Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo placed fighting corruption at the forefront of his administration. Nevertheless, at the end of his presidency, corruption remained endemic. While many Nigerians were skeptical regarding the sincerity and efficacy of Obasanjo's anti-corruption crusade, these efforts have affected political culture in Nigeria. By making accusations of corruption the currency of political contest, Obasanjo forced competing politicians to expose increasingly detailed accounts of each other's venality, stoking popular anger in ways that his successors may not be able to ignore. (Pol afr/GIGA)
The centralized informal politics of Adenauer's Federal Republic have evolved into modern Germany present-day decentralized informality, Informal relations partially may endanger democratic principles, but they are a means of facilitating political decisions in consensual, pluralistic, media-saturated systems such as Germany. With regard to the effects of such informal political structures, it seems to be important whether social, economic & media pluralism as well as strong parties are able to function as a corrective to this asymmetric exercise of power. Adapted from the source document.
Objetiva este trabalho averiguar a participação das faculdades de direito e, em conseqüência, dos intelectuais brasileiros, de formação jurídica, na construção do Estado brasileiro e a influência deles na formação do pensamento político e social nacional. Para a elaboração do presente, utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema proposto, tendo sido levantadas questões no intuito de tentar entender porque as faculdades de direito e os profissionais do direito tiveram grande participação na elaboração de um projeto nacional, durante o Império e o início da República, e porque deixaram de exercer função de vanguarda no início do século passado. O trabalho conclui que o afastamento desses profissionais no processo pode ser atribuído à reformulação dos cursos jurídicos que eram baseados em um ensino geral e humanístico e que passam a ser, antes da República, um curso de formação técnica, atribuindo- se aos cursos de ciências sociais, instituídos à época, a função de serem o local de difusão do conhecimento das ciências humanas, antes função atribuída aos cursos de direito. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: intelectuais juristas, formação do Estado e do pensamento social e político nacional. LAWYERS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF BRAZILIAN STATE AND SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THINKING - bibliographic notes Carlo José Napolitano This paper aims to verify the participation of Brazilian law schools and consequently intellectuals graduated in law, on constructing Brazilian State and their influence in national social and political thinking. This study was made using bibliographical research about the issue at hand, raising questions to try and understand why law professionals and schools had great participation elaborating a national project during the Empire and beginnings of the Republic, and why they stopped taking a preeminent position at the beginning of last century. This work's conclusions are that these professional's estrangement from these processes may be attributed to the law courses' reformulation, from based on a general and humanistic profile, to, before the Republic, a technical formation course, having their role in the difusion of knowledge passed on to by the time created Social Science courses. KEYWORDS: intellectual law professionals, social and political thinking and state formation. LES JURISTES ET LA CONSTRUCTION DE L´ETAT ET DE LA PENSÉE POLITIQUE ET SOCIALE BRÉSILIENNE - notes bibliographiques Carlo José Napolitano L´objectif de ce travail est de vérifier la participation des facultés de droit, et par conséquent des intellectuels brésiliens ayant une formation juridique, à la construction de l´Etat brésilien ainsi que leur influence sur la formation de la pensée politique et sociale nationale. Ce travail a été élaboré à partir d´une recherche bibliographique sur le thème proposé et de questionnements pour essayer de comprendre pourquoi les facultés de droit et les professionnels du droit ont pris part de manière significative à l´élaboration d´un projet national, pendant l´Empire et au début de la République, et pourquoi ils n´ont plus joué ce rôle d´avant-garde au début du siècle dernier. La conclusion à laquelle nous arrivons est que ces professionels ont probablement été éloignés du processus à cause de la reformulation des cours juridiques. Fondés sur un enseignement général et humanistique, ils ont été transformés avant l´avène-ment de la République en cours de formation technique alors que les cours en sciences sociales, institués à l´époque, sont devenus le lieu de diffusion de la connaissance des sciences humaines, fonction autrefois attribuée aux cours de droit. MOTS-CLÉS: intellectuels juristes, formation de l´Etat et de la pensée sociale et politique nationale. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br
Within the last ten years a new conventional wisdom has surfaced in political science which tells us that presidents inexorably become less popular over time. Not much else matters. Neither the economy, nor the Vietnam War, not even Watergate seems to have had much independent effect on presidential popularity once time is taken into account. Before embracing these conclusions we need to reconsider the method that produced them. I argue that previous research too willingly accepted time as an explanatory variable, enshrouding it with theoretical meaning. To preserve its explanatory power alternative, substantive variables were shortchanged in their operational definitions and measurement. In this article I reverse the emphasis. Here, time is rejected as an explanatory variable and is employed only as a diagnostic indicator of the adequacy of the equations. A variety of alternative representations of real-world forces such as the economy and war are tested and some considerably improve the time-series correlation between the environment and presidential popularity. With these substantive variables I propose a simpler, if less glamorous, theory of presidential popularity consisting of two hypotheses: first, popularity is related to real events and conditions, and second, that it responds slowly to environmental change. Popularity is then both experiential and incremental. The findings for Presidents Truman through Nixon support this common-sense view. The Korean War (measured by U.S. casualties), the Vietnam War (measured by the number of bombing missions over North Vietnam and the U.S. war dead), the economy (especially six-month changes in consumer prices), Watergate, international "rally" events, and early term surges of approval all contribute independently to short-term fluctuations in presidential popularity. Moreover, as predicted, popularity appears to be autoregressive even when represented by an instrumental variables surrogate measure to minimize serial correlation. When the equations are specified in this way, time proves to be unnecessary in order to explain trends in presidential popularity.
