HIV and Hepatitis C Coinfection; Chronic Renal Failure; Ribavirin ; Coinfecció VIH i Hepatitis C; Insuficiència Renal Crònica; Ribavirina ; Coinfección VIH y Hepatitis C; Insuficiencia Renal Crónica; Ribavirina ; Background and aims: Limited data are available on the effectiveness and tolerability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapies in the real world for HCV-infected patients with comorbidities. This study aimed to describe the effectiveness of OBV/PTV/r ± DSV (3D/2D regimen) with or without ribavirin (RBV) in HCV or HCV/HIV co-infected patients with GT1/GT4 and CKD (IIIb-V stages), including those under hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in routine clinical practice in Spain in 2015. Material and methods: Non-interventional, retrospective, multicenter data collection study in 31 Spanish sites. Socio-demographic, clinical variables, study treatment characteristics, effectiveness and tolerability data were collected from medical records. Results: Data from 135 patients with a mean age (SD) of 58.3 (11.4) years were analyzed: 92.6% GT1 (81.6% GT1b and 17.6% GT1a) and 7.4% GT4, 14 (10.4%) HIV/HCV co-infected, 19.0% with fibrosis F3 and 28.1% F4 by FibroScan®, 52.6% were previously treated with pegIFN and RBV. 11.1%, 14.8% and 74.1% of patients had CKD stage IIIb, IV and V respectively. 68.9% of patients were on hemodialysis; 8.9% on peritoneal dialysis and 38.5% had history of renal transplant. A total of 125 (96.2%) of 135 patients were treated with 3D, 10 (7.4%) with 2D and 30.4% received RBV. The overall intention-to-treat (ITT) sustained virologic response at week 12 (SVR12) was 92.6% (125/135) and the overall modified-ITT (mITT) SVR12 was 99.2% (125/126). The SVR12 rates (ITT) per sub-groups were: HCV mono-infected (91.7%), HCV/HIV co-infected (100%), GT1 (92.0%), GT4 (100%), CKD stage IIIb (86.7%), stage IV (95%) and stage V (93%). Among the 10 non-SVR there was only 1 virologic failure (0.7%); 4 patients had missing data due lost to follow up (3.0%) and 5 patients discontinued 3D/2D regimen (3.7%): 4 due to severe adverse events (including 3 deaths) and 1 patient´s decision. Conclusions: These results have shown that 3D/2D regimens are effective and tolerable in patients with advanced CKD including those in dialysis with GT 1 or 4 chronic HCV mono-infection and HIV/HCV coinfection in a real-life cohort. The overall SVR12 rates were 92.6% (ITT) and 99.2% (mITT) without clinically relevant changes in eGFR until 12 weeks post-treatment. These results are consistent with those reported in clinical trials. ; MCL has served as consultant for AbbVie, MSD, Janssen, BMS and Gilead; MRB has received grant research from Gilead Science, and speaker fees from AbbVie, Gilead and MSD; MR has received speaker fees from AbbVie; MD has received grant support and consultancy fees from AbbVie, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead and Merck, Sharp & Dhome; FGR has served as speaker for AbbVie, Gilead and BMS; MLM has served as a speaker for AbbVie, BMS, Gilead, Janssen, MSD and ViiV; as a consultant for AbbVie, BMS and Janssen and has received research funding from FIPSE 36465/03, FIPSE 36680/07.-NEAT IG5 (NEAT is a project funded by the European Union under the 6th Framework programme) contract number LSHP-CT-2006-037570; MAC has served as a consultant for Gilead and and ViiV healthcare, and has received speaker fees from Janssens, Gilead, ViiV Healthcare; MMA reports personal fees from ViiV Healthcare, Gilead Sciences, Merck, Janssen, AbbVie and ABBOTT Laboratories, outside the submitted work; AR has received consultancy and speaker fees from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences and Merck Sharp & Dohme; JM has received honoraria, speaker fees, consultant fees or funds for research from AbbVie, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Roche and ViiV; EGP has received speaker fees from AbbVie and Gilead; LGB has served as consultant for AbbVie and Intercept and has received speaker fees from Gilead and MSD; AA, RMG, CB, TAE, MLG, BPL, IC, SB, LB, JGS, MJP, IMG, LM, IdlS, ML and JEL don't have a financial interest or affiliation with one or more organizations that could be perceived as a real or apparent conflict of interest in the context of the subject of this paper; CdA and AM are paid employees of AbbVie and may hold stock or options. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the 'author contributions' section. The design, study conduct, and financial support for the study were provided by AbbVie. AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the manuscript.
