The library has long lost its institutional aura as a result of the spread of information technologies, the stratification of information and knowledge contents into levels which libraries have not included in their operating horizons and the proliferation of information services, established by legislative provisions (Public Relations Offices) or to respond to the demand, unfortunately unsatisfied by traditional library services, to manage information of a broad range of origin and type. Against a backdrop of cuts in social and infrastructure spending, local councils are finding it increasingly difficult to justify the operating budget for a library service which confines itself to managing its few "traditional" functions, which appear increasingly marginal in this context of technological progress. The library therefore faces the perennial risk of ignoring or underevaluating the external reality, and thus remaining on the sidelines of those processes being experienced by the most dynamic elements of society and the economy. The upshot is that the library is "not visible", nor considered as of strategic value by those groups which represent the most important social interests. Moreover, the free, conscious, independent and critical citizen is both a problem and need for libraries. A problem as he engenders complex and new questions and a need in that the quality of libraries' impact on the social and cultural environment derives from a process where the role of the user and the level of his capacity to make use of information resources condition the envisaged result of investments in libraries. Civic networks, which made their debut in Italy in 1995, threaten to further push libraries to the sidelines of the information access strategies developed by local authorities. Public libraries should therefore promote themselves as "pivots" of civic networks, not only by participating in the planning of the information contents and organisation of the service, but also, and above all, by acting as a sort of "civil bulwark", in other words ensuring that civic networks are opportunities for freedom, enrichment of knowledge and do not become mere electronic bulletin boards made available by the authorities which financed them. The latter function is crucial but necessary as it inserts itself in that very delicate and much-debated relation between democracy, "cyberspace civilisation" and information technology and, at the same time, embodies the profound sense of the librarian profession's ethics for civil society and librarians themselves. It is worth noting that the libraries which were first included or were protagonists of the civic networking projects in the United States were those which were particularly responsive to the concept of the library as a bulwark of freedom of access to information. This took place in a country where the consciousness of intellectuals and of the strong social groups to the defence and extension of civil liberties has an importance which is almost unknown not only in Italy, but also in most European countries. Libraries and civil rights movements constitute an effective structure for rebuffing the underlying authoritarian entropy inherent in technology. As the arrangement of the technological infrastructures for information management is rapidly conforming to the model already in existence in the United States, the lack of such consciousness on the part of Italian libraries exposes us, first and foremost as citizens, to very serious risks as regards the defence of civil rights. The Italian Library Association (AIB) should therefore equip itself to play an appropriate role in this respect.
Nei processi di transizione energetica, il dispaccio di energia termica attraverso le reti di teleriscaldamento e la produzione di energia elettrica attraverso l'eolico rivestono un ruolo centrale. I tecnici, infatti, ritengono che la complementarietà di questi due modi di produrre e distribuire energia può essere una risposta ai problemi di bilanciamento della rete nella fase di transizione. Da un punto di vista sociale, inoltre, queste due tecnologie potrebbero contribuire a rafforzare modelli di co-fornitura coinvolgendo nuovi attori sociali nel campo energetico. Tuttavia, la loro reale evoluzione socio-organizzativa appare contraddittoria. In Italia, queste due tecnologie sono dominate da grandi utilities e non si registrano casi di circolarità tra teleriscaldamento ed eolico. Inoltre, in Italia non sembra emergere un modello univoco di transizione, ma diversi modelli regionali, che danno vita tutti insieme e con pesi diversi alla transizione su scala nazionale. L'influenza dei caratteri socio-territoriali sembra rilevante. Per questa ragione, il capitolo si focalizza sulle dimensioni istituzionali, relazionali e territoriali per spiegare come le innovazioni energetiche prendono forma nei contesti locali. Queste dimensioni sono analizzate indagando la diffusione del teleriscaldamento e dell'eolico. ; In the energy transition process, district heating networks and wind farms play a key role. The technicians believe that the complementarity between these two methods of producing electrical and thermal energy can be a response to the problems of balancing the network during the transition phase. From the social point of view, these two technologies could contribute to establish models of co-provision involving new social actors in the energy field. Despite that, the their real socio-organizational change appears contradictory. In Italy, these options are dominated by large utilities and there are no cases of circularity between wind power and district heating. Furthemore, an Italian model of transition does not emerge, but many regional models, which give a non-univocal shape to the transition on a national scale. The influence of socio-territorial features on the energy transition seem relevant. For this reason, the chapter focuses on the institutional, relational and territorial dimensions to unfold how energy innovations take place within territorial contexts. In this respect, energy transition is investigated considering both the district heating and the wind power in Italy.
