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The nature and extent of openness depend on the context and/or disciplinary domain. Earlier usage of the term open was in the context of computer systems. For example, in networked systems of computers, 'openness' refers to enabling protocols that connect previously closed systems so that they can communicate with each other. Beyond that, openness has been used to imply a spectrum of meanings, notably since the campaign for open source software development populated the term 'open' and its suggested notions of 'openness' as freedom, entitlement, or norm. As a social form of organising, 'openness' suggests a way of sharing resources. In the corporate context, 'openness' refers to more active involvement of stakeholders in the process of value creation.

The nature and extent of openness depend on the context and/or disciplinary domain. Earlier usage of the term open was in the context of computer systems. For example, in networked systems of computers, "openness" refers to enabling protocols that connect previously closed systems so that they can communicate with each other. Beyond that, openness has been used to imply a spectrum of meanings, notably since the campaign for open source software development populated the term 'open' and its suggested notions of "openness" as freedom, entitlement, or norm. As a social form of organising, "openness" suggests a way of sharing resources. In the corporate context, "openness" refers to more active involvement of stakeholders in the process of value creation.

More than a decade before becoming President of the United States, Herbert Hoover, a mining engineer, observed that, among the branches of property law, the distribution of mining rights most elegantly reflects the vicissitudes of social and political relations. According to Hoover, mining rights were a "never-ending contention," as old as economic and civil conflict, among four principle classes – overlord, state, landowner, and miner. "Somebody," he concluded, "has to keep peace and settle disputes." Today, with the prices of major natural-resource commodities – including oil, coal, copper, gold, and iron ore – doubling, tripling, or rising even faster, the extractive industries are rapidly expanding. Profitable investments in the sector could lift millions of people out of poverty in the developing world.

This Preface to the Living Archives publication on Openness raises questions and controversies around open data and publication as an academic and expressive process. It begins by asking: why produce a publication on openness? Or, rather 3 versions, because the collected articles appeared as a series on medium.com (1/3), as a freely downloadable PDF (2/3), and finally as a limited hand bound print run of approximately 30 volumes (3/3). These are iterations on openness comprising 18 peer-reviewed contributions existing, to cite Jean Luc Nancy, "between exposed thought and knotty intimacy" within a Commerce of Thinking (Nancy 2009, 3). These 3 versions travel across materialities. They are re-mediated, but to me it feels like a sort of de-mediation – a stripping away – as we moved over time from the digital versions toward the print version. Video had to be unspooled into image frames, audio into fragmented text transcriptions. These iterations render Nancy's argument multiple both in form and in voice, without a doubt "born in agitation and anxiety, in the fermentation of a form" (ibid) but not in search of anything as unified as a coherent style or position. The contributions demonstrate the political groundedness of research data, and its cloudiness, rather than the collective fiction of the transparency of data in the Cloud.

Das Poster ist das Ergebnis der grafischen Dokumentation (Graphic Recording) der Eröffnungsveranstaltung der Ringvorlesung "Offenheit in der Wissenschaft. Open Science in der Praxis" am 14.10.2019 im Rahmen des allgemeinen Vorlesungswesens der Universität Hamburg. Referentinnen und Podiumsteilnehmerinnen waren Joanna Schmölz (Digitalstrategie, Senatskanzlei Hamburg) und Yvonne Zindel (Research Associate, Universität der Künste Berlin). Begrüßung: Stefan Thiemann (Universität Hamburg), Moderation: Andreas Möllenkamp (Universität Hamburg). Ringvorlesung "Offenheit in der Wissenschaft. Open Science in der Praxis" Die Open Science-Bewegung will die Potentiale der Digitalisierung nutzen, um die wissenschaftliche Arbeit und ihre Ergebnisse sowohl innerhalb der Wissenschaft als auch für Wirtschaft, Kultur und Gesellschaft einfacher zugänglich und nutzbar zu machen. Was bedeutet das für die wissenschaftliche Praxis? In dieser Ringvorlesung werden durch Impulsvorträge mit anschließender Diskussion Praxisbeispiele offener Wissenschaft vorgestellt und diskutiert. Expertinnen und Experten aus unterschiedlichen Fachbereichen beleuchten die rechtlichen, politischen und technischen Rahmenbedingungen und diskutieren Methoden und Erfahrungen mit offener Wissenschaft. Dazu gehören Fragen des freien Zugangs zu Publikationen (Open Access) ebenso wie zur Erhebung, Bereitstellung und Verbreitung von Forschungsdaten und Methoden. Eröffnungsveranstaltung "Openness: Grundwert oder Ideologie?" Mit der Öffnung der Wissenschaft sind weitgehende Erwartungen und Hoffnungen, aber auch Herausforderungen und Ängste verbunden. Versprechungen von einfacherer Zugänglichkeit, größerer Transparenz und besserer Nachnutzbarkeit stehen etwa einer Kritik an einer zunehmenden Quantifizierung und Ökonomisierung gegenüber. Gemeinsam mit den Referentinnen gehen wir der Frage nach, wie Wissenschaft, Kunst und Kultur die Chancen der Digitalisierung für eine nachhaltige, gemeinwohlorientierte Entwicklung nutzen können. Programm der Ringvorlesung Video-Mitschnitt der Eröffnungsveranstaltung

