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At head of title: The Dimensionality of Nations Project, Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The academic reform in the 1960s and 1970s were formative years for the history of science in the Second Republic of Austria. Political Science, as a discipline, was particularly affected - not the least because this was the time when the discipline was, finally, institutionalized. This article, however, examines the background why the study of politics and policy in Austria was formalized so late. While often-neglected in the literature, the first two decades academic life of the in the renewed republic are of particular interest to us. What forms of academic (or, scientific) engagement with politics and policy can we find in this pre-discipline era? This question is tackled along three different layers in the contemporary academic framework, firstly epistemological trends, secondly academic practices, and thirdly early forms of institutionalization. The article is part of the ongoing special topic on "40 years of ÖZP" in 2012.

ABSTRACT We provide the first replication study of political science research published in Brazil by attempting to replicate every quantitative article published in five major Brazilian journals between 2012 and 2016. We also tested whether replication rates varied between established fields, more traditional and where the use of quantitative data is more common, and emerging fields. Our results show that transparency and reproduction are still in a development stage in Brazilian Political Science. Of the 650 articles reviewed, we asked for data to 197 quantitative articles. From those, only 28% agreed to share datasets and computed codes. We were able to attempt a replication for only 14%, and successfully reproduce the results of less than 5%. We conclude by suggesting the adoption of transparency and replicability procedures that are standard in other scientific communities.

The article is dedicated to the results of thirty years activity of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission of the Council of Europe), which is a recognized expert center in the field of constitutional law. Russia has been participating in its work since 2002. The purpose of the article is to show the evolution of the VC expert opinions' problematics from the general problems of constitutional reforms to the specification of individual institutions, the assessment of electoral systems, the effectiveness of justice, guarantees of civil and political rights of citizens. This comparative analysis contributes to a better understanding of the Commission's current activities. The main stages of the Commissions' formation are considered. The authors explore the expansion of the geographical sphere of Venice Commission's influence and the strengthening of its role in the political-legal and scientific-legal fields. The conducted research makes it possible to fill an obvious gap in the domestic science of comparative and constitutional law, since there are only a few special works dedicated to the Venice Commission. The article sets out tasks that can contribute to the shaping of new directions for the development of legal science, taking into account the experience of the Commission and its contribution to the improvement of democratic institutions. The work is intended for scientists specializing in comparative and constitutional law, teachers and students studying the law of the Council of Europe. An optional seminar on the legal positions of the Venice Commission was organized at the Master's program of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American political science association, 1913. ; Charles McCarthy, chairman. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Despite increasing research on comparative local government, the resulting literature remains disappointing in that it is difficult to generalize across the range of diffuse studies. The main problem is the lack of a common framework to conduct such research and into which results can be placed and built upon. Partly, this is a consequence of insufficient attention to the requirements of building a classification system that can serve as a framework. In the spirit of contributing to the conceptual and methodological development of the literature on comparative local government, I set forth criteria for a classification system, review and assess the literature with respect to these criteria, and suggest a possible approach for building an empirically based classification system for local government that can serve as a common framework.

Political science has, in the past 40 years, developed into a multi-dimensional discipline, training thousands of political scientists who have entered a variety of professions. Its development in Iceland over 40 years has been remarkable, from its small beginnings in 1970 to hosting the largest political science conference in Europe in 2011. However, as the ECPR's founders taught us, political science must always be aware of new challenges and be prepared to innovate and adapt to new realities. The financial crisis that hit Iceland and the world economy in 2008 embodies significant challenges to the discipline, but also opportunities -- and notably the opportunity to retrieve the dominance that market economics secured in the past over many political economy analyses. The specific experience of Iceland, as a small state in the north, represents a wake-up call for the discipline, raising key questions relating to the contribution political science can make to understanding the current transformation and to the capacity of the discipline to maintain its relevance. Adapted from the source document.

Summary
Like most developed nations, the Soviet Union faced an unprecedented demographic shift during the latter half of the twentieth century, as its population aged and life expectancies grew significantly. Facing similar challenges as the USA or the UK, this article argues, the USSR reacted similarly and equally ad hoc, allowing biological gerontology and geriatrics to develop as sciences and medical specialisations with little central direction. When political attention was focused on ageing, moreover, the Soviet response remained largely comparable to the West's, with geriatric medicine slowly overtaking research into the foundations of ageing and yet remaining sorely underfunded and underpromoted.