Aim We describe the effectiveness and safety of the interferon-free regimen ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV) in a nationwide representative sample of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected and human immunodeficiency virus-1/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfected population in Spain. Material and methods Data were collected from patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 or 4, with or without HIV-1 coinfection, treated with OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV at 61 Spanish sites within the initial implementation year of the first government-driven "National HCV plan." Effectiveness was assessed by sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12) and compared between monoinfected and coinfected patients using a non-inferiority margin of 5% and a 90% confidence interval (CI). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics or patients and adverse events (AEs) were also recorded. Results Overall, 2, 408 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 386 (16%) were patients with HIV/HCV. Patient selection reflected the real distribution of patients treated in each participating region in Spain. From the total population, 96.6% (95% CI, 95.8–97.3%) achieved SVR12. Noninferiority of SVR12 in coinfected patients was met, with a difference between monoinfected and coinfected patients of -2.2% (90% CI, -4.5% - 0.2%). Only genotype 4 was associated with non-response to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV treatment (p<0.001) in the multivariate analysis. Overall, 286 patients (11.9%) presented AEs potentially related to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV, whereas 347 (29.0%) presented AEs potentially related to ribavirin and 61 (5.1%) interrupted ribavirin. Conclusions Our results confirm that OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV is effective and generally well tolerated in a representative sample of the HCV monoinfected and HCV/HIV coinfected population in Spain within the experience of a national strategic plan to tackle HCV.
[Aim] We describe the effectiveness and safety of the interferon-free regimen ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV) in a nationwide representative sample of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected and human immunodeficiency virus-1/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfected population in Spain. ; [Material and methods] Data were collected from patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 or 4, with or without HIV-1 coinfection, treated with OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV at 61 Spanish sites within the initial implementation year of the first government-driven "National HCV plan." Effectiveness was assessed by sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12) and compared between monoinfected and coinfected patients using a non-inferiority margin of 5% and a 90% confidence interval (CI). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics or patients and adverse events (AEs) were also recorded. ; [Results] Overall, 2,408 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 386 (16%) were patients with HIV/HCV. Patient selection reflected the real distribution of patients treated in each participating region in Spain. From the total population, 96.6% (95% CI, 95.8–97.3%) achieved SVR12. Noninferiority of SVR12 in coinfected patients was met, with a difference between monoinfected and coinfected patients of −2.2% (90% CI, −4.5% - 0.2%). Only genotype 4 was associated with non-response to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV treatment (p<0.001) in the multivariate analysis. Overall, 286 patients (11.9%) presented AEs potentially related to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV, whereas 347 (29.0%) presented AEs potentially related to ribavirin and 61 (5.1%) interrupted ribavirin. ; [Conclusions] Our results confirm that OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV is effective and generally well tolerated in a representative sample of the HCV monoinfected and HCV/HIV coinfected population in Spain within the experience of a national strategic plan to tackle HCV. ; The design, study conduct, and financial support for the study were provided by AbbVie (https://www.abbvie.com/). ; Peer reviewed
The design, study conduct, and financial support for the study were provided by AbbVie (https://www.abbvie.com/). AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the manuscript. Medical writing and editing services were provided by Medical Statistics Consulting (MSC) and funded by AbbVie. ; Aim We describe the effectiveness and safety of the interferon-free regimen ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV) in a nationwide representative sample of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected and human immunodeficiency virus-1/hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfected population in Spain. Material and methods Data were collected from patients infected with HCV genotypes 1 or 4, with or without HIV-1 coinfection, treated with OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV at 61 Spanish sites within the initial implementation year of the first government-driven "National HCV plan." Effectiveness was assessed by sustained virologic response at post-treatment week 12 (SVR12) and compared between monoinfected and coinfected patients using a non-inferiority margin of 5% and a 90% confidence interval (CI). Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics or patients and adverse events (AEs) were also recorded. Results Overall, 2,408 patients were included in the intention-to-treat analysis: 386 (16%) were patients with HIV/HCV. Patient selection reflected the real distribution of patients treated in each participating region in Spain. From the total population, 96.6% (95% CI, 95.8-97.3%) achieved SVR12. Noninferiority of SVR12 in coinfected patients was met, with a difference between monoinfected and coinfected patients of −2.2% (90% CI, −4.5% - 0.2%). Only genotype 4 was associated with non-response to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV ± RBV treatment (p<0.001) in the multivariate analysis. Overall, 286 patients (11.9%) presented AEs potentially related to OBV/PTV/r ± DSV, whereas 347 (29.0%) presented AEs potentially related to ribavirin and 61 (5.1%) interrupted ribavirin. Conclusions ...