The current slump in the number of university students taking courses in public administration suggests that this is a good time to reflect on what form education for the public service should take after the war. It is highly probable that many university students will again undertake to prepare themselves for jobs and careers in government, despite an inevitable reduction in the number of federal employees. Educational assistance to veterans may, in fact, cause a large and sudden increase in the numbers attending colleges and universities with an eye to a government job after graduation. I should like to discuss the kind of education which should be offered such students after the war, whether or not they are veterans. My comments are directed primarily toward undergraduate instruction. The advanced work on administrative theory and problems carried on by graduate faculties and candidates for the Ph.D. is a separate subject.Basically, the problem of education for the public service involves two questions. First, what are the most important demands which the public service makes upon the individual? Second, how can the universities contribute most to developing the qualities needed to meet these demands?The demands which the public service makes upon the individual are many and varied. They cannot all be anticipated in advance; and if they could be, there would not be time in the university to give specific training for meeting all of them. Thus some determination must be made as to the kind of demands that are most important. Such a determination was, in fact, being made before the war by university faculties teaching public administration and political science. Students preparing for the public service were being asked to spend an increasing amount of time in the study of techniques, procedures, and skills currently in use in governmental practice. Most prominent among these were personnel management, budgetary and fiscal administration, accounting, statistics, government procurement practice, office management, and similar subjects.
It is indeed a substantial grist that the Supreme Court of the United States at the last term of court has ground for students of political science. The first opinion was delivered on November 1, 1909, and the last on May 31, 1910, and the court decided no less than sixty-five constitutional cases. Notice that with caution it is merely said that the court decided no less than that number; for it is often somewhat a matter of opinion whether a case should be classed as constitutional, and it may well be that there are readers who will find that the court exceeded sixty-five. And how were those sixty-five divided? Many turned on more constitutional points than one, and thus an enumeration of the cases bearing on the several clauses of the Constitution will reveal a total exceeding sixty-five. The enumeration, subject to amendment in accordance with each student's views, gives the following results: The Fourteenth Amendment, twenty-four cases; the Commerce Clause, twenty-one; the Obligation of Contracts Clause, eight; whether cases arise "under the laws of the United States," eight; Full Faith and Credit Clause, five; and sixteen other clauses, from one to four cases each, aggregating twenty-seven.Through these dull figures some important facts shine distinctly. The Fourteenth Amendment and the Commerce Clause clearly took a vast part of the court's energy, and each of these provisions has to do with the curtailment of functions which prima facie belong to the several states. In other words, the chief feature of this term, as of every recent term, has been a more or less successful attempt of litigants to overthrow state statutes as denials of due process and equal protection or as interferences with interstate commerce.
