Suchergebnisse

The first satellite navigation system called the Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS) or TRANSIT was planned in the USA in 1958. It consisted of 5-6 artificial Earth satellites, was set in motion for the USA military in 1964, and in 1967 for civilian purposes. The frequency shift of received radio waves emitted from the satellite and caused by the Doppler effect was measured. The TRANSIT satellite speed of approaching or moving away was derived from that; the TRANSIT satellites emmited also their own coordinates. Then the ship's position was determined by an intersection of three hyperboloids, which were determined from differences of distances in three time intervals. Maintenance of this navigation system was stopped in 1996, but it is still being used in the USA Navy for exploring the ionosphere. Furthermore, results of Doppler measurements in international projects at the Hvar Observatory from 1982 and 1983. This was the first time in Croatia and the former country that the coordinates of the Hvar Observatory were determined in the unique world coordinate system WGS'72. The paper ends with a brief representation of the Tsiklon Doppler navigation system produced in the former Soviet Union, and there is a list of some of numerous produced and designed satellite navigation systems.Ključne riječi ; Prvi satelitski navigacijski sustav nazvan Navy Navigation Satellite System (NNSS), koji je još nazivan i TRANSIT, planiran je u SAD-u 1958. godine. Sastojao se od 5 do 6 umjetnih Zemljinih satelita, a pušten je u rad za vojsku u SAD-u 1964. godine, dok je za civilnu uporabu dopušteno njegovo korištenje 1967. godine. Mjerio se pomak frekvencije primanih radiovalova odaslanih sa satelita, koji je izazvan Dopplerovim efektom. Iz toga je određena brzina približavanja ili udaljavanja satelita TRANSIT, koji su odašiljali i svoje koordinate položaja. Zatim se položaj broda određivao presjekom triju hiperboloida, koji su određeni iz razlika udaljenosti u tri vremenska intervala. Održavanje toga navigacijskog sustava prekinuto je 31. prosinca 1996., ali se još danas koristi u američkoj mornarici za istraživanje ionosfere. Potom su prikazani rezultati doplerovskih mjerenja u međunarodnim projektima na Opservatoriju Hvar iz 1982. i 1983. godine. Tada su prvi put u Hrvatskoj i bivšoj državi odreðene koordinate položaja Opservatorija Hvar u jedinstvenom svjetskom koordinatnom sustavu WGS'72. Na kraju je vrlo kratko prikazan doplerovski navigacijski sustav Ciklon, izrađen u bivšem SSSR-u, a i pobrojani su neki od mnogobrojnih izvedenih i projektiranih satelitskih navigacijskih sustava.

Mithad Kozličić is a historian of navigation and geography. He was born in Zenica on April 14, 1954. He finished the Military Maritime Academy in Split, nautical orientation in 1978, and received his MSc in history in Dubrovnik in 1985. He received PhD in historical sciences at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb in 1988 with the dissertation Historical Geography of the Eastern Adriatic in Light of Results of Researching Antique Geographic Work. He was assistant director and custodian of the Military Maritime Museum in Split until 1991, after which he was the director of the Croatian Maritime Museum in Split. He has been a professor at the Department o History of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zadar and the University of Zadar. In 2005, he became a permanent full professor of humanistic sciences, scientific field of history, branch Croatian history. He lectures History of Navigation in the Croatian Adriatic, Historical Geography and History of Cartography. He initiated and led postgraduate scientific master and doctoral studies History of Croatian Navigation at the same Faculty. He led several scientific-research projects on the history of Eastern Adriatic navigation. Professor Kozličić's scientific research concerns history of navigation and cartography and historical geography of the Eastern Adriatic. He published a dozen scientific books and more than 100 studies and articles. He participated in numerous domestic and international conferences and prepared several museum exhibitions. After a long research of map collections in Croatian and foreign archives, museums and libraries, he published Atlas – Cartographic Monuments of the Croatian Adriatic in 1995. It contains a concise overview of cartographic representations of the Croatian Adriatic from the antique to the end of the 17th century, with analyses of 275 maps, plans and views by 53 authors. Special attention is paid to older cartographic material and one intended for navigation, and charts by 12 cartographers produced between the beginning of the 13th century and the end of the 16th century are researched. The central chapter is dedicated to numerous cartographers and their perception of the Croatian Adriatic. The book contains basic map data, including toponymy, name of the collection and scientific and expert commentary. A list of bibliographic units and a terminology index can be found at the end. We would like to single out Professor Kozličić's monographs Panoramas of Dalmatia by Giuseppe Rieger, published by the Hydrographic Institute of the Republic of Croatia, Split 2003, Regiones Flumina Unnae et Sanae in Veteribus Tabulis Geographicis, Una-Sana Area on Old Geographic Maps, published by the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo and the Una-Sana Canton Archive, Bihać, 2003 and Eastern Adriatic in Work of Beautemps-Beaupré, published in 2006. Prof. Dr. Mithad Kozličić is a member of several expert societies, including the Croatian Cartographic Society, in which he was a member of the Court of Honour for several years. He received several awards and acknowledgments and this year became a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina ("a member outside of working team" – citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina living abroad).Congratulations! ; Mithad Kozličić je povjesničar pomorstva i geografije. Rođen je 14. travnja 1954. u Zenici. U Splitu je završio Vojnopomorsku akademiju, diplomirav­­ši na nautičkom smjeru 1978, a magistrirao povijest u Dubrovniku 1985. Doktorirao je povijesne znanosti 1988. na Filozofskom fakultetu u Zagrebu s disertacijom Historijska geografija istočnog Jadrana u svjetlu rezultata istraživanja antičkih geografskih djela. Pomoćnik ravnatelja i kustos u Vojnopomorskom mu­­­zeju u Splitu bio je do 1991, a nakon toga ravnatelj Hrvatskog pomorskog muzeja u Splitu. Od 1994. profesor je u Odjelu