Rezension von: 1. Erich Maylah: Alphotel Gaflei. Das KLV-Lager 93 im Fürstentum Liechtenstein (Dokumente und Berichte zur Erweiterten Kinderlandverschickung 1940-1945. Bd. 4). Bochum/Freiburg: projekt verlag 2005 (215 S.; ISBN 3-89733-125-X; 15,00 EUR); 2. Fritz Steiner: Innsbrucker Kinderlandverschickung. KLV-Lager in Tirol (Dokumente und Berichte zur Erweiterten Kinderlandverschickung. Bd. 5). Bochum/Freiburg: projekt verlag 2005 (248 S.; ISBN 3-89733-127-6; 17,00 EUR); 3. Eduard Füller: Kinderlandverschickung. Münsters Schulen in Oberbayern 1943 bis 1945 (Kleine Schriften aus dem Stadtarchiv Münster. Bd. 7). Münster: Ardey-Verlag 2004 (206 S.; ISBN 3-87023-184-X; 13,90 EUR); 4. Helmut Engelbrecht: Lagerschulen. Schule unter Einfluss von Krieg und Vertreibung. Bildungsnotstand durch Kriegsereignisse, Kriegserfordernisse und Kriegsfolgen in Österreich. Wien: öbv&hpt Verlag 2004 (264 S.; ISBN 3-209-04699-9; 23,80 EUR).
La Politique nationale de l'eau du Québec a presque 20 ans. Afin de planifier une gestion intégrée des eaux par bassins versants (GIEBV), les organismes de bassins versants (OBV) doivent se concerter avec les acteurs de l'eau présents sur les bassins versants qui leur sont alloués. Cette concertation n'est pas obligatoire pour les différents acteurs qui ont des intérêts divers quant à la ressource en eau. Ils peuvent être, selon leur poste respectif, plus enclins ou non à participer à cette planification concertée de la GIEBV que mettent en place les OBV par l'entremise du Plan directeur de l'eau (PDE). Cette recherche s'intéresse à la participation du secteur privé au processus de concertation. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'une étude de cas concernant la participation du secteur minier de la Côte-Nord. Les entreprises privées ont un poids généralement fort considérable dans leur communauté d'accueil et leur implication dans la gouvernance de l'eau peut se révéler importante pour les populations. Une recherche documentaire a été faite pour mieux saisir les concepts abordés (gouvernance, responsabilité sociale des entreprises, décentralisation) et les enjeux centraux (pollution d'origine minière, problèmes des OBV dans l'exécution de leurs mandats). L'objectif est de répondre à la question suivante : Comment les différents acteurs perçoivent-ils le processus de concertation de la GIEBV et la place de la participation des entreprises minières de la Côte-Nord dans celui-ci ? L'hypothèse est que la concertation volontaire est difficile à mettre en place et qu'il n'est pas dans l'intérêt des compagnies minières d'y participer. À l'issu de cette étude, l'hypothèse n'est pas totalement confirmée. On observe effectivement des difficultés dans la mise en œuvre de la concertation, surtout dans les relations avec les compagnies minières. En revanche, on ne peut pas conclure qu'il n'est pas dans l'intérêt de ces entreprises d'y participer. ; Quebec's Water Policy has almost 20 years. To plan an integrated water management, the Watershed Organizations need to implement consultation and cooperation between all water stakeholders. The consultation meeting is not an obligation for them, it is voluntary. They all have a different relation with the water resources. Depending of their role in their respective organization, they have various interests, which may influence their participation to the integrated water management planed by the Watershed Organizations with the Water Master Plan. This study focuses on the mining industry of the Côte-Nord region and its participation to the consultation. The private sector often has a significant influence in their host communities, so they can have great impacts on the population.The main goal of this research is to know how stakeholders perceive consultation meetings for the integrated water management by watershed, and what is the place of the mining industry's participation. The hypothesis is that a voluntary consultation is hard to organize and that it is not in the mining industry's interests to participate. Some interviews have been realized during summer and fall of 2019 to help answer these questions. This case study shows a summary portrait of Quebec's water governance in a context of decentralization and allows a reflection on our natural resource management methods. The hypothesis is not well confirmed. There are effectively some difficulties to plan a voluntary consultation, however we cannot confirm it is not in the interest of the mining companies to be part of it.