The paper analyzes the socio-cultural contemporary context in terms of a contradictory unbinding of social bondings and the de-construction of work organization. The existence of multiple bondings in institutional work, even if significant and rewarding, however, have the character to be unstable, leading to insecurity in the professional identity. The concept of network, if it is to be effective and not cause suffering to the participants, requires a relentless commitment to the government and regulation of the institutional bondings.Keywords: Network working group; Professional identity; Institution ; Il contributo analizza il quadro socio-culturale contemporaneo in termini di una contraddittoria slegatura del legame sociale e della de-costruzione dell'organizzazione del lavoro. L'esistenza di più legami lavorativi, anche se significativi e gratificanti, hanno tuttavia il carattere di essere instabili, comportando insicurezza nella identità professionale. Il lavoro di rete, se vuole essere efficace e non produrre sofferenza ai partecipanti, richiede un incessante impegno nel governo e nella regolazione dei legami istituiti.Keywords: Lavoro di rete; Identità professionale; Istituzione
Is culture significantly changing its course? The authors try identifying different change processes that seem to be accentuated in the suspended, multiform and unstable time of pandemic lock-down. Such dynamics make evident and collectively representable some endemic oscillations in our era: between derealisation and physical space perception, between digital devices as super-mediums and networks as infrastructure, between desocialisation and human interdependency consciousness, between "media ceremony" rituals and a dystopian and uncanny imagery, between delegitimisation and re-legitimisation of policy and science competencies. In the background, a theoretical discussion remains on the validity or the impossibility of opposition between the unconstrained "person", considered like flesh, suffering body, and a "subject", seen as a texture of command, control, institutional crystallizations, ultimately as a social language. Different levels of conflict are getting moreand more visible on the media scene, especially the cultural, social, geopolitical and political collisions, being root into the collective imagery and discourse, towards which it is necessary to direct research. Cultural conflicts arise from bureaucratic organizations inability to hybridize with networks, and from an education system brutally projected in the online dimension. Social conflicts particularly concern the labour market, subjected to an enormous stress and transformation between opportunities and dramatic risks. Geopolitical and political conflicts stemming from movements of historical importance embody two opposing ways of capital exiting from the world crisis: financialisation vs investment in infrastructure, research and development, and new welfare and industry forms.
From European policies to Local Government's projects for a Territorial Social Responsibility. The case of Marche Region Territorial Social Responsibility (TSR) is founded on the rediscovery of the values shared by economic, social and institutional actors within a territory. CSR-oriented partnerships between local and private partners can be considered as a new generation of policies which are the result of a common path founded on collaboration. The shift from Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to collective responsibility sees institutions and organisations (public and private, for profit and non-profit) participating in a form of economic development that is socially and environmentally sustainable. Drawing from the above consideration, after having analysed how the concept of TSR has been adopted in the EU policies and in the Italian national plan, the aim of our research is the evaluation of Italian local government initiatives to promote Corporate Social Responsibility through public-private network. The empirical study is focused on the "Regione Marche" experience, which is an example of shared territorial governance and of a practive model aimed at promoting a territorial sustainable development
Il presente saggio esamina il rapporto tra le istituzioni politico-giuridiche e l'integrazione sociale, a partire dalle riflessioni filosofiche dell'antichità classica di Platone, Aristotele e Polibio, per giungere all'età contemporanea e al ruolo della rete informatica e dei social media. Dal punto di vista istituzionale, si descrivono le teorie sulle forme di Stato e di governo, con peculiare riferimento allo sviluppo dell'idea di governo misto come primo mezzo di integrazione sociale; e, sotto questo versante, diviene centrale il concetto di medietas, quale collante essenziale della collettività. ; This essay aims to examine the relationship between political-legal institutions and social integration. It starts by analysing some crucial reflections of the classical philosophical thought pursued by Plato, Aristotle and Polybius, and following that it studies the impact that computer networks and social media are having on these subjects. From an institutional point of view, the theories on the forms of state and government are described with a specific focus on the development of the idea of mixed government as the first means of social integration. Thus, the concept of medietas becomes central, as the essential glue of a political community.
International audience ; In the energy transition process, district heating networks and wind farms play a key role. The technicians believe that the complementarity between these two methods of producing electrical and thermal energy can be a response to the problems of balancing the network during the transition phase. From the social point of view, these two technologies could contribute to establish models of co-provision involving new social actors in the energy field. Despite that, the their real socio-organizational change appears contradictory. In Italy, these options are dominated by large utilities and there are no cases of circularity between wind power and district heating. Furthemore, an Italian model of transition does not emerge, but many regional models, which give a non-univocal shape to the transition on a national scale. The influence of socio-territorial features on the energy transition seem relevant. For this reason, the chapter focuses on the institutional, relational and territorial dimensions to unfold how energy innovations take place within territorial contexts. In this respect, energy transition is investigated considering both the district heating and the wind power in Italy. ; Nei processi di transizione energetica, il dispaccio di energia termica attraverso le reti di teleriscaldamento e la produzione di energia elettrica attraverso l'eolico rivestono un ruolo centrale. I tecnici, infatti, ritengono che la complementarietà di questi due modi di produrre e distribuire energia può essere una risposta ai problemi di bilanciamento della rete nella fase di transizione. Da un punto di vista sociale, inoltre, queste due tecnologie potrebbero contribuire a rafforzare modelli di co-fornitura coinvolgendo nuovi attori sociali nel campo energetico. Tuttavia, la loro reale evoluzione socio-organizzativa appare contraddittoria. In Italia, queste due tecnologie sono dominate da grandi utilities e non si registrano casi di circolarità tra teleriscaldamento ed eolico. Inoltre, in Italia non sembra ...