za povijest Filozofskog fakulteta u Zadru, odnosno Sveučilišta u Zadru. Odlukom toga Sveučilišta 2005. izabran je u redovitog profesora u trajnom zvanju za znanstveno područje humanističkih znanosti, znanstveno polje povi­jest, grana hrvatska povijest. Predaje kolegije Povijest pomorstva hrvatskog Jadrana, Povijesni zemljopis i Povijest kartografije. Utemeljitelj je i voditelj poslijediplomskih znanstvenih magistarskih i doktorskih studija Povijest hrvatskog pomorstva na istom fakultetu. Voditelj je nekoliko znanstveno-istraživačkih projekata iz povijesti istočnojadranskog pomorstva. Znanstveno istra­­­­žuje povijest pomorstva, povijest kar­tografije i historijsku geografiju istočnog Jadrana. Objavio je desetak zna­n­stvenih knjiga te više od stotinjak stu­dija i čla-naka. Sudjelovao je na mnogobrojnim domaćim i inozemnim znanstvenim skupovima. Priredio je nekoliko muzejskih izložbi. Nakon višegodišnjih istraživanja po kartografskim zbirkama hrvatskih i stranih arhiva, muzeja i knjižnica objavio je 1995. Atlas – kartografski spomenici hrvatskog Jadrana. Sadrži sažeti pregled kartografskog pri­ka­zivanja hrvatskog Jadranskog mora od antike do kraja 17. stoljeća, obrađeno je 275 karata, planova i veduta 53 autora. Osobito je pozornost dana starijoj kartografskoj građi te onoj za plovidbu, a istražene su plovidbene karte 12 kartografa koje su nastale od početka 13. do kraja 16. stoljeća. Središnje poglavlje posvećeno je brojnim kartografima i njihovu viđenju hrvatskoga Jadrana. Knjiga sadrži osnovne podatke o kartama, uključujući prikaz toponimije, naziv zbirke u kojoj se čuvaju te znan­stveni i stručni komentar. Na kraju je popis bibliografskih jedinica i indeks nazivlja s proučenih karata. Posebno izdavajmo monografije Panorame Dalmacije Giuseppea Riegera u izdanju Hrvatskoga hidrografskog instituta, Split 2003., Regiones Flumina Unnae et Sanae in Veteribus Tabulis Geographicis, Unsko-sansko područje na starim geografskim kartama u izdanju Nacionalne i univerzitetske biblioteke BiH, Sarajevo i Arhiva Unsko-sanskog kantona, Bihać, 2003. i Istočni Jadran u djelu Beautemps-Beaupréa, objavljena 2006. Prof. dr. sc. Mithad Kozličić član je nekoliko stručnih društava, među kojima je i Hrvatsko kartografsko društvo u kojemu je više godina bio član Suda časti. Dobitnik je nekoliko nagrada i priznanja, a ove godine izabran je za člana Akademije nauka i umjetnosti BiH ("član van radnog sastava" – državljanin BiH koji živi u inostranstvu/inozemstvu).Čestitamo!

Na temelju teza Hannah Arendt i posebno Judith Butler, u tekstu se promišlja o "krizi" u suvremenoj umjetnosti u uvjetima ideološke prekarizacije. Postoje li savezništva u razmišljanju i djelovanju? Metodom slobodne navigacije kroz recentnu umjetničku praksu nailazi se na geste koje je moguće dovesti u vezu s oblicima savezništva, zajedništva i prijateljstva. ; Based on Hannah Arendt's thesis, and especially Judith Butler's body of work, the paper examines "the crisis" in contemporary art under the conditions of precarization. Are there any alliances in thought or action? By using the method of free navigation through recent art practices, it is possible to find gestures which can be associated with forms of alliances, community and friendship.

Mercator was a geographer, mathematician, astronomer, globe producer, constructor of scientific instruments, copper engraver, cartographer, surveryor and publisher. The conformal cylindrical projection was named the Mercator projection after him. The normal aspect Mercator projection is especially important in navigation because rhumb lines are mapped as straight lines in that projection. The transverse Mercator projection is used in official cartography of many countries. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection is in military use (NATO). In addition, Mercator was the first to use the term atlas for a map collection. ; Mercator je bio geograf, matematičar, astronom, izrađivač globusa, konstruktor i izrađivač znanstvenih instrumenata, bakrorezac, kartograf, mjernik i izdavač. Po njemu se konformna cilindrična projekcija naziva Mercatorovom projekcijom. Uspravna Mercatorova projekcija ima posebnu važnost u navigaciji jer se loksodrome preslikavaju u toj projekciji kao pravci. Poprečna Mercatorova projekcija upotrebljava se u mnogim zemljama u službenoj kartografiji. Univerzalna poprečna Mercatorova projekcija (UTM) u vojnoj je upotrebi (NATO). Osim toga, Mercator je poznat po tome što je prvi uveo naziv atlas za zbirku karata.

The paper elaborates on national provisions regulating the conduct of safety and administrative investigations for marine casualties and incidents in the Republic of Croatia. On 5 November 2015, the Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted the Regulation on the Methods and Conditions for Conducting Safety Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents, which transposes in the legal order of the Republic of Croatia Directive 2009/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 establishing the fundamental principles governing the investigation of accidents in the maritime transport sector and amending Council Directive 1999/35/EC and Directive 2002/59/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conducting of administrative investigation in the Republic of Croatia is regulated by the Ordinance on the Methods, Requirements and Powers for Conducting Administrative Investigation of Marine Casualties enacted in 2016. Unlike safety investigation, administrative investigation is conducted to collect evidence and data for detecting the perpetrator of a maritime accident and to ascertain his/her misdemeanour and criminal responsibility. The authors present the outcomes of safety and administrative investigation procedures to effectively establish the circumstances and causes of such casualties and incidents for the purpose of improving maritime safety and reducing the risk of future casualties involving passenger ships and preventing pollution from ships. ; U radu se analiziraju nacionalne odredbe kojima se regulira provođenje sigurnosnih i upravnih istraga u slučaju nastanka pomorskih nesreća i nezgoda u Republici Hrvatskoj. Vlada Republike Hrvatske donijela je 5. studenoga 2015. godine Uredbu o načinu i uvjetima za obavljanje sigurnosnih istraga pomorskih nesreća i nezgoda, koja u pravni poredak Republike Hrvatske prenosi Direktivu 2009/18/EZ Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od 23. travnja 2009. o određivanju temeljnih načela o istraživanju nesreća u području pomorskog prometa i ...