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar comparativamente las competencias interculturales construidas y desarrolladas por los estudiantes de bachillerato de la Unidad Educativa Chiquintad periodo lectivo 2019-2020. Para ello, se ha recurrido a un enfoque investigativo cualitativo interpretativo de inducción analítica al contrastar proposiciones relacionadas al concepto de competencia intercultural. Se analizó bibliografía especializada para obtener información cualitativa y cuantitativa que permita focalizar la evolución de la educación intercultural latinoamericana con énfasis en la región andina y Ecuador. Con perspectiva intercultural crítica se analizó interpretó y sistematizó información relevante obtenida de los indicadores de los ODS 1, 4 y 5; del Proyecto Intercultural dentro del paradigma epistémico, político, social y cultural del Buen Vivir (OBV); del estado actual del servicio educativo fiscal; y de la evaluación interna y externa de aprendizajes dentro del marco jurídico de la LOEI para plantear una concepción de Competencias Interculturales como una lógica trivalente de saberes-haceres-poderes. Los resultados del bachillerato de la Unidad Educativa Chiquintad se dan en función de saberes-haceres-poderes donde los grupos comparados muestran un debilitamiento en sus competencias interculturales de PODER necesarias para superar la colonialidad del saber y del poder, así como para la apropiación de los saberes haceres de su comunidad. En definitiva, las políticas públicas educativas se encuentran desgastadas por la politización de la educación sufrida en los últimos años y no representan rutas de acción para el Proyecto Intercultural y el Buen Vivir. ; This research aims to comparatively analyze the intercultural competences built and developed by the high school students of the Chiquintad High School, 2019-2020 school period. To do this, a qualitative investigative approach has been used to interpret analytical induction when contrasting propositions related to the concept of intercultural competence. Specialized bibliography was analyzed to obtain qualitative and quantitative information that allows focusing the evolution of Latin American intercultural education with emphasis on the Andean region and Ecuador. From a critical intercultural perspective, relevant information obtained from the SDG 1, 4 and 5 indicators was analyzed, interpreted and systematized; from the Intercultural Project within the epistemic, political, social and cultural paradigm of the Buen Vivir (OBV); from current state of the public educational service; and from the internal and external evaluation of learning within the legal framework of the LOEI to propose a conception of Intercultural Competences as a trivalent logic of knowledge-do-powers. Results of the Baccalaureate of the Chiquintad High School are based on knowledge-do-powers where the compared groups show a weakening in their intercultural competences of POWER necessary to overcome the coloniality of knowledge and power, as well as for the appropriation of know-how from your community. Definitely, public education policies are worn out by the politicization of education suffered in recent years and do not represent routes of action for the Intercultural Project and the Buen Vivir. ; Magíster en Educación con mención en Educación Intercultural ; Cuenca
Le concept d'intégration dans la gestion intégrée de l'eau par bassin versant (GIEBV) a été sélectionné pour décloisonner les différentes approches et mieux protéger les ressources en eau dans une optique de développement durable. Ce processus intégré, caractérisé par la transversalité de nombreux enjeux, est complexe. L'évaluation des politiques publiques rattachée à ce type de gestion, l'est tout autant. Au-delà des avancées réalisées dans les dernières décennies, plusieurs problématiques freinent toujours l'intégration de la GIEBV au Québec. Divers ouvrages scientifiques québécois ont abordé divers thèmes et solutions pour la GIEBV. À travers notre démarche, plusieurs de ces analyses ont été sélectionnées et structurées autour de quatre types d'intégration (verticale, de la connaissance, participative, territoriale). Cette approche a permis d'identifier certains enjeux fondamentaux de la GIEBV et de mettre en relation diverses recommandations sous forme de synthèse afin d'évaluer la Politique nationale de l'eau (PNE) de 2002. Dans une optique de responsabilisation des acteurs de l'eau, ces pistes de solutions peuvent bonifier l'approche de la nouvelle Stratégie québécoise de l'eau (2018-2032) et ainsi renforcer le caractère intégré de la GIEBV au Québec. Nos résultats amènent à voir que, malgré les efforts des 15 dernières années, l'intégration pour la GIEBV n'est pas suffisamment effective. Bien qu'une évolution plus marquée soit observée pour l'intégration participative, certaines avenues devraient toutefois être davantage considérées pour ce type d'intégration comme celles d'acteurs plus responsabilisés œuvrant dans une dynamique plus collaborative et une clarification du rôle des organismes de bassins versants (OBV). Pour sa part, l'intégration verticale serait plus efficace par une décentralisation des responsabilités vers le palier régional, une législation révisée afin d'assurer une plus grande concordance entre ministères et secteurs d'activités ainsi que par la mise en place d'un système de redevance diversifié. Pour l'intégration de la connaissance, les différents types de savoirs (scientifiques, locaux, experts) devraient être mieux valorisés dans toutes les étapes du processus de la GIEBV. Pour l'intégration territoriale, l'échelle du bassin versant devrait être davantage considérée comme la plus pertinente pour la planification territoriale et pour articuler davantage la réalité des sous-bassins versants en matière de GIEBV jusqu'aux différents ministères.
