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In this paper we propose a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to evaluate …financial adjustments that some emerging market economies went through to overcome external crises during the latest decades, such as default and local currency devaluation. We assume that devaluation can be used to avoid external debt default, to improve trade balance and to reduce the real public debt level denominated in local currency. Such effects increase the government ability to deal with external crisis, but also have costs in terms of welfare, related to expected in‡flation, reductions in private investments and higher interest to be paid over the public debt. We conclude that openness improves expected welfare as it allows for a better devaluation-response technology against crises. We also present results for 32 middle-income countries, verifying that the proposed model can indicate, in a stylized way, the preferences for default-devaluation options and the magnitude of the currency depreciation required to overcome 48 external crises occurred as from 1971. Finally, as we construct our model based on the Cole-Kehoe self-fulfilling debt crisis model, adding local debt and trade, it is important to say that their policy alternatives to leave the crisis zone remains in our extended model, namely, to reduce the external debt level and to lengthen its maturity. ; Com base em uma versão estendida do modelo Cole and Kehoe, avaliamos eventos de default e de desvalorizações cambiais. Historicamente, as desvalorizações têm ajudado na superação de crises financeiras ao estimular a balança comercial e ao reduzir o valor real da divida publica denominada em moeda nacional. Por outro lado, a expectativa de uma possível desvalorização produz efeitos negativos sobre o bem-estar: aumento do custo da divida e redução do nível de investimento privado. Modelamos esses trade-offs e mostramos que a abertura comercial melhora o bem-estar ao potencializar o efeito da desvalorização de câmbio sobre a balança comercial. Computamos simulações numéricas baseadas em 48 crises ocorridas em 32 países, e obtivemos resultados alinhados com as desvalorizações e os defaults observados desde 1971.

The end of the Cold War liberated China & the European Union from the constraints of the bipolar competition & created the conditions for the strategic convergence of the two sides, which was consolidated by China's external openness & internal reforms. This trend is codified in numerous documents offering an official evaluation of the importance of bilateral relations between the European Union & China. None the less there still are many conflicts & divergences which demand a closer reciprocal understanding. The European Union should be more tolerant with the pace of political reforms in China & understand better the great importance of the Taiwan issue, & China should recognize the complexity of European foreign policy & understand the European concerns over Eastern Asia's strategic stability. Adapted from the source document.

The present work is based on a fundamental theme within the set of Nietzsche's thought: the theme of Destiny. If Fate is seen as something previously decided in relation to the most diverse situations, then Nietzsche's philosophy runs into an aporia, that of having to face the problem of determinism, which touches one of the greatest obstacles of culture: morality. In the moral sphere, everything is ordered and determined. In this sense, the development of this research is oriented towards a deepening of the philosophical implications related to Destiny. Faced with becoming the particular organization of impulses, Destiny loses the sense of predetermination and ready and finished decision on different situations. To what extent does talking about Destiny, within the scope of Nietzschean thought, imply openness to plenitude, beyond all forms of determinism?

In this article we aim to demarcate the interchanges of the ethics of Haberma's discourse and the genetic psychology of Lawrence Kohlberg. If, on the one hand, for the German philosopher his ethical proposal can contribute to fill the deficits of genetic psychology in relation to moral development, on the other hand, discourse ethics is based on the empirical researches carried out by psychology theorists and, with this, reinforce the thesis of the ethical universality defended by Habermas and Carl Otto-Apel. However, there are limits on the demarcation of the philosophy and the psychology because the are fields in which the methodologies are not identified and and because they assume different epistemologics perspectives, descriptive for the psychology of development and prescriptive for Habermas' philosophy intends to establish a relation with different fields of knowledge, from which it ensures interdisciplinarity and openness to the constant dialogue between diverse knowledge.