Dans ce travail l'auteur a réuni tout le matériel archéologique recue illi jusqu'à présent, connu au cours des siècles derniers, sur la ville de Hvar et ses environs. A cette occasion, il a ajouté certaines données nouvelles, en tenant particulièrement compte des monuments paléochrétiens. De ces vestiges paléochrétiens on connaissait déjà 6 lampes; l'auteur considère encore ici les restes nouvellement constatés de l'église paléochrétienne de St-Cyprien en ville, et les traces d'une petite église paléochrétienne qui se trouvait à lemplacement de läctuelle église Ste-Marie Madeleine dans la campagne proche de Hvar. L'auteur signale également d'autres indices paléochrétiens à Hvar et aux environs. Sur la base du matériel archéologique et de la situation topographique de la ville, l'auteur expose aussi le développement historique et urbanistique de Hvar, depuis la préhistoire josqu'au Moyen Age. On peut supposer que le peuplement du Hvar acuel remonte à la fin du néolithique car, dans les environs proches de la ville, ont été trouvées des traces de néolitique (céramique, grattoirs-couteaux en silex). Le début urbanistique de la ville est représenté par la »gradina« (hauteur fortifiée) préhistorique qui se trouvait à l'emplacement de la forteresse actuelle; au pied de la »gradina« et au Nord-Ouest de celle-ci, il y avait plusieurs tumulus illrens. La vie de l'habitat illyrien s'orientait sur son port qui avait une importance maritime dans la navigation en Adriatique. En fait, c'est cette importance maritime qui a conditioné l'inclusion de cet habitat dans lënsemble des intérêts de la colonisation gracque (4e–3e s.), et les trouvailles gresques à Hvar confirment l'existence d'un habitat illyrico-grec à cette époque. Par la romanisation de l'île, l'habitat de Hvar a aussi subi un changement politique, rural et urbanistique, comme de nombreux habitats illyriens autochtones sur la côte orientale de l'Adriatique. Sauf sous la »gradina«, l'habitat s'étendit et se développa dans la plaine et autor du port. Le territoire fertile des environs de la ville était cultivé ce qui nous est confirmé par les nombreux vestiges de villae rusticae. Le Hvar romain a, avant tout, de l'importance en tant que port antique, point de rencontre des voies maritimes et commerciales de la partie orientale de l'Adriatique. Les monuments égyptiens (amulettes, shaouabtis) trouvés à Hvar le confirment encore plus. A la fin de l'Antiquité, Hvar a aussi ce caractère, et on y trouve des traces très anciennes de christianisme ce qui est compréhensible pour un habitat portuaire. Parmi les lampes paléochrétiennes sont particullièrement intéressantes les lampes grecques avec la marque de fabrique ΧΙΩΝΗC, qui attestent la fréquentation du port de Hvar à la fin de l'Antiquité. Pendant cette période, la vie de l'habitat la plus intense est sur le territoire de la »gradina« (refuge à la fin de l'Aantiquité) jusqu'au bord de la mer. Nous ne savons pas quand a disparu l'habitat de la fin de l'Antiquité à Hvar, mais il est mentionné dans les documents médiévaux en tant que civitas que aliis temporibus fuit, territoire sur lequel, au XIIe s., par la venue de Venise, se construit une nouvelle civitas, le Hvar médiéval.

From the field of cartography and geoinformation, there are journal's article extracts given which are not cartographic first and whose complete texts are on the Internet, accessible to the members of Croatian academic and research community. Most journals can be accessed through the PERO browser (http://knjiznica.irb.hr/pero/index.php). For the journals not found through this browser, the complete texts of the mentioned articles are available for free on the given web-address. Next to every jo­urnal headline, in the brackets, it is noted which prominent bibliographic and quotation bases it is placed in: CC (Current Contents), SCIE (Science Citati­­on Index Expanded), and SSCI (Social Sc­­­i­ence Citation Index). It should be noted that, for some journals accessible through PERO browser, there is a delay of 6, 12 and even 18 months in accessing the newest issues. This number is given in the brackets next to the journal's headline.Bullettin of the GSI (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)http://www.gsi.go.jp/ENGLISH/page_e30092.htmlK. Kawase: A general formula for calculating meridian arc length and its application to coordinate conversion in the Gauss-Krüger projection, Vol. 59, December 2011.K. Kawase: Concise derivation of extensive coordinate conversion formulae in the Gauss-Krüger pro­jection, Vol. 60, December 2012.Coordinates (A monthly magazine on positioning, navigation and beyond) http://mycoordinates.orgT. Nagayama, K. Inaba, T. Hayashi, H: Nakai: Responding to the great east Japan earthquake, 2012, 12.J. SF Fabic: Data integration and sharing for disaster management, 2012, 12.D. Ampatzidis: Datum transformations using exclusively geodetic curvilinear coordinates without height information, 2012, 12.Geomatics and Environmental Engineeringhttp://journals.bg.agh.edu.pl/GEOMATICS/index.phpR. Cellmer, A. Senetra, A. Szczepanska: Land value maps of naturally valuable areas, 2012, 3.Geopolitics (CC, SSCI) (12)J. Strandsbjerg: Cartopolitics, geopolitics and boundaries in the Arctic, 2012, 4.International Journal of Geographical Information Science (CC, SCIE, SSCI) (12)H. Fan, L. Meng: A three-step approach of simplifying 3D buildings modeled by CityGML, 2012, 6.D. Hardy, J. Frew, M. F. Goodchild: Volunteered geographic information production as a spatial process, 2012, 7.P. Taillandier, J. Gaffuri: Improving map generalisation with new pruning heuristics, 2012, 7.ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Informationhttp://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijgiP. Neis, A. Zipf: Analyzing the contributor activity of a volunteered geographic information project — The case of OpenStreetMap, 2012, 2.P. Neis, M. Goetz, A. Zipf: Towards automatic vandalism detection in OpenStreetMap, 2012, 3.