La necessité en droit international: de l'état de necessité aux situations de necessité
In: Études de droit international 5
In: Études de droit international 5
In: Critique de la politique
The necessity principle undeniably represents one of the pillars of modern criminal law. This principle was essentially developed during the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, in particular by Cesare Beccaria, whose thought was influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers. Driven by ideas of moderation and corporal punishment abolition, they prescribed a restrained application of criminal law. These philosophical and legal developments reappeared in substantive law after the 1789 revolution. Embedded in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the necessity principle acquired the fundamental principle status and shapes incriminations (Article 5), punishments (Article 8) and criminal law procedure (Article 9). This work analyses the necessity principle within the area of criminal business law. The influence of criminal law in the economic and financial realm is a constant issue for the legislator. As the necessity principle involves more than the traditional aspect of moderation, its positive aspect will also be analysed in order to reflect on the rationale of its application in the economic and financial sphere ; Le principe de nécessité constitue incontestablement un des piliers de l'action pénale moderne. Ce principe fut essentiellement développé au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, sous l'impulsion notamment de Cesare Beccaria dont la pensée fut influencée par celle des philosophes des Lumières. Ces auteurs, animés par l'idée de modération voire d'abolition des châtiments corporels, prescrivaient un recours mesuré au droit pénal. Ces développements philosophico-juridiques étaient précurseurs d'une reprise ultérieure du principe de nécessité en droit positif, au lendemain de la révolution de 1789. Inséré au sein de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, ce dernier y a acquis le statut de principe fondamental et irrigue l'ensemble du droit pénal tant en ce qui concerne les incriminations (article 5) et les peines (articles 8) que la procédure (article 9). La présente thèse situe la ...
BASE
The necessity principle undeniably represents one of the pillars of modern criminal law. This principle was essentially developed during the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries, in particular by Cesare Beccaria, whose thought was influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers. Driven by ideas of moderation and corporal punishment abolition, they prescribed a restrained application of criminal law. These philosophical and legal developments reappeared in substantive law after the 1789 revolution. Embedded in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the necessity principle acquired the fundamental principle status and shapes incriminations (Article 5), punishments (Article 8) and criminal law procedure (Article 9). This work analyses the necessity principle within the area of criminal business law. The influence of criminal law in the economic and financial realm is a constant issue for the legislator. As the necessity principle involves more than the traditional aspect of moderation, its positive aspect will also be analysed in order to reflect on the rationale of its application in the economic and financial sphere ; Le principe de nécessité constitue incontestablement un des piliers de l'action pénale moderne. Ce principe fut essentiellement développé au cours des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, sous l'impulsion notamment de Cesare Beccaria dont la pensée fut influencée par celle des philosophes des Lumières. Ces auteurs, animés par l'idée de modération voire d'abolition des châtiments corporels, prescrivaient un recours mesuré au droit pénal. Ces développements philosophico-juridiques étaient précurseurs d'une reprise ultérieure du principe de nécessité en droit positif, au lendemain de la révolution de 1789. Inséré au sein de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, ce dernier y a acquis le statut de principe fondamental et irrigue l'ensemble du droit pénal tant en ce qui concerne les incriminations (article 5) et les peines (articles 8) que la procédure (article 9). La présente thèse situe la ...
