смыслы дуалистической природы агрессии. Комплементарно определяются смысловые контуры и характеристики понятия «агрессия». Ключевые слова: метафизика, агрессия, человеческая деструктивность, смысл, дуалистическая природа агрессии, метафизика агрессии. In the article the conceptual problems of philosophical and psychological study of aggression as a holistic phenomenon of human existence and justified dualistic nature of aggression. Based on the ambivalence meaning in human existence aggression, ambivalence, which is caused by anthropo-ontologically, defines the basic meanings of the dualistic nature of aggression.А standard image of aggression is that of an animal in the wild trying to take over some other animal's territory or attacking it to eat it. In human contexts, aggression often invokes anger, uncontrolled range, and belligerence. However, this negative concept, when it is specifically connected to males qua males or to workers in certain professions (sales, management, law, philosophy, politics) often takes on positive associations. In a civilized society, physical aggression is likely to land one in a jail or a mental institution. But males and workers in certain professions are not required to physically attack or eat their customers and coworkers to be considered aggressive. In these contexts, aggression is thought to be related to more positive concepts such as power, activity, ambition, authority, competence, and effectiveness – concepts that are related to success in these professions. And exhibition of these positive concepts is considered evidence that one is, or has been, aggressive.It is outlined complementary the lines of meaning and characteristics of concept «aggression», highlighting the problem human destructiveness.Due to the eccentricity of the human condition in the world «I» always split: it is fighting two major, necessary but oppositely directed forces – positive, constructive, and that creates and negative, destructive, which generating fundamental irresolvable conflict, causing enormous variety and complexity of human behavior, positivity and negativity is determined advantage of one of the forces.As for the prospects of philosophical and anthropological studies of aggression, we associate with heuristic potential «Anthropology limits», which provides opportunities to avoid the one-dimensional perception of aggression as an exceptional manifestation of human destructiveness, and in its relationship with transgression, human capacity for transcendence.Key words: metaphysics, aggression, human destructiveness, meanings, dualistic nature of aggression, aggression metaphysics.