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (CC, SCIE)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09242716J-H. Haunert: A symmetry detector for map generalization and urban-space analysis, Vol. 74, November 2012.Journal of Historical Geography (CC, SSC) (12)D. Fedman, C. Karacas: A cartographic fade to black: mapping the destruction of urban Japan during World War II, 2012, 3.M. Yilmaz: Historical mosque orientation in Turkey: Central-Western Anatolia Region, 1150‒1590, 2012, 4.Landscape Ecology (CC, SCIE)http://link.springer.com/journal/10980J. Liang: Mapping large-scale forest dynamics: a geospatial approach, 2012, 8.Naše morehttp://hrcak.srce.hr/nase-moreI. Pavić: Geografsko-informacijski sus­tav i model razvoja pomorskoga ka­tastra, 2012, 5-6.Remote Sensing of Environment (CC, SCIE)N. Levin, A. Heimowitz: Mapping spatial and temporal patterns of Mediterranean wildfires from MODIS, Vol. 126 November 2012.Tehnički vjesnik (SCIE)http://hrcak.srce.hr/tehnicki-vjesnik R. Župan, D. Sruk, S. Frangeš: Experiment for determination of map graphics segment standard for handheld crisis maps management, 2012, 4.URISA Journalhttp://www.urisa.org/PSS_journal_archivesM. Martin, B. Peters, J. Corbett: Participatory asset mapping in the Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya, 2012, 2.P. A. Johnson, R. E. Sieber: Increasing access to and use of geospatial data by municipal government and citizens: the process of "Geomatization" in rural Québec, 2012, 2.A. Poplin: Web-based PPGIS for Wilhelmsburg, Germany: An integration of interactive GIS-based maps with an online questionnaire, 2012, 2. ; Dan je izbor članaka iz područja kartografije i geoinformacija iz časopisa, koji nisu u prvom redu kartografski, a kojima su cjeloviti tekstovi dostupni na internetu članovima hrvatske akademske i istraživačke zajednice. Većina časopisa dostupna je preko pretraživača PERO (http:// knjiznica.irb.hr/pero/index.php). Za časopise koji nisu dostupni preko tog pretraživača cjeloviti tekstovi navedenih članaka slobodno su pristupačni na upisanoj web-adresi. Uz svaki je časopis u zagradi naznačeno u koje je ugledne bibliografske i citatne baze uvršten: CC (Current Contents), SCIE (Science Citation Index Expanded), SSCI (Social Science Citation Index). Treba naglasiti da za neke časopise, dostupne preko pretraživača PERO, postoji odgoda pristupa najnovijim brojevima od 6, 12, a ponekad i 18 mjeseci. Taj broj je naveden u zagradi uz naslov časopisa. Bullettin of the GSI (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)http://www.gsi.go.jp/ENGLISH/page_e30092.htmlK. Kawase: A general formula for calculating meridian arc length and its application to coordinate conversion in the Gauss-Krüger projection, Vol. 59, December 2011.K. Kawase: Concise derivation of extensive coordinate conversion formulae in the Gauss-Krüger pro­jection, Vol. 60, December 2012.Coordinates (A monthly magazine on positioning, navigation and beyond) http://mycoordinates.orgT. Nagayama, K. Inaba, T. Hayashi, H: Nakai: Responding to the great east Japan earthquake, 2012, 12.J. SF Fabic: Data integration and sharing for disaster management, 2012, 12.D. Ampatzidis: Datum transformations using exclusively geodetic curvilinear coordinates without height information, 2012, 12.Geomatics and Environmental Engineeringhttp://journals.bg.agh.edu.pl/GEOMATICS/index.phpR. Cellmer, A. Senetra, A. Szczepanska: Land value maps of naturally valuable areas, 2012, 3.Geopolitics (CC, SSCI) (12)J. Strandsbjerg: Cartopolitics, geopolitics and boundaries in the Arctic, 2012, 4.International Journal of Geographical Information Science (CC, SCIE, SSCI) (12)H. Fan, L. Meng: A three-step approach of simplifying 3D buildings modeled by CityGML, 2012, 6.D. Hardy, J. Frew, M. F. Goodchild: Volunteered geographic information production as a spatial process, 2012, 7.P. Taillandier, J. Gaffuri: Improving map generalisation with new pruning heuristics, 2012, 7.ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Informationhttp://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijgiP. Neis, A. Zipf: Analyzing the contributor activity of a volunteered geographic information project — The case of OpenStreetMap, 2012, 2.P. Neis, M. Goetz, A. Zipf: Towards automatic vandalism detection in OpenStreetMap, 2012, 3.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (CC, SCIE)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09242716J-H. Haunert: A symmetry detector for map generalization and urban-space analysis, Vol. 74, November 2012.Journal of Historical Geography (CC, SSC) (12)D. Fedman, C. Karacas: A cartographic fade to black: mapping the destruction of urban Japan during World War II, 2012, 3.M. Yilmaz: Historical mosque orientation in Turkey: Central-Western Anatolia Region, 1150‒1590, 2012, 4.Landscape Ecology (CC, SCIE)http://link.springer.com/journal/10980J. Liang: Mapping large-scale forest dynamics: a geospatial approach, 2012, 8.Naše morehttp://hrcak.srce.hr/nase-moreI. Pavić: Geografsko-informacijski sus­tav i model razvoja pomorskoga ka­tastra, 2012, 5-6.Remote Sensing of Environment (CC, SCIE)N. Levin, A. Heimowitz: Mapping spatial and temporal patterns of Mediterranean wildfires from MODIS, Vol. 126 November 2012.Tehnički vjesnik (SCIE)http://hrcak.srce.hr/tehnicki-vjesnikR. Župan, D. Sruk, S. Frangeš: Experiment for determination of map graphics segment standard for handheld crisis maps management, 2012, 4.URISA Journalhttp://www.urisa.org/PSS_journal_archivesM. Martin, B. Peters, J. Corbett: Participatory asset mapping in the Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya, 2012, 2.P. A. Johnson, R. E. Sieber: Increasing access to and use of geospatial data by municipal government and citizens: the process of "Geomatization" in rural Québec, 2012, 2.A. Poplin: Web-based PPGIS for Wilhelmsburg, Germany: An integration of interactive GIS-based maps with an online questionnaire, 2012, 2.