BASE
Maritime law is part of corporate law which is under the jurisdiction of OHADA. However, it is not regulated by any of the OHADA's Uniform Acts. The role of OHADA is to avoid legal and judicial insecurity linked to theconflict of laws enhanced by the diversity of laws in a given subject by providing them with simple common rules, suited to their economic contexts. One may think that there is no need for an uniformization of maritime law due to missing regulations of the OHADA's Uniform Acts but this is not the case. Therefore, the aime of this thesis is to make the decision makers of OHADA aware of the necessity of an uniformised maritime law.Moreover, the thesis will sequentially present : the disparities in OHADA's maritime legislations, the conflict of laws that they create and their complex coexistence with OHADA's ,uniform law. Finally, some suggestions are made for the sake of the uniformisation of maritime law. ; Le droit maritime fait partie du droit des affaires qui est le domaine de compétence matérielle de l'OHADA. Or, on constate à ce jour qu'il ne fait l'objet d'aucun acte uniforme adopté ou en préparation. Dans la mesure où la mission de l'OHADA est de juguler l'insécurité juridique et judiciaire liée aux conflits de lois en dotant ses états membres de règles communes simples, modernes et adaptées à leurs réalités économiques, on peut penser que s'il n'y a pas d'acte uniforme relatif au droit maritime, c'est parce que cela n'est pas nécessaire. Or, il n'en est rien. C'est ce que démontre cette thèse afin d'attirer l'attention des décideurs de l'espace OHADA sur la nécessité d'intégrer le droit maritime dans le processus d'uniformisation du droit des affaires. Aussi, les disparités des législations maritimes de l'espace OHADA, les conflits de lois qui en résultent et la complexité juridique et judiciaire liée à la coexistence du droit maritime avec le droit uniforme sont exposés les uns après les autres. Enfin et dans la perspective de l'uniformisation du droit maritime, quelques brèves propositions ...
BASE
Maritime law is part of corporate law which is under the jurisdiction of OHADA. However, it is not regulated by any of the OHADA's Uniform Acts. The role of OHADA is to avoid legal and judicial insecurity linked to theconflict of laws enhanced by the diversity of laws in a given subject by providing them with simple common rules, suited to their economic contexts. One may think that there is no need for an uniformization of maritime law due to missing regulations of the OHADA's Uniform Acts but this is not the case. Therefore, the aime of this thesis is to make the decision makers of OHADA aware of the necessity of an uniformised maritime law.Moreover, the thesis will sequentially present : the disparities in OHADA's maritime legislations, the conflict of laws that they create and their complex coexistence with OHADA's ,uniform law. Finally, some suggestions are made for the sake of the uniformisation of maritime law. ; Le droit maritime fait partie du droit des affaires qui est le domaine de compétence matérielle de l'OHADA. Or, on constate à ce jour qu'il ne fait l'objet d'aucun acte uniforme adopté ou en préparation. Dans la mesure où la mission de l'OHADA est de juguler l'insécurité juridique et judiciaire liée aux conflits de lois en dotant ses états membres de règles communes simples, modernes et adaptées à leurs réalités économiques, on peut penser que s'il n'y a pas d'acte uniforme relatif au droit maritime, c'est parce que cela n'est pas nécessaire. Or, il n'en est rien. C'est ce que démontre cette thèse afin d'attirer l'attention des décideurs de l'espace OHADA sur la nécessité d'intégrer le droit maritime dans le processus d'uniformisation du droit des affaires. Aussi, les disparités des législations maritimes de l'espace OHADA, les conflits de lois qui en résultent et la complexité juridique et judiciaire liée à la coexistence du droit maritime avec le droit uniforme sont exposés les uns après les autres. Enfin et dans la perspective de l'uniformisation du droit maritime, quelques brèves propositions ...