In 2020, a right coalitional government leaded by the National Party started in Uruguay, after 15 years of left governments. There are signs that show the beginning of a
eorientation of foreign policy towards greater trade openness and attracting
investment. As a counterpart, there seems to be a loss of the relative importance of the region in Uruguayan foreign policy, which includes demands for the opening up and flexibilitation of the Mercosur and a repositioning against regionalism. This change promoted by the new government may be counterintuitive in relation to the regional vocation traditionally attributed by literature to the National Party. However, through the analysis of a census and interviews with legislators, the article shows that in the last decade party preferences have already outlined this relegation of the region. In this way, we argue that a pragmatic, realistic and deeply liberal "neoherrerismo" is emerging in the National Party, as a predominant tendency in the international vision of the government

In his book Mind and World, John McDowell intends to overcome the oscillation between two approaches that seek to mediate the relationship between the minds and the world, on the one hand we have the myth of the giving saying that thoughts need coercion from the outside world, and on the other side we have the coherentism that presents the idea that only one belief can justify another belief. To defend its approach and naturalize conceptual capabilities, situating spontaneity in nature without reducing it within the realm of law. Human nature would then be a second nature which is not only formed from the abilities acquired at birth but which are also formed from the Bildung. In taking these notions, McDowell brings the discussion of Han-Georg Gadamer's ideas about the experience of openness to the world through language. In this way, the intention of the present article is to discuss about the implications of the notions of Bildung and second nature in the work of McDowell seeking a greater clarification from the influence and the interpretations of Gadamer.

Herein, the influence of institutions and of social and political preferences upon the design and the implementation of the Brazilian non contributive income cash transfer to the elderly and disabled poor - Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) - is analyzed. The main argument is that forward and backward movements throughout the policy process were related to the degree of convergence of the social and political stakeholder's preferences as well as to the institutional environment where they interacted. Two stages are distinguished by particular events during the design period, the end of the first being the appearance of BPC as a Constitutional right, in 1988, and the end of the second marked by its final regulation in the Brazilian Social Assistance Law - Lei Orgânica de Assistência Social (Loas), 1993. Such stages are distinct in regard to the influence of the institutional openness to social preferences about the BPC design. Along the implementation period, changes in key political stakeholder's preferences were related to variations in the degree of political responsiveness and bureaucratic insulation, leading to restrictions and improvement in BPC. This period can also be divided in two stages, from Loas, 1993, to the Elder Person Protection Act (Estatuto do Idoso) in 2003, and then on.

This paper aims to present, from the perspective of Edmund Husserl, the concepts of consciousness, subjectivity and time. For the development of such purpose, the following Huserlian original texts have been mainly utilized: Logical Investigations, On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time and Cartesian Meditations. This text initially presents the concept of consciousness as a real phenomenological unity of the ego's experiences, as self-consciousness and as intentional experiences will be exposed. Subjectivity is approached based on the concepts of empirical self and pure self. Time, on the other hand, is explored from a phenomenological standpoint. Finally, the last item shows the intrinsic relationship established between the concepts of time and subjectivity, thus demonstrating the concept of the absolute flow of experiencing, which is timeless, and which is the ultimate and true absolute. Paradoxically, it demonstrates that it is in the actual flow that temporality is originated, and it is in the temporality, through experiences, that subjective life is put into effect and is consolidated; i.e., it clearly demonstrates that time is the catalyst for the development of subjectivity through temporal experiences and that it is in the essential autogenic relationship that conditions are created for the development of life in unity, whose process is characterized by openness to time, a flow in the live perpetuity of the now.