Analizirajući povijesnu građu i arheološka istraživanja, autorica prati gradnju gotičkog kaštela Kamerlengo u Trogiru, uz nove elemente o popravcima i dogradnji južne strane gradskih zidina. Prvi put donosi nacrte kaštela iz 1829. godine koji su pohranjeni u Državnom arhivu u Beču. ; The citadel in Trogir was built according to a plan by the new Venetian government at the beginning of the 15th century as a detached fort on the periphery of the fortified town. In the earliest documents relation to the planning of the Trogir castle and the preparations for the building there is mention of a fortilicio or arx. It was only several centuries later that the name of Kamerlengo, taken from the title of respected officials [chamberlain] of the Venetian Republic, became common. In documents of the late 18th century it is stated that the castellan and camerlengo had a dwelling in the northern set of houses within the citadel, today no longer in existence, which suggests that the name of the office became, over the course of time, a synonym for the Trogir town castle. Trogir 17th century historians Ivan Lucić and Pavao Andreis collected invaluable historical sources and evidence concerning the past of the city, particularly concerning the siege by the Venetian fleet. Documents provide precise instructions for the construction of the citadel founded on strategic analyses of the ground, access from land and sea and of directions from which attacks would be naturally frustrated. The Trogir naval siege, accompanied by bombardment of the city, was executed according to the decision of Doge Tommaso Mocenigo (1414-1423). As early as the 14th century there had been an attempt by Venice to master Trogir, that small but important Dalmatian commune. The conflict between the Genovese and the Venetians broke out in a sea battle off Trogir in 1378, for Genovese galleys commanded by Luciano Doria had taken cover there. Under the command of Admiral Vettore Pisani, the Venetian fleet bombarded the city from the sea and from positions on Čiovo island, with an attempt to make a seaborne descent on he mainland. However, the plan did not bear fruit, and neither did a renewed attempt by Venice to take Trogir in the following year. After the victory over the Turkish fleet at Gallipoli, on the bridgehead between Europe and Asia Minor in 1416, the Venetians soon gained control of cities on the entrance into the Adriatic. A second strategic point, in the northwest, consisted of Aquileia and the whole of the province of Friuli, which fell in 1419-1420. When Venetian government in Zadar had been consolidated, interventions in the commune centres in central Dalmatia were the next part of the Mocenigo programme to conquer the whole of the Adriatic basin. At Gallipoli, Pietro Loredan had made his name as commander of the fleet, and led it during the attack on Trogir during May and June 1420. The 14th century city walls with the towers at the rim, the monastery of St Nicholas, the cathedral and bell tower, the council chamber, city loggia and numerous palaces were seriously damaged. One of the first tasks in the organisation of the life in the city was the repair of the damaged walls and towers and the construction of the citadel, which was able to function as a separate fort. Immediately after Verona acknowledged Venetian rule in 1408, an office called provisores ad fortilicia was set up, part of the programme of which was to check out the condition of the defensive system in other conquered provinces as well. The Republic sent Picino its tried and tested fortification expert, who had achieved prominence in the construction of the Lido fort, which was in fact the bulwark of Venice, and from 1413 to 1428 was posted to Verona, where he ran the renovation of the citadel. In the edicts of 1422 and 1424, mention is made, in connection with the fortification of Verona, of magistri Picini ingenarii nostri and prothoingenarius ducalis dominii Venetorum. Working with him were masters Stefano and Giovanni of Cremona. On the orders of the doge, he occasionally arrived in Dalmatia as well; the sources refer to him in 1414 in Zadar and Šibenik as magistrum Pizinum, but his personal name is not given. In 1409, the Venetian government in Zadar built a fort at the south east of the city called Citadella. Not long after that the trecento city castle on the north east of the peninsula was reinforced after a detailed plan by Engineer Picino of 1414. It had a square ground plan with a polygonal corner tower facing onto the city, a barbican with a fortified belt of walls around the castle, which was accompanied by a wide defensive fosse. At the very beginning of August 1425 the doge constituted a commission the task of which was to make a decision about the best place for the construction of a citadel in Trogir. Magister Picino made use of the defensive mode adopted in the Zadar castle, where the site chosen was peripheral with respect to the existing structure of the town and adapted it to the position of Trogir port, the navigation channels and the shallows of the marine channel. Detailed instructions about the handling of the walls and towers in situ were given by Captain General of Adriatic Pietro Loredan, specifying which parts were to be demolished, which strengthened. At the beginning of September Trogir rector Detrico signed a contract with the stone carver Marin Radojev for the working of stone for the foundations of the citadel. With three stonecutters, Marin guaranteed to collect stone in the quarry and work the face of the ashlars, and bring them by ship to Trogir, to the site of the construction of the future citadel. The contract made it clear that what had to be built was a tower with 15-foot wide towers, making use in the fill and the outer face of the walls high quality mortar, as befitted the reputation of a good craftsman. A small chapel dedicated to St Mark, patron saint of the Most Serene Republic, was put up in the courtyard of Kamerlengo. Below the monumental relief of a lion was the coat of arms of the Tron family in a quatrefoil. Luca Tron had distinguished himself as the captain of a Venetian galley in the surrender of Korčula and the siege of Trogir, and was rewarded with the confidential office of city rector (1421-1424), the second in chronological order from the establishment of the new Venetian government. A Gothic relief of a lion with the initials DC and the coat of arms of the Contarini family was done after the capture of Trogir in the 15th century and placed in the chapel in memory of Doge Domenico Contarini I (1043-1071), who is mentioned in Venetian annals in the context of the taking of Zadar in the middle of the 12th century. The works on the construction of the castle went on slowly for the commune was not able to