International audience ; This chapter traces the evolution of legal conditions meant to support the production and flourishing of "commons-based peer production" in a diversity of fields covered by copyright, mostly in the digital realm. From software to creative works, including scientific articles, cultural heritage, public sector information, and open data, a wealth of digital, knowledge, intellectual or information commons can be peer produced. The rules which guarantee that they can remain in the commons, under open conditions, have been the subject of heated debates about the politics of technology and heavy legal fine-tuning along the years, opposing different definitions and nuances in openness reflecting underlying philosophies within the peer production political economy, such as liberal and commons-based approaches.

Openness vis-i-vis the world and an improved incentive system at home are the key requirements for a lasting re-acceleration of economic growth in Europe, the U.S. and indeed most parts of the world. More specifically, the policy-oriented message to be propounded in this paper is essentially twofold: (i) Europe could already learn much from the U.S. to improve its incentive system and to make its internal markets more open, (ii) Openness vis-a-vis the world economy is a task to be pushed onto the policy agenda in the U.S. as well as in Europe and Japan. Such international openness involves more competition among governments and central banks, a competition that can support our hopes for limited government and sound money in future decades.

Remittances have greatly increased during recent years, becoming an important and reliable source of funds for many developing countries. Therefore, there is a strong incentive for receiving countries to attract more remittances, especially through formal channels that turn to be either less expensive or less risky. One way of doing so is to increase their financial openness, but this policy option might generate additional costs in terms of macroeconomic volatility. In this paper we investigate the link between remittance receipts and financial openness. We develop a small model and statistically test for the existence of such a relationship with a sample of 66 mostly developing countries from 1980-2005. Empirically we use a dynamic generalized ordered logit model to deal with the categorical nature of the financial openness policy. We apply a two-step method akin to two stage least squares to deal with the endogeneity of remittances and potential measurement errors. We find a strong positive statistical and economic effect of remittances on financial openness.

This collection brings together academics, archivists, artists, and activists whose thought and practices make critical intervention into cultural phenomenon of open data. The sub-title of this publication – politics /practices / poetics – reveals a close entwinement between thought and practice, between thinking and making. The contri-butions offer critical perspectives combined with implications for practice, or they in themselves are practices (such as performances, discussions, acts of care, or visualisations). Each contribution is an open data project in action. Openness is part of the Living Archives research project.http://livingarchives.mah.se/ https://medium.com/the-politics-practices-and-poetics-of-openness

The objective of this presentation is to test whether trade openness leads to economic volatility, keeping other relevant things constant. This theme has been investigated in various studies, as we shall show in the literature review. However this particular study place the analysis within the vulnerability/ resilience framework, proposed by Briguglio et al. (2009). One would expect that if a country depends highly on economic conditions in other countries, its economic situation will also be highly exposed to external shocks, possibly leading to GDP growth volatility in the country in question. Likewise, a high dependence on imports is likely to lead to a high degree of exposure to economic conditions in the rest of the world. There are other reasons why trade openness leads to GDP growth volatility - these will be discussed in the section on the literature on this matter. The hypothesis to be tested in this paper is that GDP growth volatility depends on trade openness, on economic governance and on political governance of a given economy, the latter variable possibly proxying GDP per capita (the stage of development) and social governance in the country concerned. The approach used to test this relationship is the regression method, using panel data. ; peer-reviewed

The Openness Position Paper published by the Arqus European University Alliance emphasises that Arqus institutions, in line with the policies, roadmaps and strategies of the EU and a wide range of stakeholders, are striving jointly to make further progress towards realising Open Science. The Position Paper identifies and acknowledges aims and values of Open Science and relates them to values, principles, and standards shared by the Arqus Alliance, followed by a vision for a future with Open Science. In the interest of a nuanced picture, the Position Paper discusses not only desired effects, but also possible areas of tension related to Open Science. It presents a wide range of specific aims and recommendations for each of the eleven elements of Open Science defined by the Arqus Openness Task Force: Governance Publications (including Open Access) Data (including research data management, FAIR and Open Data) Infrastructures (including support staff, Open Science software and tools, repositories, Open Labs) Methods (including source code, preregistration, materials, workflows, protocols, lab notes) Awareness and training (including education of early-stage researchers) Evaluation (including Open Metrics, research assessment, Open Peer Review, rewards and incentives) Communication (including multilingualism) Citizen Science Open Education Open Innovation The Position Paper concludes with an annex that highlights the progress already made in the implementation and support of Open Science practices at Arqus institutions. ; Cofunded by the Erasmus+Programme of the European Union