La tesi vuole indagare le condizioni che favoriscono l'attivismo dei familiari delle vittime in contesti ad alto-rischio attraverso l'analisi del processo di mobilitazione di questo tipo di attori sociali. A partire dalla cornice teorica di stampo sociologico relativa allo studio dei movimenti sociali, questo elaborato mira a costruire una risposta multifattoriale mediante una triplice prospettiva centrata sul contesto socio-politico (macro), sugli attori e i networks (meso) e sull'individuo (micro). La ricerca è basata sull'approfondimento di un singolo caso studio: Fuerzas Unidas por Nuestros Desaparecidos en Coahuila y en México – FUUNDEC-M, un collettivo di familiari di vittime di sparizione forzata nato e sviluppatosi nello stato messicano nord-orientale di Coahuila, una regione caratterizzata dalla presenza della criminalità organizzata e da alti livelli di violenza, impunità e corruzione politico-istituzionale. ; The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the conditions that encourage the activism of victims' relatives in high-risk contexts. It will be possible through the analysis of the process of mobilization of these kind of social actors. Based on sociological literature of social movements, the research aims to give a multifactorial response to this peculiar collective action. Three dimensions of analysis will be taken into consideration: the socio-political context (macro), the actors and networks (meso) and the individual (micro). This work focuses the attention on a single case study: Fuerzas Unidas por Nuestros Desaparecidos en Coahuila y en México – FUUNDEC-M. This collective of relatives of forced disappearances' victims was born and developed in the North-eastern Mexican state of Coahuila, a region characterized by the presence of organized crime and high levels of violence, impunity and political-institutional corruption.
In the last decades a growing awareness emerged of the relevance of corruption as an hidden factor which may negatively affect political and economic decision-making processes. In spite of a lively scientific debate there is no general consensus on a commonly accepted definition of what corruption is. The A. distinguishes three main paradigms, focusing on different (though not irreconcilable) variables. The first is the economic paradigm, which usually takes the principal-agent model of corruption as its founding pillar. In this paradigm corruption is considered the outcome of rational individual choices, and its spread within a certain organization is influenced by the factors defining the structure of expected costs and rewards. A second approach – the cultural paradigm – looks at the differences in cultural traditions, social norms and interiorized values which shape individuals' moral preferences and consideration of his social and institutional role. These are a leading forces that can push a corrupt public or private agent (not) to violate legal norms. A third neo-institutional approach considers also mechanisms which allow the internal regulation of social interactions within corrupt networks, and their effects on individuals' beliefs and preferences. Though the corrupt agreements cannot be enforced with legal sanctions, several informal, non-written rules, contractual provisos and conventions may regulate the corrupt exchange between agent and corruptor. The A. underlines that corruption is the outcome of a multitude of individual and collective choices which change public opinion towards corruption and its diffusion throughout the state, markets and civil society. There is no univocal recipe to deal with anti-bribery measures, since corruption is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Reforms aimed at dismantling systemic corruption have to be finely tuned against its hidden governance structures, i.e. its internal regulation of exchanges and relationships. Otherwise, a vicious circle may emerge: the more an anti-corruption policy is needed, because corruption is systemic and enforced by effective third-parties, the less probable its formulation and implementation. Only when official rules are complemented by coherent informal institutions, bottom-up initiatives, they tend to produce the expected outcomes and make anticorruption regulation more effective.
