Suchergebnisse

La cronaca castigliana Gran Conquista de Ultramar, della fine del Duecento, è l'unica testimonianza iberica sulla crociata del re norvegese Sigurðr Jórsalafari (1107-1111) nonché l'unica non scandinava sul suo passaggio in Sicilia. L'articolo esplora l'ipotesi che le notizie su Sigurðr non risalgano all'epoca degli eventi, ma siano giunte in Castiglia tramite gli emissari norvegesi che, negli anni 1255-1258, negoziarono un'alleanza politica, dinastica e militare tra i due regni. Il racconto della crociata di Sigurðr sarebbe dunque servito a nobilitare la monarchia norvegese mediante la celebrazione - di fatto un uso politico - del passato. ; The Castilian chronicle Gran Conquista de Ultramar, from the end of the thirteenth century, is the only Iberian source on the crusade of the Norwegian king Sigurðr Jórsalafari (1107-1111) and the only non-Scandinavian on his passage in Sicily. The article explores the hypotheses that the news about Sigurðr does not date back to the time of the events, but arrived in Castile through the Norwegian emissaries who, in the years 1255-1258, negotiated a political, dynastic and military alliance between the two kingdoms. The story of Sigurðr's crusade would therefore have served to dignify the Norwegian monarchy through the celebration, and in fact a political use, of the past.

Compared to the rest of Western Christianitas, the process of sacralization of war in twelfth-century Norway shows some peculiar features. Although here too factors such as the cult of military or warrior saints, the defence of justice, of the patria and the Church led to the sacralization of certain types of wars, the Norwegian context differs in the centrality attributed to King Óláfr Haraldsson the Saint († 1030), national patron. Óláfr is indeed a saint who not only provides aid in battle to his successors, but in an age of civil wars is also invoked as dux and commander by Magnús Erlingsson, the legitimate ruler, and by his rival Sverrir Sigurðarson, who declare themselves to be miles and standard bearer (merkismaðr) of the saint, respectively. Ultimately, both parties claimed a special bond with the rex perpetuus Norwagie as a source of legitimation, justification and sacralization of their own cause. ; Rispetto al resto della Christianitas occidentale, nella Norvegia del XII secolo il processo di sacralizzazione della guerra mostra dei tratti peculiari. Sebbene anche qui fattori quali il culto dei santi militari o guerrieri, la difesa della giustizia, della patria e della Chiesa conducessero alla valorizzazione o sacralizzazione di taluni tipi di guerre, il contesto norvegese si distingue per la centralità attribuita a re Óláfr Haraldsson il Santo (†1030), patrono nazionale. Óláfr è infatti un santo che non solo fornisce aiuto in battaglia ai suoi successori, ma in un'epoca di guerre civili è anche invocato come dux e comandante da Magnús Erlingsson, sovrano legittimo, e dal suo rivale Sverrir Sigurðarson, che si dichiarano rispettivamente miles e vessillifero (merkismaðr) del santo. In ultima analisi, entrambe le parti in lotta rivendicano un legame speciale con il rex perpetuus Norvegiae quale fonte di legittimazione, giustificazione e sacralizzazione della propria causa.

Rispetto al resto della Christianitas occidentale, nella Norvegia del XII secolo il processo di sacralizzazione della guerra mostra dei tratti peculiari. Sebbene anche qui fattori quali il culto dei santi militari o guerrieri, la difesa della giustizia, della patria e della Chiesa conducessero alla valorizzazione o sacralizzazione di taluni tipi di guerre, il contesto norvegese si distingue per la centralità attribuita a re Óláfr Haraldsson il Santo (†1030), patrono nazionale. Óláfr è infatti un santo che non solo fornisce aiuto in battaglia ai suoi successori, ma in un'epoca di guerre civili è anche invocato come dux e comandante da Magnús Erlingsson, sovrano legittimo, e dal suo rivale Sverrir Sigurðarson, che si dichiarano rispettivamente miles e vessillifero (merkismaðr) del santo. In ultima analisi, entrambe le parti in lotta rivendicano un legame speciale con il rex perpetuus Norvegiae quale fonte di legittimazione, giustificazione e sacralizzazione della propria causa. ; Compared to the rest of Western Christianitas, the process of sacralization of war in twelfth-century Norway shows some peculiar features. Although here too factors such as the cult of military or warrior saints, the defence of justice, of the patria and the Church led to the sacralization of certain types of wars, the Norwegian context differs in the centrality attributed to King Óláfr Haraldsson the Saint († 1030), national patron. Óláfr is indeed a saint who not only provides aid in battle to his successors, but in an age of civil wars is also invoked as dux and commander by Magnús Erlingsson, the legitimate ruler, and by his rival Sverrir Sigurðarson, who declare themselves to be miles and standard bearer (merkismaðr) of the saint, respectively. Ultimately, both parties claimed a special bond with the rex perpetuus Norwagie as a source of legitimation, justification and sacralization of their own cause.

