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This introduction presents the aim of a collective effort of a book on depoliticisation and repoliticisation. The meaning of the concepts use by the authors is explained referring to two generations of academic debate in political science and sociology, and even through examples concerning the field of education policies. Depoliticisation is a key to understanding the transformations occurring in the relationships between political and non-political actors who take part in the policy processes. Nevertheless, the theoretical debate has some limitations, regarding the limited importance given to the actors of depoliticization strategies and the related processes of politicization of supposedly non-political actors and practices in the context of neoliberalism. Moreover, the Introduction presents the chapters that follow. For each of them the themes focused on and the specific meaning of depoliticization and repoliticisation are sketched.

The paper develops an interpretation of neoliberalism through the analysis of the concept of «human capital». Following Michel Foucault's lectures on La naissance de la biopolitique, in order to put the matter in a clearer historical perspective, in the first part of the paper I explain the basic principles of classical political economy and the biopolitical role of the state in traditional liberal thinking. In the second part I analyse neoliberalism. The theory of «human capital», in particular, let me argue that neoliberalism is not only an economic view, but a theory that claims to explain every kind of human behaviour. Moreover, it emerges that this theory is rooted in a biological interpretation of human nature. In the last part, through the analysis of some historical examples, I examine some consequences of neoliberal biopower. In details, I clarify the new role of the state in such a system of power and the neoliberal strategy to manage human behaviour.

[ita] Questa ricerca si propone di offrire una ricostruzione complessiva degli aspetti salienti dell'utopia, le cui riflessioni si focalizzano attorno al tentativo di pervenire ad una comprensione non riduttiva dell'universo utopico. L'utopia abbraccia una vasta gamma di ambiti diversi che vanno dall'ideologia alla religione, dalla filosofia sociale, alla filosofia politica e all'economia; rappresenta, dunque, un valido strumento d'indagine per analizzare la pluralità delle diverse dimensioni delle relazioni sociali. Il concetto di utopia, inteso come ricerca di una legge ideale sulla quale fondare le istituzioni sociali, è già presente nel mondo antico, si manifesta nel mondo medievale nella forma millenarista del ritorno di Cristo, per divenire quasi un genere letterario a sé stante nel Rinascimento. Man mano che ci si avvicina ai tempi più recenti le utopie si colorano sempre più di interesse sociale e di progettualità politica. Ai primi interpreti di queste utopie, viene dato generalmente il nome di socialisti utopisti. Nella seconda metà dell'Ottocento iniziano le storie dell'utopia che s'intrecciano — in particolare con Marx ed Engels — con la storia del socialismo. Nel frattempo, lungo il Novecento si assistite ad un drastico cambio di prospettiva il cui bersaglio polemico è l'universo totalitario e i pericoli derivanti dall'uso distorto della scienza e della tecnologia che porterà all'affermazione delle distopie come genere letterario. Gli ultimi decenni, invece, anche a causa della pessimismo della ragione moderna e del pensiero debole, si sono caratterizzati per una crisi ed una sfiducia generalizzata nei confronti della politica da un lato e dall'affermazione dell'ideologia neoliberale dall'altro. In questo periodo, inoltre, l'utopia vive una certa marginalità filosofica e appare incapace di offrire al mondo un orizzonte nuovo. La speranza è riposta nei nuovi movimenti sociali che si stanno dimostrando i più strenui difensori dell'ambiente e dei beni comuni. Gli unici attualmente che, pur tra mille difficoltà, cercano di opporsi all'ideologia mercatista del pensiero unico, e di proporre un'alternativa comunitaria. ; [eng] This research aims to provide a complete reconstruction of the salient aspects of utopia, whose thoughts are focused around the attempt to achieve a non-reductive understanding of the utopian universe. The utopia embraces a wide range of different areas ranging from ideology, religion, social philosophy, political philosophy and economics. Therefore, it represents a useful tool to analyze the plurality of the different dimensions of social relations. The concept of utopia, understood as a search for an ideal law on which to base social institutions, is already present in the ancient world, it manifests itself in the medieval world in the millennialist form of return of Christ, to become almost a literature genre in the Renaissance. As you get closer to more recent times, utopias are increasingly colored of social interest and political planning. The name of utopian socialists is generally given to the first interpreters of these utopias. In the second half of the nineteenth century, especially with Marx and Engels, the utopia stories begin to intertwine with the history of socialism. Instead, along the twentieth century occurs a drastic change of perspective, whose polemical target is the totalitarian universe and the dangers arising from the use of the distorted science and technology that will lead to the affirmation of dystopias as a literary genre. The last decades, however, partly because of the crisis of modern reason and "weak thought", were characterized by a crisis and a generalized distrust of politics on the one hand, and affirmation of neoliberalism ideology on the other. In this period, the utopia lives a sort of philosophical marginality and it seems unable to offer new horizons to the world. The hope is now placed in the new social movements that are proving to be the most strenuous defenders of the environment and public goods. They currently are the only ones who, in spite of thousand difficulties, try to oppose to the "single thought" and to the unbridled competition, and propose a communitarian alternative

The choice of bio-political plane of immanence - the life and its productivity that is exposed to the capture but always escapes - is the strong point of Deleuze's revolution; it is also the point that Deleuze is forced to think again unceasingly, since it must mark the distance between the neoliberal and the libertarian differentialism he promotes. Deleuze's struggle (then current) is now outdated, against an evanescent fetish. The Oedipus, against which Deleuze moves his joyous war machine, is dissolved by the social explosion of differences, that the same Deleuzian thought invites to "letting be". Against the interpretation (Lazzarato) that leads capitalism to debt, the Value works differently by the Law and refers to the logic of not-All. The market scene, with its crossing of choices, desires, communication proposals, has common features with the Deleuzian ontology. The institutionalist choice of Deleuze engages the pragmatic plan of humean tradition, highlighting once again the relationship with the market.

The purpose of this article is to reconstruct the philosophical origins of neoliberalism, especially through two great classics of nineteenth and twentieth century thought: Friedrich Nietzsche and Friedrich Hayek.The comparative analysis of some cornerstones of these two thinkers, which in other aspects are very different, aims to demonstrate how contemporary neoliberalism is the result of a long journey in the field of ideas. Yet, both the origins of neoliberalism can be traced to the distant past, as the effects of this economic ideology produce effects in the present time. Present time that is characterized by a pandemic emergency that reveals many points of contact with the foundations of the neoliberal ideology. In short, never as today rethinking Nietzsche and Hayek means understanding the limits and contradictions of a society afflicted by more than one virus. Neoliberalism; Spontaneous order; Innocence of becoming; Nietzsche; Hayek; political philosophy; Covid-19.