The number of studies dealing with economic problems of small countries is growing. They have contributed to our general knowledge on the economics of these societies. Nevertheless, there is no clear evidence that a successful economic policy will be following from this knowledge. This, of course, is not unusual in matters of science. First of all, the exploration of an economic problem is one thing; the solution of problems is another thing altogether. And indeed, the economic problems of small countries, especially of the very small ones, seem so grave that one could seriously question any pretention of being able to solve these. We could emphasize the lack of development possibilities and point at the long list of impediments, at political and social structures which hamper development and which are quite difficult to change, if at all. All of these arguments could be substantiated. They have in fact been substantiated for a number of very small countries, where a virtual absence of resources or diseconomies of small scale seem to deprive their inhabitants of rather basic facilities (5, p.90]. But, for the sake of our argument, let us assume another reason why, so far, development successes in very small economies have not been realized, and let us point to the limited ability of science to propose effective measures to solve real world problems. Our argument is not a philosophical one. We, therefore, neglect the reasoning that solutions to problems almost always create new problems. Our argument is of a more theoretical nature. We simply feel that the ability of science to suggest policies is sometimes rather limited, precisely because of the limitations in our scientific way of dealing with reality. And, since some of these limitations, hampering our insights into the economic life of very small economies, seem to follow from the conception of science itself - since, so to speak, some of these limitations are self-imposed - we propose to look at the economic structures of very small economies in a different way. We have toyed with the idea to illustrate our largely theoretical exercise with a case study on Malta, but, our Institute being a very small economy itself, with limited resources, we had to confine ourselves to mere illustrations. For this and other reasons, our remarks should be seen as no more than a brief exploratory note on a large problem. Clearly, our approach does not pretend to render all other possible (scientific) approaches on formulating an economic policy obsolete or unjustified. ; peer-reviewed
In a previous volume, State and Society in Papua New Guinea: The First Twenty-Five Years (2001, reprinted by ANU E Press in 2004), a collection of papers by the author published between 1971 and 2001 was put together to mark Papua New Guinea's first 25 years as an independent state. This volume presents a collection of papers written between 2001 and 2021, which update the story of political and social development in Papua New Guinea in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. The chapters cover a range of topics, from an evaluation of proposals for political reform in the early 2000s, a review of the discussion of 'failing states' in the island Pacific and the shift to limited preferential voting in 2007, to a detailed account of political developments from the move against Sir Michael Somare in 2011 to the election of Prime Minister Marape and his performance to 2022. There are also chapters on language policy, external and internal security, religious fundamentalism and national identity, and the sustainability of economic growth.
In this article, we examine the Turkish case for populism that was applied since the establishment of the multiparty regime on 1950. The originality of the Turkish case resides in two facts. (1) Populist policies were implemented by conservative center-Right governments rather than by Left governments as in some Latin American countries. Based on patron-client relations as a dominant characteristic of the rural social structure, these parties organized themselves as patronage networks. These party organizations can be characterized as machine-parties rather than as parties with coherent ideologies & national programs. Thus, they distributed to their clients the resources obtained more or less easily from foreign suppliers during the Cold War, due to Turkey's geostrategic importance as a NATO member. (2) It entails a vicious circle provoked by these populist policies manifest in a cycle of populist policies/crisis/military intervention/austerity measures. However, with the end of the Cold War period & the beginning of the globalization era, it became harder for Turkish governments to obtain long-term foreign debt in terms of multilateral agreements to carry out their populist policies. As a result, these resources were replaced by short-term, high-cost capital inflows. These inflows paradoxically facilitated the implementation of populist policies &, at the same time, worsened already severe consequences. As a result, sociopolitical tensions created by these severe conditions triggered the rise of radical movements such as political Islam & ultranationalism. Adapted from the source document.
Georg Forster is one of the most controversial thinkers of the late german Enlightenment. During his life, he crosses different geographical and cultural spaces, in which new ways of knowledge transmission occur. The traditional network of knowledge production and transmission finds a competition in parallel networks testifying the rising interest in scientific knowledge. Forster himself lives at a crossing of different national thinking traditions which are substantial of his writings. In his voyage around the world, Forster is confronted with the absolute other, the "wild people", but also to the relative other, the "civilized people" not behaving as it would be expected from a civilized person. This leads him to reconsiderate the definition of the Enlightenment: to what extent is it conform to the reality one can observe in European societies, and should it only be considered from a theoretical point of view? In this regard, the perfectibility takes an essential place in Forster's thoughts. Rousseau's neologism symbolizes simultaneously the progression of every single domain of knowledge which caracterizes the Enlightenment, but symbolizes its ambivalence, too. The perfectibility confronts philosophers and writers with traditional questions asked under new conditions, due to the development of science, knowledge, political and economical structures and new contacts with other civilizations. ; Georg Forster est une des figures des Lumières allemandes tardives qui prête le plus à controverse. Il traverse au cours de sa vie différents espaces géographiques et culturels dans lesquels se déploient au XVIIIe siècle des modalités nouvelles de transmission du savoir. Le réseau traditionnel de production et de transmission du savoir, les universités, se double au siècle des Lumières de réseaux parallèles qui témoignent de l'essor de l'intérêt pour la connaissance scientifique dans des cercles plus larges de lettrés. Forster lui-même, de par sa formation d'autodidacte, se trouve à l'intersection de différentes écoles ...