In 1942, during the Nazi occupation of Norway, teachers were intimidated into joining the Nazi Teachers' League to spread the ideology of the Reich. Eight thousand teachers protested against the threats issued and the authorities responded by imprisoning about a thousand teachers in Kirkenes camp. This led to a collective mobilization: teachers, together with the general population, staged a non-violent protest that forced the government into returning the imprisoned teachers to their classes. This contribution aims to highlight how this particular event constituted a paradigmatic moment in which awareness of the collective responsibility to safeguard free education as a common heritage for human formation emerged clearly among the teachers, society and people of Norway. ; Nel 1942, durante l'occupazione nazista della Norvegia, agli insegnanti venne intimato di unirsi alla Lega degli Insegnanti Nazisti, per diffondere l'ideologia del Reich. Ottomila professori protestarono resistendo alle minacce e le autorità risposero imprigionando diverse migliaia di docenti nel campo di Kirkenes. A quel punto la mobilitazione fu collettiva: gli insegnanti, insieme alla popolazione, misero in atto una protesta non violenta che costrinse il governo ad intervenire restituendo i docenti imprigionati alle loro classi. Il contributo si propone di evidenziare come questo evento particolare abbia costituito un momento paradigmatico in cui è emersa chiaramente negli insegnanti, nella società e nella popolazione norvegese la coscienza della responsabilità collettiva nel custodire un'educazione libera come patrimonio comune per la formazione umana.

Rapid changes are transforming the world and some of these represent the guiding thread of this volume. Unpredictable, dramatic consequences may occur if effective measures are not put in place. Measures that can reverse the destructive course that contemporary civilization is following and with which we are undermining the conditions of existence of that same civilization. By addressing various topics ranging from the cultural construction of modern Norway to the issue of ideological overheating up to young people, the challenge of this volume is to offer a profound reflection on our society.

The article analyses the health care reforms carried out by several European countries during last 20 years; it specifically focuses on the process of decentralization concerning political, financial and organ- izational competences. In the first section, the concept of health care decentralization is discussed; then the different health care systems of Norway, Sweden, UK and Spain will be compared, confronting their recent reforms and the balance between decentralization and re-centralization in their health care systems. In particular, the article addresses two main questions: the first one concerns the impact of such national reforms on intergovernmental relations, especially those between the State and the regions; the second questions relates instead to the impact of reforms on the organization and delivery of health care services. What comes out, in conclusion, is that differ- ences in efficiency, quality and equity could depend on specific gov- ernance mixes of decentralization and re-centralization.

This paper analyses government instruments in terms of reducing market inequality. Government redistribution, realized through public spending and taxation, could be considered as a key element in order to ensure a more equal distribution of income between households. The first part of the paper focuses on the study, from a more theoretical perspective, of the role of the different types of tools that can be used by governments: social transfers (pensions, family benefits and unemployment benefits), taxation, conditional cash transfers (more common in developing countries), instruments of fiscal consolidation and the expenditure modifications that a government can carry out during a period of crisis. The second part of the paper entails a series of empirical analyses, based on LIS data, including some in-depth analyses with a specific focus on five countries that experienced a period of crisis: United States, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Brazil. For each country the analysis focuses on the effect of the transfers, taxation and public pensions on inequality.

The essay is part of a research project that aims to extend to the Nordic dynasties the historiographic acquisitions achieved in the study of the spectacle in the European court. Anna of Oldenburg, daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway, and sister of Christian IV, received since childhood a princely education that made her one of the most appealing candidates in the swirling circle of dynastic marriages. Before becoming, at the age of fourteen, engaged and then married to James VI Stuart, next Queen of Scotland and England, she had the chance to verify the political value of ceremonies in a refined renaissance court. The cultural substratum, feeded by the attentive education received in particular by her mother Sofia of Mecklenburg-Gustrow and supported by the presence of many spectacular-dynastic events, made Anna perfectly capable of creating a syncretic court once she rose to the throne. The research at the base of this study represents the first piece of a wider investigation that aims to highlight the queen's role as a patron-sovereign, until now better known as the founder of the Jacobean masque.

The use of carbon monoxide (CO) in the packaging of meat and fish has generated considerable debate. CO is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas; it is generated by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials.In organisms a small amount of CO is formed naturally through the breakdown of haemoproteins and this CO is found in foods. Fresh meat colour is defined by the relative amount of the three derivatives of myoglobin. Deoxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin, which are both in the reduced state, can oxidize to metmyoglobin, which has a dull brown colour. Although metmyoglobin can be slowly converted to deoxymyoglobin by enzyme-mediated reactions termed metmyoglobin-reducing activity, this ability dissipates during storage. Bacterial growth is also a major cause of fresh meat discolouration. Bacteria cause a reduction in oxygen concentration and consequently modify the colour of the meat pigment. Carbon monoxide binds with myoglobin to produce a bright red coloured pigment, carbonilmyoglobin, which is much more stable against oxidation than oxymyoglobin due to the stronger binding of CO to the iron–porphyrin site on the myoglobin molecule. Carbon monoxide, in combination with nitrogen and carbon dioxide, is used for fresh meat packaging in USA, Norway, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan and Vietnam. In the USA, modified atmospheres with low levels of CO, up to 0.4%, are used commercially for meat packaging, while filtered smoke containing 30–40% CO is permitted for pretreatment of fish. The use of tasteless filtered smoke is being applied as an alternative to CO to treat fish. Tasteless smoke is also of concern in that there appears to be no reliable way to distinguish between products treated with CO and those treated with tasteless smoke. There are ongoing studies on the possible use of CO in fish slaughter.