Argumenta-se, neste texto, que a vitalidade dos Estudos Culturais está na abertura e receptividade para promover enlaces conceituais e teóricos variados. De modo a adensar a discussão sobre o frutífero encontro entre Estudos Culturais e Educação, no presente artigo promove-se um rastreamento de pesquisas sobre natureza e, também, daquelas dedicadas às temáticas indígenas e afro-brasileiras de modo a indicar enlaces teóricos, caminhos investigativos e pontos de atenção promovidos por pesquisadores identificados com este campo articulatório. Observa-se que, como parte de um projeto ético-político mais amplo, estes estudos questionam essencialismos, fundamentalismos, eurocentrismos, racismos e acenam para possíveis formas de resistência político-acadêmica. ; In this text it is argued that the vitality of Cultural Studies is in its openness and receptivity to promote varied conceptual and theoretical articulations. In order to deepen the analysis on the productive encounter between Cultural Studies and education, this article makes a survey of researchs on nature and, also, of those themes dedicated to indigenous and afro-Brazilians. It is done in order to indicate theoretical articulations, investigative paths and points of attention promoted by researchers identified with this articulatory field. As part of a broader ethical-political project, it is observed that these studies question essentialisms, fundamentalisms, eurocentrisms, racisms, and point to possible forms of political-academic resistance.

A pesquisa examinará o impacto que o uso de software livre pode trazer sobre a eficácia e eficiência de recursos educacionais abertos (REA). A primeira hipótese de trabalho é que o uso associado de SL afeta positivamente essas variáveis; a segunda hipótese é que esse impacto (e particularmente sua relação custo-benefício para os atores envolvidos) variará significativamente de acordo com o tipo de atividade ou iniciativa relacionada a REA: criação, organização, disseminação e utilização de REA. A pesquisa consistirá em uma análise teórica sobre as relações entre software livre e REA, e no levantamento e análise de dados empíricos sobre softwares e iniciativas de REA em cada uma dessas quatro categorias. A pesquisa buscará ainda identificar outros fatores que afetem essas variáveis (como o envolvimento da comunidade, a adequação dos materiais para a realidade local, a existência de suporte institucional etc.), de forma a contribuir para a formulação de políticas públicas e de estrategias educacionais ligadas a REA.

This study analyzes the relationships between personality traits, human values and socio-economic characteristics and intertemporal financial choices among young soldiers in the Brazilian army. Through the use of a survey, 218 young men in compulsory military service between 18 and 23 years of age from Cascavel, PR participated in our study. The results of our analyses suggest greater patience than impatience in their intertemporal financial choices, in a constant, non-hyperbolic discount model. Many young people did not present intertemporal discount models. The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant association between personality traits of openness, conscientiousness and extroversion; basic human promotion, suprapersonal, existence and interaction values; and socioeconomic characteristics such as the mother's level of education, marital status, family income, growing up in a rural or urban environment and the size of the municipality of origin. These results suggest which emotional or contextual factors affect young people's intertemporal financial choices and how they can influence information processing and individual decision making through affective heuristics. ; Este estudo analisa a relação entre traços de personalidade, valores humanos e características socioeconômicas nas escolhas intertemporais financeiras de jovens do Exército Brasileiro. Por meio de levantamento, participaram 218 jovens do serviço militar obrigatório de Cascavel-PR. Os resultados sugerem que, na média, jovens adultos demonstram maior paciência à impaciência financeira em suas escolhas intertemporais financeiras. Muitos jovens não apresentaram modelos de desconto intertemporal. A correlação de Pearson revelou associação significativa entre traços de personalidade de abertura, conscienciosidade e extroversão; valores humanos básicos como de realização, suprapessoal, existencial e interacional; e características socioeconômicas como o grau de escolaridade da mãe, estado civil, renda familiar, ambiente de criação e tamanho do município de origem. Estes resultados sugerem que fatores emocionais ou contextuais afetam as escolhas intertemporais financeiras de jovens adultos e podem influenciar por heurísticas afetivas o processamento de informações e a tomada de decisão individual.