summon up funds enough from its own revenues and constantly repeated requests for aid. During a second visit to Trogir in 1424 Admiral Loredan toured the city with the commanders of the galleys and informed Doge Francesco Foscari of all he had observed. At the time of rector Jacopo Zorzi (1424-1426) work was continued on the construction of the citadel and the barbican was reinforced. The coats of arms of rector Jacopo Barbarigo (1426-1429) were incorporated into both towers on the eastern side of the citadel; as trophy heraldry, they must be considered indications of the time of the completion of the work on this part of the fort. An inscription mentioning some big works of 1425 during the time of Rector Jacopo Zorzi is built in over the eastern part of the portico of the cloister of the Dominican monastery. It needs connecting with the long stay of Pietro Loredan in Dalmatia; together with rector Zorzi and the galley commanders, he issued detailed instructions for the renovation of the Trogir walls and towers that had been damaged in the bombardment. A slab that records the rapidly completed works was probably incorporated into the curtain of the new wall in front of the monastery, and Loredan's coat of arms was built into the corner of the wall close to the gate of St Roch. In 1432 the city received aid from the Republic for continuation of works on the city walls, and in an edict of July 26, 1436, a decision to complete the citadel and renovate the city walls at places threatened with collapse was taken. Rector of Trogir Marco Zen (1435-1436) entered into contracts with the Zadar craftsmen Matej Radovanov and Šimun Bilšić about the construction of a vault over the cistern in the castello and of a new wall on the north and the east in the fosse. Detailed drawings of the city castello in watercolour are kept in Vienna (Kartensammlung des Kriegsarchives) and were done during the time of the Austrian government of 1829, when the moat was already filled up with building material from the demolished walls. A large tower in all floor plan levels and with cross sections and indications of dimensions is shown separately. At that time, throughout Europe, the defensive character of city walls lost their importance; the opening up of wide roads and promenades was encouraged; on the platforms of the bastions and along the onetime fortifications stretched parks and gardens. The ruinous state of the walls was an additional encouragement to the authorities to remove them, and Kamerlengo Castle, which had been registered in the exchequer, was in 1848 added to the demolition list. But unlike the citadel in Split and Zadar, which were partially demolished or integrated into later construction, the Trogir castle kept the original planimetry and volume. Although of modest dimensions, this fort acquired a symbolic level in the image of the city, dominating the city port like a lighthouse for all the navigational routes.

U studiji se, nasuprot uvriježenim mišljenjima, dokazuje da su blokovi sjevernog dijela Dioklecijanove palače bili izvorno projektirani i izvedeni za potrebe gineceja kojemu se u Notitia Dignitatum spominje nadstojnik (Procurator gynaecii lovensis Dalmatiae -Aspalato). Opskrbljivao ga je akvedukt kapaciteta 1500 1/sec. = 129.600 m3 na dan. Problem obilnog ispiranja riješen je odgovarajucim kanalizacijskim sistemom koji je postojao samo duž ulica sjevernog dijela Palače u kojem su se nalazili pogoni carskih tkaonica. Tehnologija je (uz sustav bazena arheološki uočenih u prizemlju Papalićeve palače) ukljucivala sumporavanje, za što su bili na raspolaganju brojni izvori sumporne vode uz samu Palaču. Čitava građevina savršeno se uklapa u dugački niz tetrarhijskih javnih radova. Bila bi to izvorna, osnovna funkcija građevine u koju se Dioklecijan povukao nakon što je 305. g. bio prisiljen na abdikaciju. ; In scholarly literature, the term "city" was first mentioned by Lj. Karaman, talking of the beginnings of medieval Split in Diocletian's Palace, and then by Andre Grabar in his Martyrium (I: 232-233).2 Noel Duval, in a series of studies he wrote, asks whether Diocletian's residence should be classified as palatium, villa, castrum, urban settlement or some special type of architecture, considering that in comparison with genuine imperial palaces like those in Constantinople, Antioch, Philippopolis and Ravenna, it was wanting a number of "attributes": proposed the term "chateau".3 -5 The term was thoroughly investigated by Slobodan Čurčić, discussing late antique palatine architecture, showing convincingly that the urban character of these residences was undoubted (of Antioch , Nicomedia, Salona, Constantinople, Split) - although the miniature municipal quarters in them had an only slightly more than symbolic significance.6 Diocletian's building in Split really does not have the external look of a Roman imperial villa. In Split, in particular with respect to the two architectural masses in the northern part of the building, we note, its innate anti-landscape character, both the internal and the external disposition of the architectural elements, which is almost inorganically formalised. Not even in the narrow residential area, within which the halls are interconnected only via the "cryptoportico" having no direct contacts with the surrounding landscape, we do not find any of the characteristics that in the nature of things we would expect in a residence in which, it was always considered, the emperor intended to while away his final years. The Split edifice is really primarily an example of fortification. But here too we can be surprised. The sentry patrol corridor should be on the top of the walls and should be protected with a parapet, while here it is on the first floor, perforated with hardly defensible apertures (3 x 2m). The building was clearly primarily motivated by the desire to impress the surroundings, with its emphatic delineation of military presence and power. The Golden and Silver Gates and the great apertures of the sentry corridor on the three sides of the walls onto the mainland must have been walled up before the Byzantine-Gothic wars of the 530s.7 But it would seem that we can understand its form - so very particular that it evades the usual, in some sense fossilized, terminology – only through some new reading of the original meaning and purpose of the building itself. In author's opinion, this is proffered by a very simple question. The aqueduct that brought water into the palace from the source of the river Jadro was, in the design and execution of the imperial architects, undoubtedly related to the construction of his final dwelling place. Although it is a rare specimen of a Roman monument of this kind that is still being used today (reconstructed in 1878), in the literature and in research it has been almost entirely neglected, and has certainly never been interpreted in the original context. The aqueduct provided 1500 l/ sec. (129.600 m3 a day), which in terms of our standards would be enough for a population of 173,000. 