BASE
Maritime law is part of corporate law which is under the jurisdiction of OHADA. However, it is not regulated by any of the OHADA's Uniform Acts. The role of OHADA is to avoid legal and judicial insecurity linked to theconflict of laws enhanced by the diversity of laws in a given subject by providing them with simple common rules, suited to their economic contexts. One may think that there is no need for an uniformization of maritime law due to missing regulations of the OHADA's Uniform Acts but this is not the case. Therefore, the aime of this thesis is to make the decision makers of OHADA aware of the necessity of an uniformised maritime law.Moreover, the thesis will sequentially present : the disparities in OHADA's maritime legislations, the conflict of laws that they create and their complex coexistence with OHADA's ,uniform law. Finally, some suggestions are made for the sake of the uniformisation of maritime law. ; Le droit maritime fait partie du droit des affaires qui est le domaine de compétence matérielle de l'OHADA. Or, on constate à ce jour qu'il ne fait l'objet d'aucun acte uniforme adopté ou en préparation. Dans la mesure où la mission de l'OHADA est de juguler l'insécurité juridique et judiciaire liée aux conflits de lois en dotant ses états membres de règles communes simples, modernes et adaptées à leurs réalités économiques, on peut penser que s'il n'y a pas d'acte uniforme relatif au droit maritime, c'est parce que cela n'est pas nécessaire. Or, il n'en est rien. C'est ce que démontre cette thèse afin d'attirer l'attention des décideurs de l'espace OHADA sur la nécessité d'intégrer le droit maritime dans le processus d'uniformisation du droit des affaires. Aussi, les disparités des législations maritimes de l'espace OHADA, les conflits de lois qui en résultent et la complexité juridique et judiciaire liée à la coexistence du droit maritime avec le droit uniforme sont exposés les uns après les autres. Enfin et dans la perspective de l'uniformisation du droit maritime, quelques brèves propositions ...
BASE
The systemic risk of the financial failure of the banking institutions has overturned profoundly the limits of the competence of the national legislations. Though the banking activities have the characteristics that serve the general interest, the great disparity between those jurisdictions creates the instability of the national and international markets. However, the major jurisdictions whichever the Europe, the UnitedStates or the China, have revealed overall convergence in preventing or resolving the risk of the bank failure, in a "lex argentariae" of a group of professionals that are homogeneous. The comparative analysis of those legislations that prevails the intervention of the administrative authority has clearly indicated the economic and financial needs, while the judges on bench, though of being subsidiary, continue to impose the solutions that has the authority erga omnes, and maintain their core functions, particularly the protection of the individual rights and freedoms. In order to surmount the utopia of a unified international legislation, the analogy of the solution has raised another important question, which is, the global coordination of the administrative and judicial intervention. These thoughts are confirmed by the evolution of the European Banking Union and of the activities of Chinese banks abroad. ; Les risques systémiques des défaillances financières des établissements bancaires bouleversent les limites de compétence des législations nationales. De très grandes disparités entre les systèmes sont de nature à perturber les marchés, nationaux et internationaux, en raison de la spécificité de l'activité bancaire qui est de servir l'intérêt général. Toutefois, les grands systèmes normatifs qu'ils soient chinois, européens ou des Etats-Unis, révèlent des convergences d'ensemble pour prévenir ou résoudre les risques de défaillance des établissements bancaires, au sein d'une « lex argentariae » d'un milieu professionnel homogène. Une analyse comparée de ces législations qui privilégient ...
BASE
The systemic risk of the financial failure of the banking institutions has overturned profoundly the limits of the competence of the national legislations. Though the banking activities have the characteristics that serve the general interest, the great disparity between those jurisdictions creates the instability of the national and international markets. However, the major jurisdictions whichever the Europe, the UnitedStates or the China, have revealed overall convergence in preventing or resolving the risk of the bank failure, in a "lex argentariae" of a group of professionals that are homogeneous. The comparative analysis of those legislations that prevails the intervention of the administrative authority has clearly indicated the economic and financial needs, while the judges on bench, though of being subsidiary, continue to impose the solutions that has the authority erga omnes, and maintain their core functions, particularly the protection of the individual rights and freedoms. In order to surmount the utopia of a unified international legislation, the analogy of the solution has raised another important question, which is, the global coordination of the administrative and judicial intervention. These thoughts are confirmed by the evolution of the European Banking Union and of the activities of Chinese banks abroad. ; Les risques systémiques des défaillances financières des établissements bancaires bouleversent les limites de compétence des législations nationales. De très grandes disparités entre les systèmes sont de nature à perturber les marchés, nationaux et internationaux, en raison de la spécificité de l'activité bancaire qui est de servir l'intérêt général. Toutefois, les grands systèmes normatifs qu'ils soient chinois, européens ou des Etats-Unis, révèlent des convergences d'ensemble pour prévenir ou résoudre les risques de défaillance des établissements bancaires, au sein d'une « lex argentariae » d'un milieu professionnel homogène. Une analyse comparée de ces législations qui privilégient l'intervention d'autorités administratives montre clairement la prise en considération des nécessités économiques et financières, alors que le juge judiciaire même subsidiairement imposera des solutions ayant autorité erga omnes et conservera ses missions essentielles notamment de protection des droits et des libertés individuels. L'analogie des solutions pose alors une question essentielle, celle de la coordination internationale des interventions administratives et judiciaires, afin de surmonter l'utopie d'une législation mondiale unifiée. Ces réflexions sont confirmées par l'évolution de l'Union bancaire européenne et de l'activité des banques chinoises à l'international.