In the last decades, from the use of communication and information technologies, governmental spheres of several countries have been increasing the openness and transparency in their actions to reduce corruption. In this sense, this study aims to understand the factors that influence the use of e-Government monitoring systems in Brazil. A structured questionnaire was applied to 377 Brazilian accountants using the Public Digital Bookkeeping System (SPED). The model of Chen et al. (2006), which points out factors that influence the use of e-Government in the United States and China. The results confirm that, as verified in these countries, in Brazil, the use of SPED is subject to aspects that directly interfere in the level of difficulty of users, namely, infrastructure factors (access to network and network economy), cultural factors national culture) and social (availability of information). With the myriad changes in the universe of e-Government technologies, understanding the behavior of its users provides support to companies, professionals, and governments to decide on the investment in tools and improvements that must be made in those systems. ; Nas últimas décadas, a partir do uso de tecnologias de comunicação e informação, esferas governamentais de diversos países vêm ampliando a abertura e transparência em suas ações para, consequentemente, reduzir a corrupção. Nesse sentido, este estudo objetiva compreender os fatores que influenciam a utilização dos sistemas de monitoramento e-Government no Brasil. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado a 377 contadores brasileiros usuários do Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital (SPED). Tomou-se como base o modelo de Chen et al. (2006), o qual aponta fatores que influenciam o uso do e-Government nos Estados Unidos e China. Os resultados confirmam que, tal como verificado nestes países, no Brasil, a utilização do SPED está sujeita a aspectos que interferem diretamente no nível de dificuldade dos usuários, quais sejam, fatores de infraestrutura (acesso a rede e economia em rede), culturais (cultura nacional) e sociais (disponibilidade de informação). Com as inúmeras mudanças no universo de tecnologias de e-Government, compreender o comportamento de seus usuários fornece subsídios a empresas, profissionais e governos para decidir quanto ao investimento em ferramentas e melhorias que deve ser feito nesses sistemas.

A partir do movimento occupy de estudantes secundaristas brasileiros (2015-2017), buscamos observar como o discurso enunciado da perspectiva dos manifestantes na rede acumulam, transmitem e movimentam sentidos, em uma configuração complexa que subverte a lógica de enunciados veiculados sobre movimentos sociais na mídia tradicional do Brasil. Adotamos o conceito de multidão (Negri, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2014; Hardt & Negri, 2005) para investigar de que modos estão sendo manifestadas as expressões identitárias do movimento "Ocupa Escola" nos seus perfis do Facebook pelos próprios sujeitos desse movimento. Em uma análise qualitativa de fan pages do Facebook, tomando como critério a escolha dos perfis mais seguidos e mais partilhados pelos estudantes manifestantes, entre as regularidades percebidas na análise, destacamos com mais intensidades os temas da horizontalidade, autonomia e de um movimento sem liderança; a abertura à diversidade e a insistente necessidade em reafirmar o cuidado público com a escola. Nessa composição, não há categorias isoladas. As temáticas se articulam e os procedimentos estratégicos de expressão identitária do movimento operam em conexão. Discutimos ainda alguns desses procedimentos que a análise permitiu identificar. ; Based on the Brazilian secondary student's movement, known as occupy (2015-2017), we intend to observe how the discourse enunciated from the perspective of students on social media accumulate and transmit movements, in a complex configuration that subverts the logic of statements transmitted on social movements in Brazil's traditional media. We have adopted the concept of the multitude (Negri, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2014; Hardt & Negri, 2015) to investigate, in which ways, students of the movement "Ocupa Escola" manifest identity expressions on their Facebook profiles. In a qualitative analysis of Facebook fan pages that use the selection of the most followed and shared Facebook profiles as a criterion, we highlight the themes of horizontality, autonomy and of a movement without leadership; the openness to diversity and the insistent need to reaffirm governmental care with public schools. In this composition, there are no isolated categories. The themes are articulated and the strategical procedures of identity expressions of the movement operate in connection. Finally, we discuss some of the aforementioned procedures that our analysis allowed us to identify.