La gestion de la ressource en eau au Québec a beaucoup évolué depuis le début des années 2000. L'implantation progressive de la gestion intégrée de l'eau par bassin versant (GIEBV) a permis de passer d'un mode de gestion sectoriel à un mode de gestion intégré basé sur le travail de concertation des acteurs de l'eau mené par les organismes de bassin versant (OBV). Le bassin versant de la rivière Boyer est un petit bassin versant agricole de 217 km² situé dans la MRC de Bellechasse au Québec. Cette rivière est un cas d'école pour les chercheurs qui s'intéressent aux impacts de l'agriculture sur les eaux de surface. En effet, la détérioration dramatique de la qualité de l'eau de la rivière Boyer suite au développement de l'agriculture intensive et les répercussions sur la faune aquatique ont déjà suscité beaucoup d'études scientifiques. Plusieurs mesures de type réglementaire ou liés à une mobilisation des acteurs ont été mises en place à différentes échelles d'intervention afin de restaurer la qualité de l'eau de la rivière Boyer, étant une des rivières les plus polluantes du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Cependant, la qualité de l'eau dans le bassin versant de la rivière Boyer demeure mauvaise à l'heure actuelle. Cela nous amène à nous demander si la GIEBV au Québec prévoit l'application des principes du développement durable et un suivi adéquat des effets de la décentralisation des pouvoirs sur l'évolution de la situation des bassins versants. Nous nous attardons plus spécifiquement à identifier les freins à l'application d'une GIEBV efficace dans le bassin versant de la rivière Boyer. Nous avons mené 44 entrevues avec divers acteurs du monde de la gestion de l'eau aux échelles provinciale et locale et nous avons réalisé une analyse qualitative de leurs réponses. Nos résultats de recherche tendent à montrer que les effets de la décentralisation des pouvoirs et que la plupart des principes du développement durable que nous avons choisis d'examiner demeurent insuffisamment suivis ou appliqués par le biais de la GIEBV au Québec à l'heure actuelle. Les principaux enjeux socio-environnementaux de la gestion de la qualité de l'eau que nous avons découverts lors de notre recherche font état d'un équilibre difficile à atteindre entre économie et protection de l'environnement en milieu rural. Les appuis institutionnels à la GIEBV et, par le fait même, aux OBV, manquent à plusieurs égards afin de procurer une protection adéquate de la qualité de l'eau, ce qui affecte la perception de la valeur de la rivière Boyer. Par conséquent, l'application de plusieurs principes du développement durable présente des lacunes importantes dans le bassin versant étudié. ; Water management changed significantly in the province of Quebec since the early 2000s. The progressive implementation of integrated watershed management (IWM) in Quebec allowed for the transition from a sectoral management to an integrated management of the resource, which is based on the coordination of stakeholders carried out by watershed organizations. The Boyer River watershed is a 217 km² agricultural watershed located in the RCM of Bellechasse, Quebec. The Boyer River is an interesting case for researchers interested in the effects of agriculture on the quality of surface waters. There are many governmental reports on the dramatic deterioration of water quality and the disappearance of certain species from the river following the development of intensive agriculture in the Boyer watershed. Several measures have been put in place at different scales of intervention to restore the Boyer River water quality, like the enforcement of legislative tools to ensure a sustainable development of the agriculture and the decentralisation of water quality management, for instance. However, in spite of the application of the previously mentioned measures, the Boyer River water quality remains bad at this time. That led us to wonder whether the IWM in Quebec provides for the application of the sustainable development principles and adequate monitoring of the situation of the watershed organizations. More specifically, we aimed to identify what stops the application of an effective IWM in the Boyer River watershed. We conducted 44 interviews with various water stakeholders at the provincial and local scales and we analysed the content of the interviews using qualitative analysis. Our results tend to show that the effects of power decentralization related to water quality management are currently not sufficiently monitored and that most of the sustainable development principles we studied are not adequately applied at the moment through the IWM in Quebec. The social and environmental challenges that we have discovered show that reaching a balance between the economy and the protection of the environment is a difficult task in rural areas. There is a lack of institutional support to the IWM as well as the watershed organizations to ensure a proper protection of water quality, which results in a low perception of the value of the river by the residents of the watershed. As a consequence, the implementation of several sustainable development principles is deficient in the Boyer river watershed.