BASE
Due to the special role and importance in the economy of credit institutions, their activity is subject to specific obligations called "prudential rules" and to a control of their compliance by the public authorities to ensure financial stability and consumer protection. The 2008 crisis highlighted the role of banks in the real economy and the consequence of their excessive risk taking. The study of the evolution of the rules submitted to credit institution shows that the legislator has been slow to intervene in setting up independent and efficient governmental rules of supervision. The controls are necessary to safeguard the stability and the financial security which suppose more and more interventions of the French government in coordination with other European and international authorities to face the aggravation of the banking risks. Face to the impossibility for the State to regulate everything itself in the banking sector, he chose a delegation of powers to the ACPR, an independent administration Authority in charge of banking supervision. But the control is made difficult because the rule to be respected are too numerous and sometimes technical. Professionals develop them. They evolve and strengthen according to economic crisis. The multiplicity and the very broad scope of the regulation make it even more difficult to implement the control of credit institutions. More over, the decisions of the ACPR are the objet of appeals to hinder the sanctions pronounced by the organ of control. The audit therefore reveals deficiencies that are sometimes filled by other administrative authorities responsible for the supervision of the banking sector: AMF, French competition authority, national commission for information technology and individual liberties (CNIL). . Yet solutions exist: responsibility of credit institutions in the assumption of their capital,strengthening the power of the ACPR, aggravation of the repression and the sanctions of economic infractions. ; En raison du rôle et de l'importance particulière ...
BASE
Due to the special role and importance in the economy of credit institutions, their activity is subject to specific obligations called "prudential rules" and to a control of their compliance by the public authorities to ensure financial stability and consumer protection. The 2008 crisis highlighted the role of banks in the real economy and the consequence of their excessive risk taking. The study of the evolution of the rules submitted to credit institution shows that the legislator has been slow to intervene in setting up independent and efficient governmental rules of supervision. The controls are necessary to safeguard the stability and the financial security which suppose more and more interventions of the French government in coordination with other European and international authorities to face the aggravation of the banking risks. Face to the impossibility for the State to regulate everything itself in the banking sector, he chose a delegation of powers to the ACPR, an independent administration Authority in charge of banking supervision. But the control is made difficult because the rule to be respected are too numerous and sometimes technical. Professionals develop them. They evolve and strengthen according to economic crisis. The multiplicity and the very broad scope of the regulation make it even more difficult to implement the control of credit institutions. More over, the decisions of the ACPR are the objet of appeals to hinder the sanctions pronounced by the organ of control. The audit therefore reveals deficiencies that are sometimes filled by other administrative authorities responsible for the supervision of the banking sector: AMF, French competition authority, national commission for information technology and individual liberties (CNIL). . Yet solutions exist: responsibility of credit institutions in the assumption of their capital,strengthening the power of the ACPR, aggravation of the repression and the sanctions of economic infractions. ; En raison du rôle et de l'importance particulière ...