Georg Forster is one of the most controversial thinkers of the late german Enlightenment. During his life, he crosses different geographical and cultural spaces, in which new ways of knowledge transmission occur. The traditional network of knowledge production and transmission finds a competition in parallel networks testifying the rising interest in scientific knowledge. Forster himself lives at a crossing of different national thinking traditions which are substantial of his writings. In his voyage around the world, Forster is confronted with the absolute other, the "wild people", but also to the relative other, the "civilized people" not behaving as it would be expected from a civilized person. This leads him to reconsiderate the definition of the Enlightenment: to what extent is it conform to the reality one can observe in European societies, and should it only be considered from a theoretical point of view? In this regard, the perfectibility takes an essential place in Forster's thoughts. Rousseau's neologism symbolizes simultaneously the progression of every single domain of knowledge which caracterizes the Enlightenment, but symbolizes its ambivalence, too. The perfectibility confronts philosophers and writers with traditional questions asked under new conditions, due to the development of science, knowledge, political and economical structures and new contacts with other civilizations. ; Georg Forster est une des figures des Lumières allemandes tardives qui prête le plus à controverse. Il traverse au cours de sa vie différents espaces géographiques et culturels dans lesquels se déploient au XVIIIe siècle des modalités nouvelles de transmission du savoir. Le réseau traditionnel de production et de transmission du savoir, les universités, se double au siècle des Lumières de réseaux parallèles qui témoignent de l'essor de l'intérêt pour la connaissance scientifique dans des cercles plus larges de lettrés. Forster lui-même, de par sa formation d'autodidacte, se trouve à l'intersection de différentes écoles ...
Georg Forster is one of the most controversial thinkers of the late german Enlightenment. During his life, he crosses different geographical and cultural spaces, in which new ways of knowledge transmission occur. The traditional network of knowledge production and transmission finds a competition in parallel networks testifying the rising interest in scientific knowledge. Forster himself lives at a crossing of different national thinking traditions which are substantial of his writings. In his voyage around the world, Forster is confronted with the absolute other, the "wild people", but also to the relative other, the "civilized people" not behaving as it would be expected from a civilized person. This leads him to reconsiderate the definition of the Enlightenment: to what extent is it conform to the reality one can observe in European societies, and should it only be considered from a theoretical point of view? In this regard, the perfectibility takes an essential place in Forster's thoughts. Rousseau's neologism symbolizes simultaneously the progression of every single domain of knowledge which caracterizes the Enlightenment, but symbolizes its ambivalence, too. The perfectibility confronts philosophers and writers with traditional questions asked under new conditions, due to the development of science, knowledge, political and economical structures and new contacts with other civilizations. ; Georg Forster est une des figures des Lumières allemandes tardives qui prête le plus à controverse. Il traverse au cours de sa vie différents espaces géographiques et culturels dans lesquels se déploient au XVIIIe siècle des modalités nouvelles de transmission du savoir. Le réseau traditionnel de production et de transmission du savoir, les universités, se double au siècle des Lumières de réseaux parallèles qui témoignent de l'essor de l'intérêt pour la connaissance scientifique dans des cercles plus larges de lettrés. Forster lui-même, de par sa formation d'autodidacte, se trouve à l'intersection de différentes écoles ...