In recent years, the research questions of foreigners and of the commercial use of consuls has attracted renewed scholarly attention. This dissertation aims to continue the reflections of these works by focusing on rights and privileges of protected foreign subjects and consuls during the early modern period. By examining the status of Venetian subjects and consuls in early modern Ottoman society this dissertation underscores the processes of identification that determined the social inclusion or exclusion of individuals among the category of protected foreigners. The dissertation has three main goals. The first is to analyse the professional and social background of consuls in the Eastern Mediterranean between seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This point focuses on the ability of some individuals to enjoy some privileges, from which non-Muslim "locals" were excluded, by constituting social associations with the Republic of Venice. The second goal is to examine the reasons that motivated these individuals to seek a formal recognition of their status as consuls. This examination underscores the processes of appointment of consuls and the role of candidates on the configuration of consular systems. The last goal proposes an analysis of the role played by Venetian consuls in the diffusion of legal procedures of identification and registration, and it focuses on the use of legal and diplomatic resources in identification disputes. It particularly points out which were the documents and social practices that determined one's membership and his registration in the Venetian nation in the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, it analyses identification disputes dating from 1670 to 1715 between Venetian consuls and Ottomans officials by focusing on how the cross-cultural diplomatic negotiations of these disputes were channeled through the Ottoman petition system. The cases presented will provide important insights on the instability of belonging, in which the classification of individuals was determined by rigid fiscal and legal categories as well as by more fluid social relations. This dissertation aims, therefore, to offer a new consideration on the utility of consuls for the different social groups that benefitted from consular services dating from 1670 to 1715. Overall, it seeks to demonstrate that the consulates in the Ottoman Empire, interpreted in their social utility, must be considered as actors able of influencing jurisdictional practices and creating new norms through constant negotiations with institutions and with individual actors. This dissertation relies on documentation preserved at the Archivio di Stato di Venezia — in most cases, letters sent by the Venetian consuls to the bailo, the permanent ambassador in Istanbul. Usually contained petitionary reports, these consular letters rhetorically requested the restoration of justice, that is to say, either the enforcement of a legal resource or the redress of unjust identification committed by the local authorities. Decrees and letters written by different Venetian institution concerning consuls, trade and migration policy will be analysed to underscore the efficiency consuls had for the Venetian government. Finally, studying legal documents produced by consulate chancellery provide an important insight into the social life of the Venetian community in the Ottoman Empire. This research casts light upon institutional resources available to social actors to produce evidence of their own identity in a context of jurisdictional competition. But it will also show how the ability to enjoy some privileges, and not only some rights, through diplomatic negotiation decided the classification of people as foreigners or subjects.
The historic Centre of Genoa, that has suffered a rapid decline in the 1970s and 1980s caused by a severe crisis of port activities, start to find again its cultural and artistic identity thanks to the restoration and the valorization of all forms of movable and immovable cultural heritage, monuments, historical sites and buildings.A series of international events will contribute to regained to the old city the lost political, economic and social importance: the Columbus Expo in 1992; the G8 Summit in 2001 and the Genoa European Capital of Culture in 2004.In these occasions the old harbor, closed to the citizens until the 1992, was renovated in part by Renzo Piano Building Workshop, becoming the area that today we call Expo.This project is only a first step in a path of requalification which must still be concluded: after the Affresco, the urban vision suggested by Renzo Piano to Genoa in 2004, in the 2016 the architect present a second proposal, the BluePrint. The important events that Genoa hosted from 1990 to now were a stepping stone for a series of cultural proposals not only by institutional bodies but also by private or association networks, that invest in artistic initiatives in order to revitalize the peripheral areas of the historic Centre. ; Il centro storico di Genova, che nel corso degli anni settanta e ottanta aveva subito un repentino declino influenzato dalla crisi delle attività portuali, inizia a ritrovare la sua identità culturale e artistica attraverso il recupero e la valorizzazione del suo patrimonio mobile e immobile. Il centro storico riacquisisce l'importanza politica, economica e sociale perduta grazie a una serie di eventi dal respiro mondiale di cui Genova è protagonista: le Colombiadi del 1992, il G8 del 2001, GeNova 2004 Capitale Europea della Cultura. In occasione di tali eventi il Porto Antico, fino agli anni '80 ancora precluso alla cittadinanza, viene in parte rinnovato da Renzo Piano, divenendo quello che oggi conosciamo come Expo. Tale progetto è solo una prima tappa di un percorso di riqualificazione che tuttora deve essere completato: dopo la visione urbanistica che l'Affresco di Piano aveva prospettato nel 2004, nel 2016 l'architetto genovese presenta una seconda proposta, il BluPrint. I grandi eventi che Genova ha ospitato dal 1990 a oggi sono stati, quindi, trampolino di lancio per una serie di proposte culturali non più solo a livello istituzionale ma anche da parte di realtà private o associazionistiche che investono in iniziative a carattere artistico al fine di rivitalizzare le zone periferiche che il centro ancora conserva.
