The article considers environmental law policy as a component, an independent type of national legal policy, as well as state and sectoral environmental policy. The existence of correlative, mutual influence of ecological and legal doctrine on formation of the corresponding policy is proved. It is substantiated that the ecological and legal legal doctrine significantly influences the current state of the state ecological policy (and this influence is mutual), formation of the ecological legislation and integration of Ukraine into the European legal space. It was stated that Ukraine first of all needs to intensify law-making, modernize the provisions of the environmental and legal doctrine, based on the concepts of which will be revised, updated provisions of public policy, legal understanding, and hence law enforcement. Further institutionalization of the basic provisions of the ecological and legal doctrine in the legislation becomes a necessary condition for the further development of law-making and statehood. It is emphasized that the use of environmental and legal doctrine will speed up the lawmaking process, in particular due to the adaptation of regulations to European standards; formulate legislative definitions that will gradually become an important part of environmental regulations; develop a "road map" for the development of environmental policy and legislation, etc. It is emphasized that the current state of the legal system requires a fuller use of the lawmaking potential of environmental law doctrine and the implementation of its main functions – stabilizing, guiding, heuristic, rule-making, evaluative and prognostic. Therefore, it is expedient to apply the ecological and legal doctrine as a methodological platform of the ecological and legal policy. The necessity of developing concepts of systematization of the ecological legislation, and also legal policy is proved.
The article analyzes the phenomenon of public policy as a process of reflecting the interests of society through dialogue with the authorities with the help of a well-functioning communication process. We consider the American and European traditions in the definition of this concept. We describe the characteristics of public policy in political science. The article says of public policy development in terms of the information age, the functioning of its online space, namely, the role of social networks as a new subject of public policy.Keywords: publicity, public sphere, public policy, the online space, Internet, social networks. ; У статті аналізується феномен публічної політики як процес відображення інтересів суспільства через діалог з владою за допомогою налагодженого комунікаційного процесу. Розглянуто американську та європейську традиції у визначенні цього концепту. Окреслені характеристики публічної політики у політичній науці. Зазначено про розвиток публічної політики за умов інформаційної доби, функціонування її в онлайн просторі, а саме про роль соціальних мереж як нового суб'єкта публічної політики. Ключові слова: публічність, публічна сфера, публічна політика, онлайн-простір, Інтернет, соціальні мережі.
The article investigates the multidimensional features of the public opinion influence on forming and realization of the foreign-policy activity of the country. The interdisciplinary approach, that connected work from sociology, law, political science and international relations, was used. On the basis of historical method, it was succeeded to extrapolate the received practices of the ХXth century as for taking into account of public idea on modern international events, a system method defined the state as a subject of international relations, taking into account the separate role of its institutes, a comparative method allowed to distinguish the features of influence of citizens on state decisions in the different political modes, and behaviorism allowed to distinguish the terms of change of the citizens' behavior, society in relation to a foreign policy. The realized analysis of the scientific approaches of realism and liberalism defined the historical epochs of their forming and basic tendencies of taking into account or ignoringthe citizens' moods at the level of the public policy in relation to the short-term and strategic tasks of power in its international cooperation. The groups of countries were certain, where they are most represented. It has been found that, the delineation of manipulative constituent of forming the public opinion became the important conclusion of the research by means of mass-media, by specially democratic countries, in relation to the most essential events as intruding in the other country, coalition participating in international conflicts, intervention, membership in intergovernmental organizations and others like that. Thereafter, it was well proven that the public opinion is the important process of the legitimacy of the foreign-policy activity of the state both inside the state and in cooperating with international players.