8,9 The sheer amount of water inevitably leads to the question of what it was meant for, because it far exceeded the needs of the relatively modest bath complexes in the Palace. The answer might be hidden in an almost neglected item of information from Notitia Dignitatum OC XI 48 (ed. 0 . Seeck, 150) where there is a mention of the Procurator genaecii Iovensis Dalmatiae - Aspalato- warden of the imperial weaving shop for the production of woollen clothing for the army that worked in Split, under the title of Jupiter. So far it has always been thought, on the rare occasions when this fact has been mentioned at all (and then only by-the-bye) that this gynaeceum was only after Diocletian's death "inscribed" into the Palace, which was for the whole of the 5th century a kind of pensiopolis of dethroned emperors or pretenders to the throne. It has been considered that the northern part of the Palace was reserved for the Imperial Guard, for stables and the like. 10,11 Notitia Dignitatum, a long list of all the senior offices in the Empire, civilian and military, is certainly of a composite character. The basic text was created probably in about 408 (in partibus Occidentis changes were recorded up to 420), but it conceals a lot of information about the periods before the revision of the basic copy, mirroring the order that Diocletian had brought into the state, which certainly relates to the Split gynaeceum, which alone of the 14 such complexes located in the most important cities of the empire bears the characteristic predicate Iovense: it must in itself constitute a terminus post quem non to do with the origin of the factory of military uniforms of wool in the building in Split. 12,13,15 Although the gynaecea were never mentioned in the context of Diocletian's reforms, it is generally accepted that they were created at the time of the first Tetrarchy. The concentration of the labour force, the range of specialised jobs, the degree of organisation and their connection with urban centres makes them, in the judgement of historians, the closest to the modern industrial factory. State factories (fabricae) were set up in the late Empire to eliminate or at least to alleviate the difficulties concerning the supply of the state and the army with certain products. It was necessary to clothe the approximately half a million soldiers that Diocletian 's army reforms had raised, as well as no small number of clerks. Archaeology, however, has never made any direct contribution to the understanding of their internal organisation, except in the case of the otherwise well documented gynaeceum in Carthage, which lay in the heart of the city, on the edge of the celebrated Circular Harbour. 16,17 The state operated, through the comes sacrarum largitionum, a number of weaving mills, both for woolen and linen fabrics, and dyeworks 18 The Split gynaeceum should have probably been in some kind of complementary relationship with the gynaeceum moved to Salona, perhaps for security reasons, from Bassiana (Donji Petrovci, Pannonia Inferior) also noted by Notitia Dignitatum, XI, 46 (Procurator gynaecii Bassanensis Pannoniae Secundae translati Salonis). In Salona, thus, there was a large cloth dyeworks (In Not. dign. the Procurator bafii Salonitani Dalmatiae was also mentioned) and weaving mill. At Five Bridges in Salona artisan workshops were actually found, probably a dyer's workshop, and fulling mills for cloth and the dyeing of cloth. Also to be seen is the reservoir from which the water to drive the mills ran, and a building for the habitation of the workers. 19 In one inscription in Salona, a magister conquilarius is mentioned (CIL III 2115 + 8572), clearly the head of the state workshops in which purple was extracted from shellfish, perhaps for the gynaeceum in Aspalathos. 22 Another inscription found in Salona mentions a certain Hilarus, who was the purpurarius, dyer of red garments or, perhaps, negotiator artis purpurae. 23 That the Salona baffeum and the Split gynaeceum were mentioned only in the Notitia Dignitatum, says that their production was a strictly channelled state monopoly, and that the products from them did not make their way to the general market as other goods did. The army was supplied directly, without the agency of merchants. Although not all the technological details of the gynaeceum, the fullonica and the baffeum have been revealed, we can conjure up in the northern half of the Palace an image of the whole system of pools in which the fabrics were washed, softened and finished by being trampled on with bare feet in a solution of potash , fuller's earth, human and animal urine. Here then there was a very large demand for water.28 Garments were rubbed with chalk, and fumigated with sulphur. It is particularly important to remember that the technology included, among other things, sulphur treatment (sulfure sulfire ), for which there were the many springs of sulphurous water alongside the Palace itself, which were used for the washing and bleaching of cloth right up to the first half of the 20th century, by St Francis church on the Shore.29 The problem of copious rinsing was solved by the extraordinarily handled sewage system that existed only along the the cardo and decumanus and the perimeter streets of the northern part of the Palace , in which the mentioned plant was located. Among other things, the extreme western part of the sewer under the decumanus, at the exit from the Palace, has been explored. It passed under the western gate (Porta ferrea), and moved in a gentle arc towards the south-west, finishing some forty metres further in a stone portal (below the kitchen of today's Hotel Central). Thence in an open channel all this water flowed into the bay of the sea, in the immediate vicinity of the grandest corner of the Palace.30 The monumental cross-section of this sewage system corresponds perfectly to the cross-section of the aqueduct. We should underscore the fact that the sewage system was located only along the streets of the northern part of the Palace, while we might expect it to be primarily in the residential southern part, which also shows that it was constructed for the purpose of the production inside the gynaeceum. Unfortunately, there are practically no archaeological records of the small finds from investigations of the northern part of the Split building. But, during excavations of the crossing place of the cardo and decumanus (in order to establish the original level of the street and the Peristyle) M. Suić in 1974 did observe, "a very thick layer of fine sediment of a markedly red colour of non-organic origin", which had been deposited in the cloaca, and which had retained its intensity for centuries. This must prove the existence of fullonica, which must have been located within the gynaeceum.31, 32, 55, 56 Gynaeciarii, like other craftsmen, were associated into corporations or collegia, but were not able to leave their work, being nexu sanguinis ad divinas largitiones perlinenles, which makes the construction of the northern part of the Palace, in which they lived alongside their workshops even more logical. 