The relation between anthropology and history, as well as that between history and social memory, have always been controversial, because of what may be termed a reciprocal amnesia, or worse, the confusion of roles and spaces. Well before its "reflexive turn" anthropology, albeit aware of the importance of history, produced descriptions of isolated populations immersed in a timeless present or representing their past through cyclical and repetitive schemes. This was congenial to a simultaneity hyphen based analysis where myths, rites, kinship and so on could be routed in the same logic. Moreover the indistinct and narrative face of every oral and autobiographical testimony, its subjectivity, and the lack of a shared method in the witness recollection only made things worse. Nevertheless, the critical use of the different disciplines could permit a more complex and articulate understanding of past and present structures through which a collectivity represents and communicates itself and its values, reiterating the same configuration and discovering other ways to rethink it. As shown in interviews carried out with two Maltese informants, the local interpretative and reified structure of the Maltese milieu assumes the definite and accepted shape of a political "irresoluble" opposition, traces the paths and the steps of a life story, organizes in a divided vision a certain temporal course. But the possibility to delve deep in the complexity of each particular narrative can also make a breach for further, alternative and more complex representations of their context, both synchronic and diachronic. The study is based on a long term fieldwork in Malta. The main sources are the narratives of a good number of informants. My sample was based on a number of criteria including and depending on the position occupied in the political and cultural field, as well as the networks they are embedded in. They belonged both to the official, institutional field rather than the popular one and come from every part of the island. I met some of them only for one formal taped interview, while with others I managed to entertain a more engaged relation consisting of multiple meetings during which the level of reciprocal trust grew into ever stronger confidence. The fieldwork includes also participation in political meetings and public events as well as indepth analyses of written sources. ; peer-reviewed
L'obiettivo della tesi è analizzare in profondità un tema complesso come la povertà. Il fenomeno è in costante crescita, distribuito in modo sempre più eterogeneo nel territorio, con più categorie di persone a rischio esclusione ed isolamento sociale. Nel testo si propongono numerose definizioni di povertà, trattandosi di un termine polisemico e pertanto complicato e riduttivo da racchiudere in una definizione univoca o del tutto esente da giudizi di valore. L'elaborato ne evidenzia le molteplici dimensioni - sociale, economica, relazionale, sanitaria, alimentare, educativa e culturale - che lo caratterizzano, le cause che lo determinano e le conseguenze che può scaturire. Tuttavia, risulta complicato individuarle con precisione in quanto possono presentarsi congiuntamente e variano in base allo spazio e al tempo, per cui impossibili da generalizzare. Si analizza anche il concetto di esclusione sociale, valutato in rapporto a quello di povertà. I due fenomeni solo apparentemente sono sinonimi perché in realtà non coincidono esattamente: il primo costituisce solo una delle dimensioni, seppur ampia e complessa, del secondo. L'emergere di nuovi bisogni complessi, che hanno colpito sia il singolo individuo che il gruppo e la collettività, ha richiesto un cambiamento operativo a livello istituzionale, dove si incentiva una programmazione integrata socio-sanitaria e si applica un approccio manageriale alle pubbliche amministrazioni; a livello gestionale, in cui si punta a promuovere un metodo di lavoro multidisciplinare e l'utilizzo della co-progettazione come strumento innovativo in campo sociale; a livello professionale, con l'assistente sociale che non è un semplice erogatore di servizi e prestazioni, ma ricopre più ruoli nel corso del processo di aiuto, valuta globalmente la situazione, promuove la risorse della persona e della comunità e favorisce la costruzione di una rete sociale territoriale. Inoltre, vi è la necessità di innovare e rendere più efficienti ed esigibili i servizi e gli interventi assistenziali e cambiare la prospettiva professionale di aiuto. Si passa da un processo di carattere residuale e prevalentemente riparatorio alla costruzione condivisa di interventi personalizzati che promuovono altresì l'autonomia e l'empowerment dell'utente e ne rafforzano la capacità di problem solving e le relazioni sociali. La parte centrale del lavoro, è dedicata al ruolo del Servizio Sociale nel contrasto alla povertà, che ha assunto nel tempo maggiore protagonismo in fase programmatoria ed è stato investito di più funzioni in campo operativo. Il servizio sociale professionale sta progressivamente acquistando una duplice funzione – promozionale e preventiva. Si passa dal lavoro sull'utente al lavoro con l'utente, con il soggetto che non è più passivo all'interno del progetto di aiuto personalizzato, bensì ne diventa parte attiva, superando una logica meramente assistenziale. La nascita di "nuove povertà", spesso derivanti da cause diverse e plurime, ha ampliato le categorie di persone a rischio povertà, che le politiche sociali e il sistema di welfare non riescono a ridurre. Si descrivono i soggetti più vulnerabili e le tipologie di bisogni che possono manifestarsi nel corso della vita della persona, riprendendo la classificazione piramidale di Maslow. Si valorizzano la modalità di lavoro multidisciplinare, le reti sociali e lo strumento della co-progettazione. La partecipazione di più professionisti e/o volontari consente di integrare competenze, punti di vista e risorse per poter rispondere in modo più efficiente e mirato alle esigenze del cittadino o della comunità. Le reti sociali rappresentano una elemento importante per la definizione di un progetto di aiuto in quanto consentono di mettere in campo le risorse informali esistenti, integrarle con i servizi territoriali e valorizzare/rafforzare i legami sociali per contrastare il disagio, ridurre le fragilità e prevenire l'emergere di una nuova situazione di difficoltà. La co-progettazione è uno strumento che promuove una partnership formale tra pubblica amministrazione, terzo settore e società civile, finalizzata