Issue 11.5 of the Review for Religious, 1952. ; A. M. D.G. ' ' Review for Religious SEPTEMBER i5, 1952 Congress of Religious . The Editors Towards Continual Prayer . Pa.I DeJaegher Cases o~ Illegitimacy . Joseph F. Gallen ' "~ . Pius XII and Our Lady . JohnA. Hardon "Meaning" of A.M.D.G . Walter ~J. Ong Q, uesfions and Answers Book No÷ices VOLUME XI NUMBER 5 REVIEW FOR. RELIGIOUS VOLUME XI SEPTEMBER, 1952 NUMBER 5 CONTENTS CONGRESS OF RELIGIOUS~The Editors . 225 TOWARDS CONTINUAL PRAYER--Paul De Jaegher, S.J . 231 OUR CONTRIBUTORS . ¯ . 241 PRACTICAL AND PASTORAL C/(SES ON ILLEGITIMACY~ Joseph F. Gallen, S.J . " . 242 COMMUNION CARD FOR HOSPITALS . 248 COMPLETE TEXT OF SPONSA CHRIST1 IN ENGLISH . 248 LEGISLATION OF SPON,$A CHRI,~TI . 248 POPE PIUS XII AND OUR LADY---3ohn A. Hardon. S.J . 249 "A.M.D.G.": DEDICATION OR DIRECTIVE~Waher J. Ong, S.J. 257 TEN-YEAR INDEX--LIMITED SUPPLY . 264 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSm 21. Moral Obligation of Voting . 265 22. Boundary of Novitiate . 269 23. On Reading Rodriguez . 269 24. Change in the Habit . 270. 25. Applying Indulgences to Souls in Purgatory . 270 26. Honoring'Bequests for Masses . . . '. . 270 27. Unrealizable Desires for Sanctification . 271 BOOK ANNOUNCEMENTS . 272 BOOK NOTICES . 274 REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, September, 1952. Vol. XL No. 4. Published bi-monthly: January, March, May, July, September, and November at the Colleg.e Press, 606 Harrison Street, Topeka, Kansas, by Sty Mary's College, St. Marys, Kansas, with ecclesiastical approbation. Entered as second class matteb ,January 15, 1942, at the Post Office, Topeka, Kansas, under the a~t of March 3, 1879. Editorial Board: Jerome Breunig, S.J.; Augustine G. Ellard, S.J.; Adam C. Ellis, S.J.; Gerald Kelly, S.3.; Francis N. Korth, S.3. Copyright, 1952, by Adam C. Ellis, S.J. Permission is hereby granted for quota- ~ions of reasonable le.ngth; provided due credit be given this review and the author. Subscription price: 3 dollars a year; 50 cents a copy. Printed in U. S. A. Before writing to us, please consult notice on inside back cover. Congress ot: Religious The Editors ~"HE first National Congress of Religious of'the United States w.as .| held at "th~ University of Notre Dame, August 9 to 12, 1952. Three members of our editorial staff attended as delegates. At the various sessions we tried to note points that would be bf special interest to our readers: and, since it was impossible for us tobe per-sonally present at ail the different sectional, meetings, we asked many friends t~ make similar n6tes. ,The present report is made up from these notes "jottings" might be a better word. .Regarding our report, let us make two observations. First, it is not intended to be a complete a&ount of the Congress. Official Proceedings of the Congress will be published soon and will give this complete accountl ' Secondly, even as an incomplete account, our re-port is not adequate; it represents merely what a comparatively tiny number of de'legates considered point.s of spedal interest. It would .help us greatly if other delegates who read this rePort would Suppl~- ¯ ment (or~ correct, if need be) this material by sending us communi-cations containing their own impressions: And it would also ,help if any r.eaders, whether delegates or not, w, ould send their observations on the points recorded her~. This "request for commtinications r~eeds emp,hasis. The Congress opened up for discussion many vital points concerning our religious life; but because of lack of time it could do,no more than start the discussion. Readers' of this Review would do a great service to the ~ellgious life in this country if they would continue this discussion. by the frank and constructive expression of theii own observations-on these ~;ital points. Purposes of Congress " The Congress was summonedby the Sacred Congre~gfition of Religious, as a mean~ of intensifying and. strengthe.ning the religious life in the United States, of givii~g religious of all institutes an op-portunity to exchange ideas and particularly to discuss the problems ~ertaining to the adjustment of the religious life to ~onditions, pie- ¯ vailing in our land without compromising the principles on which the religious life is based. We believe that the. first purpose of.the Cbngress the intensi- ' ,225 THE EDITOP~ Review f6r, Retigious lying ~nd strengtt~ening of. our own. r~eligious life--~as. easily .the central point of the meetings andthat' ~ good start was m~de towards its accomplishment.