A partir do movimento occupy de estudantes secundaristas brasileiros (2015-2017), buscamos observar como o discurso enunciado da perspectiva dos manifestantes na rede acumulam, transmitem e movimentam sentidos, em uma configuração complexa que subverte a lógica de enunciados veiculados sobre movimentos sociais na mídia tradicional do Brasil. Adotamos o conceito de multidão (Negri, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2014; Hardt & Negri, 2005) para investigar de que modos estão sendo manifestadas as expressões identitárias do movimento "Ocupa Escola" nos seus perfis do Facebook pelos próprios sujeitos desse movimento. Em uma análise qualitativa de fan pages do Facebook, tomando como critério a escolha dos perfis mais seguidos e mais partilhados pelos estudantes manifestantes, entre as regularidades percebidas na análise, destacamos com mais intensidades os temas da horizontalidade, autonomia e de um movimento sem liderança; a abertura à diversidade e a insistente necessidade em reafirmar o cuidado público com a escola. Nessa composição, não há categorias isoladas. As temáticas se articulam e os procedimentos estratégicos de expressão identitária do movimento operam em conexão. Discutimos ainda alguns desses procedimentos que a análise permitiu identificar. ; Based on the Brazilian secondary student's movement, known as occupy (2015-2017), we intend to observe how the discourse enunciated from the perspective of students on social media accumulate and transmit movements, in a complex configuration that subverts the logic of statements transmitted on social movements in Brazil's traditional media. We have adopted the concept of the multitude (Negri, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2014; Hardt & Negri, 2015) to investigate, in which ways, students of the movement "Ocupa Escola" manifest identity expressions on their Facebook profiles. In a qualitative analysis of Facebook fan pages that use the selection of the most followed and shared Facebook profiles as a criterion, we highlight the themes of horizontality, autonomy and of a movement without leadership; the openness to diversity and the insistent need to reaffirm governmental care with public schools. In this composition, there are no isolated categories. The themes are articulated and the strategical procedures of identity expressions of the movement operate in connection. Finally, we discuss some of the aforementioned procedures that our analysis allowed us to identify.

La formación docente orientada a la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe (EIB), en el interior rural inhóspito de Salta, al noroeste de Argentina, tiene una historia reciente atravesada por sucesivos cambios en las políticas nacionales y provinciales. En el sistema educativo argentino, la modalidad EIB entraña un desafío en todo sentido y en particular en la formación de profesoras y profesores de educación primaria. Requiere de-formar y crear nuevas formas, dentro de complejos procesos de reconocimiento y defensa de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. El trabajo analiza la situación de la formación de docentes en general y en particular la del Extensión Áulica de Isla de Cañas, departamento de Iruya, que como otras carreras, depende del Instituto de Educación Superior n° 6023 de San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, capital del departamento de Oran en la frontera con Bolivia. Prestamos atención a las voces de quienes se forman como docentes en un territorio de conflictos y de postergaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que impactan en el campo educativo, donde compartimos la lucha por la apertura y sostén de los profesorados con orientación en EIB. Intentamos una comprensión amplia de nuestras prácticas en educación intercultural bilingüe a través de miradas plurales, donde los aportes posestructuralistas son deconstruidos dentro de un giro decolonial y de una hermenéutica pluritópica.TEACHER FORMATION IN INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION IN THE NORTHWEST OF ARGENTINA ABSTRACTTeacher formation oriented to Bilingual Intercultural Education (BIE), in the inhospitable rural interior of Salta, northwest Argentina, has a recent history crossed by successive changes in national and provincial policies. In the Argentine educational system, the EIB modality has a challenge in every sense and particularly in the formation of primary education teachers. Require de-form and creat new forms, in complex processes of recognition and defense of the rights of indigenous peoples. The work analyzes the situation of teacher formation in general and in particular the Satellite Classroom in Isla de Cañas, Iruya department, dependent of the Institute of Higher Education of San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, capital of the department of Oran on the border with Bolivia. We pay attention to the voices of students in a territory of conflict and social, political and economic delays that impact the educational field, place where we share the fight for openness and support of teachers with modality in BIE. We try a broad understanding of our practices in bilingual intercultural education through plural perspectives, where poststructuralist contributions are deconstructed within a decolonial turn and a pluritopic hermeneutic.Key words: Teacher formation. Bilingual Intercultural Education (BIE). Plural perspectives