alla realizzazione di interventi sociali integrati e innovativi. Si affronta il tema della lotta alla povertà e all'esclusione sociale dal punto di vista politico, che negli ultimi anni ha assunto un ruolo centrale all'interno delle agende nazionali, portando all'attuazione di diverse politiche sociali per contrastarne e prevenirne la diffusione. Uno sguardo più generale è stato rivolto al panorama europeo, esaminando le principali strategie di intervento e di programmazione sociale, per poi concentrarsi sul caso italiano, descrivendo il sistema di welfare nazionale e locale e le politiche di inclusione sociale, sempre più orientate al duplice obiettivo di sostegno economico e autodeterminazione del beneficiario. Un'importante attenzione è dedicata al contesto territoriale quale luogo più vicino al cittadino e ambito di riferimento per l'analisi di bisogni, risorse, potenzialità e criticità. La sfida attuale è quella di promuovere una comunità in grado di "autocurarsi" e di creare una rete assistenziale socio-sanitaria per potenziare e rendere più efficace il pacchetto dei servizi offerti e disincentivare l'istituzionalizzazione della persona. La seconda parte del testo si riporta l'esempio di quanto è stato attuato in una realtà territoriale per il contrasto alla povertà e all'esclusione sociale. Si analizza quindi la strategia adottata nel Comune di Capannori, quale ente capofila della Piana di Lucca e una delle zone distretto professionalmente più avanzate, in cui è stato co-costruito un tavolo tecnico, potenziata l'equipe multidisciplinare ed incentivata la co-progettazione con il Terzo settore, promuovendo la nascita di un nuovo modello operativo. Si descrivono brevemente alcuni progetti realizzati nel territorio, relativi all'inclusione sociale e lavorativa, al supporto educativo e familiare e all'emergenza abitativa, evidenziando la presa in carico multidisciplinare e la collaborazione tra enti pubblici e del privato sociale. Nel capitolo conclusivo, viene descritta l'evoluzione della povertà dopo la crisi economica del 2008 da un punto di vista maggiormente statistico, anche qui rivolgendo un duplice sguardo al contesto europeo ed italiano. La parte finale è dedicata ad una lettura della situazione in relazione all'impatto generato dalla pandemia Covid-19, che ha avuto forti ripercussioni sia sulla salute dei cittadini che sul mercato del lavoro e sull'economia mondiale, facendo registrare un aumento esponenziale del numero di persone e famiglie a rischio povertà e la crescita della forbice della disuguaglianza. The goal of the thesis is to analyze in depth a complex issue such as poverty. The phenomenon is constantly growing, distributed in an increasingly heterogeneous way in the territory, with more categories of people at risk of social exclusion and isolation. Numerous definitions of poverty are proposed in the text, since it is a polysemic term and therefore complicated and reductive to be enclosed in a single definition or completely free from value judgments. The paper highlights the multiple dimensions - social, economic, relational, health, food, educational and cultural - that characterize it, the causes that determine it and the consequences that can arise. However, it is difficult to identify them precisely as they can occur jointly and vary according to space and time, making them impossible to generalize. The concept of social exclusion is also analyzed, evaluated in relation to that of poverty. The two phenomena are only apparently synonymous because in reality they do not exactly coincide: the first constitutes only one of the dimensions, albeit large and complex, of the second. The emergence of new complex needs, which have affected both the individual and the group and the community, has required an operational change at an institutional level, where integrated social and health planning is encouraged and a managerial approach is applied to public administrations; at the management level, which aims to promote a multidisciplinary working method and the use of co-design as an innovative tool in the social field; at a professional level, with the social worker who is not a simple provider of services and benefits, but covers several roles during the help process, evaluates the situation globally, promotes the resources of the person and the community and favors the construction of a territorial social network. Furthermore, there is a need to innovate and make welfare services and interventions more efficient and payable and change the professional perspective of help. We move from a residual and mainly restorative process to the shared construction of personalized interventions that also promote the autonomy and empowerment of the user and strengthen their problem-solving skills and social relationships. The central part of the work is dedicated to the role of the Social Service in combating poverty, which over time has taken on greater prominence in the planning phase and has been invested with more functions in the operational field. The professional social service is gradually acquiring a dual function - promotional and preventive. We move from working on the user to working with the user, with the subject who is no longer passive within the personalized aid project, but becomes an active part of it, overcoming a merely welfare logic. The birth of "new poverties", often deriving from different and multiple causes, has widened the categories of people at risk of poverty, which social policies and the welfare system cannot reduce. The most vulnerable subjects and the types of needs that may arise during the person's life are described, taking up Maslow's pyramid classification. The multidisciplinary working method, social networks and the tool of co-planning are enhanced. The participation of several professionals and / or volunteers makes it possible to integrate skills, points of view and resources in order to respond more efficiently and targeted to the needs of citizens or the community. Social networks represent an important element for the definition of an aid project as they make it possible to deploy existing informal resources, integrate them with local services and enhance / strengthen social ties to combat hardship, reduce fragility and prevent emergence of a new difficult situation. Co-planning is a tool that promotes a formal partnership between public administration, third sector and civil society, aimed at the realization of integrated and innovative social interventions. It deals with