Georg Forster is one of the most controversial thinkers of the late german Enlightenment. During his life, he crosses different geographical and cultural spaces, in which new ways of knowledge transmission occur. The traditional network of knowledge production and transmission finds a competition in parallel networks testifying the rising interest in scientific knowledge. Forster himself lives at a crossing of different national thinking traditions which are substantial of his writings. In his voyage around the world, Forster is confronted with the absolute other, the "wild people", but also to the relative other, the "civilized people" not behaving as it would be expected from a civilized person. This leads him to reconsiderate the definition of the Enlightenment: to what extent is it conform to the reality one can observe in European societies, and should it only be considered from a theoretical point of view? In this regard, the perfectibility takes an essential place in Forster's thoughts. Rousseau's neologism symbolizes simultaneously the progression of every single domain of knowledge which caracterizes the Enlightenment, but symbolizes its ambivalence, too. The perfectibility confronts philosophers and writers with traditional questions asked under new conditions, due to the development of science, knowledge, political and economical structures and new contacts with other civilizations. ; Georg Forster est une des figures des Lumières allemandes tardives qui prête le plus à controverse. Il traverse au cours de sa vie différents espaces géographiques et culturels dans lesquels se déploient au XVIIIe siècle des modalités nouvelles de transmission du savoir. Le réseau traditionnel de production et de transmission du savoir, les universités, se double au siècle des Lumières de réseaux parallèles qui témoignent de l'essor de l'intérêt pour la connaissance scientifique dans des cercles plus larges de lettrés. Forster lui-même, de par sa formation d'autodidacte, se trouve à l'intersection de différentes écoles ...
Georg Forster is one of the most controversial thinkers of the late german Enlightenment. During his life, he crosses different geographical and cultural spaces, in which new ways of knowledge transmission occur. The traditional network of knowledge production and transmission finds a competition in parallel networks testifying the rising interest in scientific knowledge. Forster himself lives at a crossing of different national thinking traditions which are substantial of his writings. In his voyage around the world, Forster is confronted with the absolute other, the "wild people", but also to the relative other, the "civilized people" not behaving as it would be expected from a civilized person. This leads him to reconsiderate the definition of the Enlightenment: to what extent is it conform to the reality one can observe in European societies, and should it only be considered from a theoretical point of view? In this regard, the perfectibility takes an essential place in Forster's thoughts. Rousseau's neologism symbolizes simultaneously the progression of every single domain of knowledge which caracterizes the Enlightenment, but symbolizes its ambivalence, too. The perfectibility confronts philosophers and writers with traditional questions asked under new conditions, due to the development of science, knowledge, political and economical structures and new contacts with other civilizations. ; Georg Forster est une des figures des Lumières allemandes tardives qui prête le plus à controverse. Il traverse au cours de sa vie différents espaces géographiques et culturels dans lesquels se déploient au XVIIIe siècle des modalités nouvelles de transmission du savoir. Le réseau traditionnel de production et de transmission du savoir, les universités, se double au siècle des Lumières de réseaux parallèles qui témoignent de l'essor de l'intérêt pour la connaissance scientifique dans des cercles plus larges de lettrés. Forster lui-même, de par sa formation d'autodidacte, se trouve à l'intersection de différentes écoles ...
Georg Forster is one of the most controversial thinkers of the late german Enlightenment. During his life, he crosses different geographical and cultural spaces, in which new ways of knowledge transmission occur. The traditional network of knowledge production and transmission finds a competition in parallel networks testifying the rising interest in scientific knowledge. Forster himself lives at a crossing of different national thinking traditions which are substantial of his writings. In his voyage around the world, Forster is confronted with the absolute other, the "wild people", but also to the relative other, the "civilized people" not behaving as it would be expected from a civilized person. This leads him to reconsiderate the definition of the Enlightenment: to what extent is it conform to the reality one can observe in European societies, and should it only be considered from a theoretical point of view? In this regard, the perfectibility takes an essential place in Forster's thoughts. Rousseau's neologism symbolizes simultaneously the progression of every single domain of knowledge which caracterizes the Enlightenment, but symbolizes its ambivalence, too. The perfectibility confronts philosophers and writers with traditional questions asked under new conditions, due to the development of science, knowledge, political and economical structures and new contacts with other civilizations. ; Georg Forster est une des figures des Lumières allemandes tardives qui prête le plus à controverse. Il traverse au cours de sa vie différents espaces géographiques et culturels dans lesquels se déploient au XVIIIe siècle des modalités nouvelles de transmission du savoir. Le réseau traditionnel de production et de transmission du savoir, les universités, se double au siècle des Lumières de réseaux parallèles qui témoignent de l'essor de l'intérêt pour la connaissance scientifique dans des cercles plus larges de lettrés. Forster lui-même, de par sa formation d'autodidacte, se trouve à l'intersection de différentes écoles ...