BASE
International audience The Code of Canon Law of 1917 is a response to the requests made by canonists and the Fathers of Vatican I to make canon law more accessible and to remove obsolete norms. Beside these requirements of a technical nature, historians of canon law mention other motives of an ideological nature. The codification (according to them) came about as a result of the avowed will of the Church, a societas perfecta, to assert its power of jurisdiction against the modern State. A re-reading of the MP "Arduum sane munus" (1904) of Pius X announcing the work on the code highlights the second argument : the code should contribute to restoring a Christian social order, an objective of uncompromising policy of Pius X and his predecessors. This restoration should include the moulding of a well-formed clrgy, anti-modernism and the formation of the faithfull. Does the legislator reflect this policy ? Does the Code of 1917 savour of intransigence ? The reply is a qualified one.
BASE
In: Studia politica: Romanian political science review ; revista română de ştiinţă politică, Band 8, Heft 3, S. 709-724
In the present article, my aim is to study some of the political treaties of Bartolus of Sassoferrato, from the perspective of the idea of consent in the Middle Ages. Although the concept is not explicitly mentioned in the three political treaties which I have examined so far (Tractatus de Guelphis et Gebellinis, Tractatus de regimine civitatis and Tractatus de tyranno), Bartolus mentions within his juridical writings the notion of tacit consent, expressed as tacita voluntas populi. Starting with the Tractatus de Guelphis et Gebellinis, Bartolus seems to be interested in the classification of political regimes, with the goal of identifying the best regime. The opposite of the best regime would be the regime of tyranny, which never pursues the common good of the citizens. The discrete intervention of the principle of consent in the political treaties of Bartolus takes place with the question regarding the necessity of a general consent for the elimination of the tyrant. Legitimating thus any attempt of installing a better political regime, Bartolus proves to be as prudent as Thomas Aquinas when the Italian jurist avoids, in the Tractatus de Guelphis et Gebellinis, to give a definite answer to the question of reversing a tyrannical regime. The hesitative answer of Bartolus concerning tyranny in this treaty does not diminish the role of will, when it comes to change the meaning of the notion of affectio for a citizen. My research has put forward the fact that the most significant situation, both from the juridical and the political point of view, is that of the tyrant ex defectu tituli. In times of tyranny, all contracts are null because no one has the capacity to decide what is just. The tyrant ex defectu tituli can no longer legitimate his power, although he may subsequently govern, by respecting the will of the citizens. Far from assigning a marginal role to the idea of consent, Bartolus transforms it into the fundamental principle of his favorite regime, which is the incarnation of the popular sovereign will itself: regimen ad populum.
The reflection embodies this philosophical controversy in the field of legal sociology. More than an admission of the limits of knowledge, chance is a form of sociological or psychological necessity that flires with the nature of things. The rules governing the status and career of academics are hardly escaped, as evidenced by demographic, budgetary or historical constraints in training and adoption of the Staff Regulations, the creation or abolition of categories of academics, the institutionalisation of academic disciplines and the development of academic franchises. These creative forces of university law, which are apories of legal logic, must be supplemented by legal constraints, in particular constitutional constraints. The difficulty of ensuring faithful traceability of the causes of the law and the difficulty of summoning them in order to take the measure of free arbiter into them reveal the complexity of the social facts and justify recourse to the method of explaining the argument to the detriment of that of demonstration in the context of sociology without rigour of university law. ; The reflection writes down this philosophical controversy on the land of the legal sociology. More than a confession of the knowledge's limits, the luck is a form of sociological or psychological necessity which flirts with the nature of the things. The rules which govern the academic's condition and career there hardly escape as testifies the demographic, budgetary or historic constraints's weight in the statute's formation and the adoption, the creation or the deletion of academic's categories, the academic disciplines's institutionalization and the academic exemptions's evolution. These academic law's creative forces, aporias of the legal logic must be completed by the legal constraints notably constitutional. The faithful reconstruction's difficulty of the law's reasons and the one to classify it to take the measure of the free will there reveals the social facts's complexity and justifies the explanatory method of ...
BASE