~ C~rtainly all of us were~ inspire~d with-the de'sire of becoming better religious arid of making our" institutes more.effec-tive means in the great work of the Church. As c~n'e Sisterwho helped us p~epare?these notes put it:. "Probabl~ among the fi, nest outcomes of the First National .Congress of Religio,us of the Ufiited States will be a'faller.realization'on the.part ofeach community, whether large or ~all, of iis.actual, p~iticipation and impqrtance.in i~he Mystical -Body. of ~hrist; a deeper feeling of p~rspnal love for our Holy Father' and an appreciation Of his interest in our spiritual and temporal well- .,being; an~under.standila~g of the ,eagerness,. of the members 6f the Sacred Congregation of Religiou~ to serve our need~s and tO assist us to b~come holy, saintly' religious; and finally, a cloker bond among th( religious communities'of the United States, with e~ich ~roup cor~: scious of its imp6rtance to the good of the whole 'and, ready to assist in furthering the 'apostolic endeavors of every, other institute:" ¯ The other purposeF-~-the ekchange of ideas and the consideration of nece~sary adjustment~--also received their due attention" at both the scheduled sessiofis and the informal meetings of smaller groupL The on.e flaw in the plaorfing of the Congress, if there was 0ily fl~w,. was that there were so many.papers that the.re was not sufficient time for discussion°fr0m the floi3r. Nevertheless, a fine beginning was made, and w,e hope that what was begun at Notre Dame can be car- ¯ tied on much further in' the discussi6ns in this R~view and in smaller meetings that can be arranged from time ~o time. . Organization .The Sacred Congregation of." Rhligioussent. f~ur representatives to theCongress: .The Most Reverend Atcadio LarraonL C.MIF., Secretary of the Congregation: the Very Reverend Giuseppe\Gi.am- ~pietro, S.J., the assistant to Father Larraona i~ the organization of regional "meetings of religious; the .Very Reverend Elio Gambari, S.M.M'., .whose specihl duty is-to handlethe affairs of refigious :in the United States; and the ~i~y Re;gerend Edward 'L. Heston, C.S.C:, the Secretary G~ner~l for, the Congress in the United States. ¯ The Congress was divided into two sections, for religious n~dn and religious women respective.ly. The Very-P(everend John ~J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C., who was President of the University of Notre .Dame atthe time the C6ngress was.plhnned, wasHonora.ry~Chair- 226 ~September, 1952 , (~ONGRESS OF RELI,.GIOUS manfor both groups. Executiye Chairman for Religious Men was. the "Very Reverend FranCis J.Connell, C.SS.R.; and for Religious W~men, the_Reverend Mother Mary. Gerald Barry,. O.P., the Supe-rior, General 6f the.Domlnican Sisters of Adrian; Michigan. Co- - ordinato.r of the. Congress'was the Re~'e~end Alfred F: .Mendez. C.S.C. The work done by Fathers Connell and Mendez and Mother " Mary Geriild in preparing for th~ Congress "was little shdrt of miraculous. They had only al~out three months tb make their pre-parati6ns, yet every detail, both Of the preparations and Of the'actual carrying out of the"Congre.ss,: was S~l~erbfy:planned and executed. As one small sample.migh~ l~e instanced the plans for daily Masses: there, were seven hur~dred Masses.each day; yet there was not the 'slightest -c~nfusion or difficulty in getting, iri ~he Masses. ~ ¯ Other members of the Committee for the sectlon of Rehgmus ¯Men were: theVery Rev~:end Godf.rey Diekmann, O.S.B.; the Very Reverend Philip F. Mulhern, O.P.: the,.Very Reverend'Thomas .~. Plas'smann, O.F.M.: the Ve~y Reverend Adam C. Ellis, "S.J.: the Very Reverend Basil Frison, C.M.F.; Venerable Brother Alexis Vic-.