36 - 4 0 Their patron saint in 5th c. might have been, as I have already speculated, St Martin - patron of soldiers and weavers -to whom the little church in the sentries' walk over the Golden Gate, walled-in very early on, was dedicated. 41 All this also suggests that Christianity was alive in the Palace from day one. Along with the bishop and the praetorians, the weavers were probably that industrial revolutionary guard of the time. It is not at all surprising that a martyr like St. Anastasius - a fullo, the co-patron of Split, should have come precisely from the milieu of the fullers, probably working in the baffeum in Salona. In Split, Diocletian's gynaeceum was probably reliant upon a manufacture that already existed, one linked with the sulphurous water and perhaps on the broom, genisla acanlhoclada, from which a colouring agent for dying the cloth was obtained, and according to which, it is believed, Aspalathos actually obtained its name.43 There was raw material in Dalmatia within reach. Immediately following the Second World War there were about one million sheep in the central hinterland of the Adriatic coast. Delm or Dalm in Old Illyrian means shepherd, herder, flock, and hence Delminium means the place of pasture, and delme- dalme still today in Albanian means sheep.44 - 49 Evidence of the organised weaving industry in Roman Dalmatia can be seen in the form of the weaving industry around Split, which all the way through the Middle Ages and until quite recently was different from that in the other regions. 51 The Gynaeceum iovense might have been special precisely in the fact that this was not a remodelled and expanded production area already in existence, the expropriation of some extant minor complexes (as is assumed to have happened in Carthage), but a green field project, an exemplarily constructed industrial unit. And for this reason, of all such establishments, it was the only one to have such a flowery dedication and name. At the end one should also draw attention to an almost neglected reference concerning the palace, that is, the first description of it, uttered by the most authoritative mouth of all. In the Oralio ad Sanclorum coelum which he delivered in Antioch in 325, Emperor Constantine said that the colossal pile of the palace was a "loathed dwelling" in which the Emperor Diocletian shut himself up after this abdication: "After the massacre in the persecutions, after he had condemned himself by depriving himself of power, as a man of no utility, acknowledging the damage he had done with his imprudence, he remained hidden in his really contemptible dwelling place". 61 This surprising statement of Constantine might be an allusion to the fact that Diocletian had to spend his last days in a building that in spite of all the sumptuousness of its centre and the residential quarters looking onto the sea- must also have had the features of a military factory, to which the form of the castrum must have been in all respects much more suitable than to a charming imperial residence. The whole of the building fits perfectly in with the long series of tetrarchic public works. It is important to stress the autonomy of the cardo and the decumanus (12 metres broad) with their own lastricatus and their own porticatus, independent of the blocks that they hid. I would even say that the form of the castrum is more logical for a gynaeceum than it is for a palace. What should be actually highlighted is the surprising pragmatism, as well as the great social focus of the lllyrian emperors, who really did want to renew the "fervent patriotism and iron duty in the evil days" (Syme). Probus in Egypt worked on an important improvement of the navigation of the Nile; temples, bridges, porticoes, palaces, all were put up by the army. Galerius himself was a devotee of public works, and undertook an operation worth of a monarch, says Gibbon, diverting the excess of water from Lake Pelso (Balaton) to the Danube, at the border with Noricum. He had the endless woods all around cleared, and gave the whole reclaimed area between the Drava and the Danube to his Panonian subjects to be cultivated, naming it Valeria after his wife. 65, 66 Most of the buildings that Diocletian put up were of a utilitarian purpose, such as mints and the factories that Lactantius mentions, or border forts, roads and bridges. Dozens of extant inscriptions tell us of the dedications of new and restored temples, aqueducts, nymphea and public buildings - "vetustatu con lapsum" or "Ionge incuria neglectum"- dilapidated from age and long neglect. 67 According to Lactantius's writing, Diocletian had an infinitam cupiditatem aedificandi, an infinite desire to build. 68 Today we are apt to count mostly the imperial palaces in connection with this statement, and to forget the whole framework of comprehensive public works that were undertaken during the first tetrarchy. Twenty years of relaxation from civil wars and barbarian invasions, and the gradual suppression of local unrest, led to the renovation of the prosperity in cities all round the Empire, hence the major number of public dedications, the revival of overall construction activity. The Tetrarchan New Deal - with Diocletian as the Roosevelt of the ancient world - is often understood in a formalist way, as a series of legislative and political attempts to halt inflation, overlooking exploits like Galerius's round Balaton, or this one in Split. The construction of the Split Palace, then, no kind of imperial Xanadu, as it is often held to be, justified its investment. More than that: its existence enabled antiquity in Dalmatia, even after the 7th century catastrophe, not to be extinguished with a sudden death, but over long centuries to be merged into the modern age, remaining until this day a lesson in and criterion for every creative architectural operation into the tissue of the city, which developed organically within the precise, almost dry geometry of the Emperor's palace-cumfactory. * The article was published in English, in: Das Imperium zwischen Zentralisierung und Regionalisierung: Palaste- Regionen- Volker (ed. A. Demand, A. Goltz und H. Schlange-Schoningen), Berlin - New York 2004: 141-162.