Suchergebnisse

Planning involves a sequence of acts which are mutually related as means & therefore are viewed as a unit. Rational planning means that every alternative of action is listed, all the consequences of these identified &that the course selected lead to the ends preferred. In the real world there is very little planning & even less rationality. Opportunistic, shortrange decisions are the rule. Among the reasons militating against planning are: uncertainty of the future, public opposition, econ & other limitations of action, pressures of the moment & complexity of the ends. A theoretical model of rational planning would be useful in suggesting how org's might function better. It would be helpful in developing such a theory if a series of case studies built on a common conceptual scheme were undertaken. B. J. Keelev.

Labor in Israel is mostly organized into the General Federation of Jewish Labor in Israel (Histadrut), a general union in membership & functions. It includes all kinds of workers & their families & has trade union, mutual aid, & soc functions, & econ activities. It tries to satisfy all physical, cultural, & spiritual needs of its members. Its ideology is 'a synthesis of Zionist nationalism & socialism. The author describes the structure & org of the Histadrut & the basic problems facing the federation in its future development, problems arising from the very size & complex nature of the org are considered. AAAPSS.

The young trade union movement in Malaya. has been subjected to many stresses that have limited its effectiveness either as a pol'al force or as a means of achieving the goals of labor. Communist-dominated up to the time of Communist party armed rebellion against the British colonial & protectorate goo's, since 1948 the movement has under British influence been developing slowly along liberal lines. A plural society, a lopsided representation in existing unions, & poor org & financing have continued to attenuate the movement, while the growth of a new militant left wing has split it at a time, shortly before Malayan independence, when it needs all the strength it can muster. AAAPSS.

The development of a democratic, anti-Communist, & effective labor movement in Italy is rendered difficult by several things: the lack of pol'al unity & a single econ ideology of the large national federations, the top-heavy admin'tive structure, & the well-rooted system of highly centralized control. Industry-wide bargaining has proved ineffective in getting the greatest benefits to labor in various sections of the country. Factory unions are being looked upon now as the answer; they have begun to be established but have not yet become effective instruments. What is needed is new leadership which can build the labor movement from the bottom up rather than from the top down. Young labor leaders are now being trained, & in their hands lies the key to the future of the Italian labor movement. AAAPSS.

In the British Caribbean territories, the labor movement & trade unionism have been vehicles for nationalist & home-rule sentiments. The first trade unions appeared after WWI, but their efforts to raise wages & living standards by legislation largely failed, owing to lack of adequate pol'al representation. The depression of the 1930's worsened the situation of the workers & led to widespread disturbances in 1937. As a result of recommendations by a Royal Commission in 1939, universal suffrage was introduced & good labor laws enacted. Since then labor leaders have gained pbl'al offices, & the labor movement has become increasingly respectable & effective. AAAPSS.

Unwritten but generally accepted & informally enforced norms of conduct exist in the US Senate. These folkways hold that new members ought to serve an unobtrusive apprenticeship, that all members should devote a major share of their time & energy to the strictly legislative aspect of their jobs, that Senators should specialize in a few areas of policy, that Senators should be emotionally devoted to the Senate & its ways The Senate could not operate with its present org & rules without these folkways. However, not all Senators adhere to them. A distinguished pre-Senate career, higher pol'al ambitions, constituency problems & a `liberal' pol'al ideology all encourage non-conformity. Senators who conform to the folkways are rewarded by high peer group esteem & tend to be more 'effective' legislators than non-conformists. IPSA.