- tor, F.S~C.; Venerable Brother Ephrern O'Dwyer, C.S.C.; Vener-able Brother William, ~.F.X. O~her members of the committee .for Religious Women were: the Re~,erend .Mother M. Catherine Sullivan, D.C.: the Reverend'. Mother-M. Rose Elizabeth, C.S.C." the Reverend Mother M. li~n, C.S.J.; the Reverend 'Mother M. Joan 0t: Arc Cronin, O.S.U. the Reverend. Mot'her Mari~Helene,. S.P.: and Sister M. Madeleva.;" Spiritual Ideals In one wa.y'or anothe'r many. of the discussions at the C~ngr~ss centered on the clarification of the spiritual ideals common to reli-gious. ins~itfltes and on the .means. of¯ attaining these ideals., Particu-larly stressed was.~he fact that religious.need a deep pers'orial devo~ tion to Christ. Basic to such a devotion is the knowledge of.Christ; iand the young r~llg~ous must be.helped ~o get th~s knowledge, partly through Well-planned reading, and~mostly through prayer--for it is ~i knowledge.of the heart, and it is given by the Holy Ghost to ~hose " who humbly and perse~'erifigly seek it. ¯The fervent-reception of. Holy Communion-is a great help to.the atta!ning of this interior -knowledge and devotion. Incidentally, in. the men:s discussion 6f this tiepin, it was poin~e~, out that here, as i~ Other aspec~so,of their religious training, youri~ religious are inspired.by the goqd example ¯ 227 THE EDITOR,S " Review/:or Religigus of thei~ elders-and are proportib.nate!y harmed by thelack of such example. Several discussions also emphasized the need of a sense of per, sor~al responsibility. For. instance, one danger oK the religious life, with its many exercises in common, is .what migl~t be called "~herd-spirituality": one goes to the exercise automatically and takes.part with a sort, of detached numbness, ,as though ¯partially anesthetized. The chief wa~ to counteract this is the constant striving on the part of the individual to make the exercls~ personal. Also, some religious who lead an active aposl~olate, especially in small houses, .are fre-quently unable to have common exercises. They can lose the rell-gious spirit completely Unless through their own personal efforts they try to form a plan for making their various spiritual exercises in private. " The same idea of personal responsibility, under the formality of per_sonal initiative, was prominent in the men's discussion of religious obedience. It was pointed out,that apostolic initiative is n6t stifled by obedience, though it must often be controlled for the common good, as well as for the good of the individual. The rel, igious who always waits to be told what to do. is by no. means the model of perfect obedience, and the superior who requires this of his subjects is by no,means the perf.ect superior. , In a paper t, bat all will read With interest and profit, the Very Reverend Giles Staab, O.F.M.C~'p., reduced the moral qualifications of candida.tes to the religious life to the)four virtues of generosity, docility, prudence,~and loyalty. The generous candidate will¯have the r~quisite piety, the fight intention,' the chastity, and the zeal. The docile candidate will be obedient and thus further the Work of the i.nstitute. The prudent candidate will have good jiadgment and emotional control. And ~he candidat~ imbued with a spirit Of loya[t~t.will, be ready to subordinate his own interests to thqse of the community and will, as a natural consequence, b~e a, gobd communi@ man: a religious withsocial 'balanch, cgurtesy, and considerateness." Conte~ptative Life The .Right Reverend Abbot M. James Fox, O.C.S.O., gave' an interesting and informative talk about the contemplative life in gen-eral and the Trappists' life inparticular. He said that there is.a great hunger for thec0ntemplative life in modern America, . and he illustrated this statement.by quotin~ excerpts from man'y letters'that h'e has received from applicants to the' Trappi~ts. The Trappists,., 228 " ' v Sep~ei'hber~ 1952.- " CONGRESS OF RELIGIOUS he said, have about ~700' novices in their varigus" houses ~throu.ghmit the world';" ,approximately half:of these novices ,are, in the' United State~.'In less than ten years the" Trappist monasteries in 'this country have increased from three' to ten.," °, "'- .~, Why the attraction to "contemplative orders?.+. At one of Sisters' sessions it was suggested that yout.h are attracted to the co.n= templative life because they,feel that in this life they can