This paper tried to investigate the impact of openness to trade on the economic growth of Iraq. To do that, we used annual time-series data from the period of 1980 to 2014 and the economic growth variable was regressed on the openness variable with a set of control variables; government expenditure, industry investments value, oil utilization value per capita, capital inflow and an interaction variable of capital inflow with structural dummy of 2003 and dummies for the effect of 1991 gulf war, 2003 US invasion to Iraq and 2003 transition to democratic government after overthrown of Saddam"s reign as well. We also employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method for the estimation. The result of this research showed a support to the growing number of empirical researches for different economies, which confirmed the positive and significant relationship between economic growth and openness to trade. Another major finding is that the 1991 Kuwait War and the invasion of Iraq by the US in 2003 have largely and negatively affected the Iraqi economic growth. Moreover, the structural changes after Saddam"s reign as from 2003 have a positive impact on the economic grow path of Iraq. The study also finds that foreign capital investment imposes a positive impact on the economy after the infrastructural changes made as from 2003. Keywords: openness and growth of Iraq, Iraq"s economy growth. ; ÖZ : Bu tez Irak"ın ekonomisinin büyümesindeki ticari açılımındaki etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlar. Bunun için 1980-2014 dönemine ait yıllık zaman-serisi verilerini ve kontrol verileri ekonominin gelişimdeki düşüşü baz alınmıştır. Kontrol verileri; hükümet harcamaları, sanayi yatırım değerleri, kapitaya göre yağ kullanımı, anapara akımı ve 2003 yılının anapara akımının entekrasyonu ile 1991 yılında meydana gelen Körfez Savaşı"nın etkileri vede 2003 Amerika"nın Irak işgali ve Saddam döneminden sonra demokrasi hükümetine geçiş olarak belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda araştırma için OLS yöntemi olan Sıradan Az Kare (SAK) baz alınmıştır. Bu araştırmanın sonucu gösterdi ki büyümekte olan farklı ekonomiler emperikal araştırma desteğini almaktadırlar; buda ekonominin büyümesinde ve ticaretin açılımında olumlu ve önemli ilişki göstermektedir. Diğer bir başka bulgu ise 1991 yılındaki Kuveyt Savaşı ve 2003 yılındaki Amerika"nın Irak"ı işgal etmesi Irak ekonomisinin büyümesinde olumsuz etki yaratmıştır. Bunun yanısıra Saddam dönemi sonundaki yönetsel değişiklikler 2003 yılından itibaren Irak ekonomisinin büyümesine yol açmıştır. Bu araştırma sonucu aynı zamanda gösterir ki 2003 yılından sonra yapılan altyapı degişiklikleri ile yabancı anapara yatırımı ekonominin gelişiminde olumlu etki göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Irak"taki açılım ve büyüme, Irak ekonomisinin büyümesi ; Master of Science in Economics. Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Economics, 2016. Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gülcay Tuna Payaslıoğlu, Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sevin Uğural.

We study a model where economic growth is fueled by public basic-research investment and the importation of leading technology from foreign countries. In each period, the government chooses the amount of basic research, balancing the cost and benefits of stimulating growth through both channels. We establish the existence of steady states and the long-run share of technologically advanced sectors in the economy. Then, we explore how different degrees of openness affect long-term incentives to invest in basic research. Our main insight is that higher openness tends to encourage more investment in basic research which, in turn, yields a larger share of leading sectors. If, however, there are prospects of importing large technology advancements, highly open countries will reduce basic research as such imports become particularly valuable.

Contextualizing Openness offers a fascinating look at Open Science and the democratization of knowledge in international development and social transformation with a focus on the Global South. This volume presents contri­butions from the 12 projects that form the Open and Collaborative Science in Development Network (OCSDNet) organized around four central themes: Defining Open Sci­ence in Development, Governing Open Science, Negotiat­ing Open Science, and Expanding Open Science for Social Transformation. Chan, L., Okune, A., Hillyer, R., Albornoz, D., & Posada, A. (Eds.). (2019). Contextualizing Openness: Situating Open Science. University of Ottawa Press. https://www.idrc.ca/en/book/contextualizing-openness-situating-open-science

We study a model where economic growth is fueled by public basic-research investment and the importation of leading technology from foreign countries. In each period, the government chooses the amount of basic research, balancing the cost and benefits of stimulating growth through both channels. We establish the existence of steady states and the long-run share of technologically advanced sectors in the economy. Then, we explore how different degrees of openness affect long-term incentives to invest in basic research. Our main insight is that higher openness tends to encourage more investment in basic research which, in turn, yields a larger share of leading sectors. If, however, there are prospects of importing large technology advancements, highly open countries will reduce basic research as such imports become particularly valuable.