the issue of the fight against poverty and social exclusion from a political point of view, which in recent years has assumed a central role within national agendas, leading to the implementation of various social policies to combat and prevent its spread. A more general look was turned to the European panorama, examining the main intervention strategies and social planning, and then focusing on the Italian case, describing the national and local welfare system and the social inclusion policies, increasingly oriented to the dual objective. of economic support and self-determination of the beneficiary. Important attention is paid to the territorial context as a place closest to the citizen and a reference area for the analysis of needs, resources, potential and critical issues. The current challenge is to promote a community capable of "self-healing" and to create a social and health care network to enhance and make the package of services offered more effective and discourage the institutionalization of the person. The second part of the text gives an example of what has been implemented in a territorial reality for the fight against poverty and social exclusion. The strategy adopted in the Municipality of Capannori is then analyzed, as the leading body of the Piana di Lucca and one of the most professionally advanced district areas, in which a technical table has been co-built, the multidisciplinary team strengthened and co-planning with the third sector, promoting the birth of a new operating model. Some projects carried out in the area are briefly described, relating to social and work inclusion, educational and family support and housing emergency, highlighting the multidisciplinary management and collaboration between public and private social entities. In the concluding chapter, the evolution of poverty after the 2008 economic crisis is described from a more statistical point of view, again with a double look at the European and Italian context. The final part is dedicated to a reading of the situation in relation to the impact generated by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has had strong repercussions both on the health of citizens and on the labor market and on the world economy, recording an exponential increase in the number of people and families at risk of poverty and the growth of the inequality gap.
Dottorato di ricerca in Economia e territorio ; La tesi prende il via da una ricerca qualitativa e quantitativa condotta nei centri sociali anziani autogestiti della provincia di Viterbo, affiliati ANCeSCAO, su di un campione di 393 soci. La presenza del capitale sociale (da adesso cs) è stata declinata nelle relazioni fra salute, felicità, fiducia e il "capability approach" di Amartya Sen, considerato come una forma di cs. L'indagine dimostra relazioni tendenziali fra cs e salute, evidenziate da una riduzione di farmaci e ricoveri, e una relazione significativa tra felicità e cs, considerando che la media nel Lazio sulla soddisfazione della propria vita è al 31%, nel campione ANCeSCAO è al 55%. Nel rapporto tra fiducia specifica e generalizzata: pur essendo bassa la fiducia "istituzionale", la stessa non impedisce il "civic engagment", rilevabile dalla disponibilità ad aiutare la comunità locale (65%) e dal voto alle ultime elezioni politiche (89%). Risulta confermato anche l'approccio delle capability, per cui l'ambiente sociale e l'aumento delle conoscenze/competenze ha un ruolo sulla libertà e sul benessere degli individui. Dalla ricerca appare, invece, smentita l'idea che un cs di tipo "bonding" sia da ostacolo allo sviluppo, infatti, gli iscritti ai centri anziani, oltre ad aiutare gli altri iscritti, sono inseriti in maniera cruciale nel territorio, favorendone la coesione, ma anche aiutando finanziariamente altre associazioni locali, o contribuendo a ridurre il disagio di eventi castrofici, con una raccolte fondi. Gli approcci teorici che vedrebbero i mondi associativi esaurire la portata sociale al loro interno, non sono confermati nella presente ricerca, la quale conferma, invece, la visione del cs di Robert Putnam. L'indagine suggerisce ai policy maker, un significativo sospostamento delle risorse, dai traferimenti diretti, alle reti come ANCeSCAO, al fine di garantire welfare abilitanti e sostenibili, economie di scala, di scopo e della conoscenza. Infine, il valore aggiunto di ANCeSCAO risiedere nella buona organizzazione burocratica, e nella promozione di valori democratici, che hanno un impatto anche sulla comunità locale. ; The thesis starts from a qualitative and quantitative research conducted in elderly self-managed social centers of the province of Viterbo, affiliates Ancescao, on a sample of 393 members. The presence of the social capital (hence cs) has been declined in the relationship between health, happiness, trust and the "capability approach" of Amartya Sen, considered as a form of cs. The survey shows relationships between cs and health trends, highlighted by a reduction consumption of medicines and hospitalizations, and a significant relationship between happiness and cs, whereas the average in Lazio on life satisfaction is 31%, the sample has to Ancescao 55%. In the relationship between specific and generalized trust: despite being low confidence "institutional", the same does not prevent the "civic engagment", detectable by the willingness to help the local community (65%) and the vote at the last election (89%) . It is also confirmed the approach of capability, so the social environment and the increase of knowledge/skills has a role on the freedom and individual well-being. From research it appears, however, refuted the idea that a CS-type "bonding" is an obstacle to development, in fact, those enrolled in elderly centers, in addition to helping other members, are included in a crucial area, promoting cohesion but also providing financial support to other local associations, or helping people with fundraisers. The theoretical approaches that would see the associative worlds exhaust the social significance in them, are not confirmed in this study, which confirms, however, the vision of the cs of Robert Putnam. The survey suggests to the policy makers, to move finacial resources, from direct money-transfer to networks as Ancescao, to ensure welfare and enabling sustainable economies of scale, scope and knowledge. Finally, the value added of Ancescao is base on a good bureaucratic organization, and the promotion of democratic values, which have an impact on the local community.
Negli ultimi anni la crisi economica ha colpito con forza l'intero Sud Europa, esasperando dinamiche di impoverimento e precarizzazione di lungo periodo. In Italia e in Spagna, tra gli altri, si è assistito a mobilitazioni contro la precarietà lavorativa e esistenziale. In questo contributo vengono presi in esame i movimenti contro la precarietà in Italia e in Spagna, allo scopo di analizzarne la genesi, gli sviluppi e le prospettive future. In particolare, il paper si concentra sulle rivendicazioni dei movimenti, l'autorappresentazione, la struttura delle alleanze e le strategie di azione, mettendo in luce i risultati delle proteste e i repertori discorsivi e di azione. | In the last years, the economic crisis heavily hit all the Southern European States, exacerbating well rooted dynamics of impoverishment and precarization. In Italy and Spain, among others, social movements against labour and existential precarity developed and took the streets, receiving a high degree of media attention. In this paper we focus on the movements against precarity in Italy and Spain, in order to analyse their genesis, developments, and future opportunities. In particular, the paper focuses on the movements' claims, their self-representation, the structure of alliances and their strategies of action, highlighting the results of the protests and the repertories of discourse and action. ; In the last years, the economic crisis heavily hit all the Southern European States, exacerbating well rooted dynamics of impoverishment and precarization. In Italy and Spain, among others, social movements against labour and existential precarity developed and took the streets, receiving a high degree of media attention. In this paper we focus on the movements against precarity in Italy and Spain, in order to analyse their genesis, developments, and future opportunities. In particular, the paper focuses on the movements' claims, their self-representation, the structure of alliances and their strategies of action, highlighting the results of the protests and the repertories of discourse and action. ; Extended abstract: In the last years, the economic crisis heavily hit all the Southern European States, exacerbating well rooted dynamics of impoverishment and precarization. In Italy and Spain, among others, social movements against labour and existential precarity developed and took the streets, receiving a high degree of media attention. In this paper we focus on the movements against precarity in Italy and Spain, in order to analyse their genesis, developments, symbolic discourse and future opportunities. In particular, the paper focuses on the movements' claims, their self-representation, the structure of alliances and their strategies of action, highlighting the results of the protests and the repertories of discourse and action. In Italy, the discourse against precarity can be divided into three phases: until the mid-2000s, a grassroots network of actors developed, addressing the flexibility of jobs and the fragmentation of the labour market, while the trade unions organized attempts of including atypical workers. The second phase is characterized by the widespread use of the term precariousness outside of the environments in which it was developed, by a massive use of the job's rights, and the increasing awareness of the difficulties of organizing precarious workers. In the third phase, precarity has become a common reference for workers' protests and broader activism, and a widespread and legitimate word in the public sphere as well. In Spain, mobilizations against precarity mainly developed in the aftermath of the economic crisis, and especially since 2010-2011, thanks to the action of JSF and, later, of the 15M movement. The claims against precarity are strictly intertwined with the broader claims on the right to housing and the lack of prospects for the youth, as well as to a deep disaffection towards the institutional politics, therefore they have an intrinsic and instant 'political' nature. The activists, indeed: seek for the societal consensus and, for this reason, they interact with the media, both grassroots and mainstream; put in place and activate wide networks of mobilization and alliances; and contribute to political experiences, such as Podemos and Ahora Madrid. Movements' differences are mainly related to their self-representation and action strategies. While in Spain the protests focus on the 'lack of' (future, jobs, security), in Italy they refuse a 'victimization' discourse, promoting a self-empowerment subjectivity. On the other hand, while in Italy action took place mainly in the field of labour and workers struggle –and the public sphere– in Spain activists went political, by contributing to the 15M movement, Mareas, Podemos, and Ahora Madrid. In this article we analyse the diverse experiences of the movements and highlight similarities and differences.