The study provides an overview and thorough analysis of the current state of affairs, positive achievements, possible shortcomings and prospects of public administration bodies actions aimed at achieving socially significant goals and tasks related to them. The author presents a holistic and modernized view of the modern public policy key tasks. Emphasis is placed on identifying the positive or negative impact of public policy on some spheres of public life: economy (GDP growth, wages, unemployment reduction), social sphere (health care, education) and socio-cultural sphere.In the current conditions of society and state development, Ukraine faces a number of large-scale problems that are not fully resolved today, namely, the creation of innovative theory and practice of public administration, the formation of a new generation of leaders who can make effective decisions, analyzing the current situation and using existing resource.Formation of civil society, development of the rule of law, the need to neutralize negative trends, increasing pressure on government agencies from society, the need to form the principles of public policy in Ukraine require understanding of complex mechanisms of public activity.Global risks that threaten the world have created new challenges in the field of public policy as a form of political process implemented in public space, supported by information and communication resources and represented by a set of transparent vertical and horizontal interactions of its participants.A feature of modern political processes is a significant increase in the demands that society places on the political system, which encourages the state to transfer some functions to other, non-state, actors, who are increasingly involved in processes of policy development aimed at ensuring public interests and objectives.Requests for public policy in Ukraine are due to the fact that many interest groups have a real opportunity to participate in shaping the political agenda, to influence the process of development and implementation of political decisions and together with all participants to build a complex network of relationships. ; У дослідженні проводиться огляд та ґрунтовний аналіз сучасного стану справ, позитивних досягнень, можливих недоліків та перспектив дій органів публічного управління, спрямованих на досягнення суспільно значущих цілей та виконання пов'язаних з ними завдань. Викладено цілісне та модернізоване уявлення про ключові завдання сучасної публічної політики. Акцентується увага на виявленні позитивного чи негативного впливу публічної політики на деякі сфери суспільного життя: економіка (зростання ВВП, заробітних плат, зменшення безробіття), соціальна сфера (охорона здоров'я, освіта) та соціокультурна сфера.У сучасних умовах розвитку суспільства і держави перед Україною стоїть низка масштабних проблем, які сьогодні не повністю вирішені, а саме: створення інноваційної теорії та практики публічного управління, формування світогляду керівників нової генерації, які можуть ухвалювати ефективні рішення, аналізуючи наявний стан речей та використовуючи наявні ресурси.
The study provides an overview and thorough analysis of the current state of affairs, positive achievements, possible shortcomings and prospects of public administration bodies actions aimed at achieving socially significant goals and tasks related to them. The author presents a holistic and modernized view of the modern public policy key tasks. Emphasis is placed on identifying the positive or negative impact of public policy on some spheres of public life: economy (GDP growth, wages, unemployment reduction), social sphere (health care, education) and socio-cultural sphere.In the current conditions of society and state development, Ukraine faces a number of large-scale problems that are not fully resolved today, namely, the creation of innovative theory and practice of public administration, the formation of a new generation of leaders who can make effective decisions, analyzing the current situation and using existing resource.Formation of civil society, development of the rule of law, the need to neutralize negative trends, increasing pressure on government agencies from society, the need to form the principles of public policy in Ukraine require understanding of complex mechanisms of public activity.Global risks that threaten the world have created new challenges in the field of public policy as a form of political process implemented in public space, supported by information and communication resources and represented by a set of transparent vertical and horizontal interactions of its participants.A feature of modern political processes is a significant increase in the demands that society places on the political system, which encourages the state to transfer some functions to other, non-state, actors, who are increasingly involved in processes of policy development aimed at ensuring public interests and objectives.Requests for public policy in Ukraine are due to the fact that many interest groups have a real opportunity to participate in shaping the political agenda, to influence the process of development and implementation of political decisions and together with all participants to build a complex network of relationships. ; У дослідженні проводиться огляд та ґрунтовний аналіз сучасного стану справ, позитивних досягнень, можливих недоліків та перспектив дій органів публічного управління, спрямованих на досягнення суспільно значущих цілей та виконання пов'язаних з ними завдань. Викладено цілісне та модернізоване уявлення про ключові завдання сучасної публічної політики. Акцентується увага на виявленні позитивного чи негативного впливу публічної політики на деякі сфери суспільного життя: економіка (зростання ВВП, заробітних плат, зменшення безробіття), соціальна сфера (охорона здоров'я, освіта) та соціокультурна сфера.У сучасних умовах розвитку суспільства і держави перед Україною стоїть низка масштабних проблем, які сьогодні не повністю вирішені, а саме: створення інноваційної теорії та практики публічного управління, формування світогляду керівників нової генерації, які можуть ухвалювати ефективні рішення, аналізуючи наявний стан речей та використовуючи наявні ресурси.
Problem setting. Environmental issues are one of the most important in today's globalized world. Environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, maintenance of environmental safety are determined by the legislation of Ukraine as a necessary condition for sustainable economic and social development of the country. NGOs in the field of environmental protection are formed by active members of society and play a key role in implementing the principles of public participation in decision-making. The activity of such organizations is aimed at expanding environmental activities into society, awareness and active public addressing of environmental issues.Recent research and publications analysis. The problems of NGOs' participation in the processes of formation and implementation of state policy were studied by E. Afonin, R. Voitovich, L. Honyukova, G. Hoshovska, V. Namestnik, T. Fedorenko, S. Teleshun, T. Alexandrov, T. Andriychuk, M. Vihlyaev, A. Voloshin, K. Glubochenko, M. Latsiba, N. Oksha, S. Stetsenko, O. Fedorov and others. The research of the environmental movement in Ukraine, its role in the processes of formation of ecological consciousness and ecological culture of Ukrainian society were accomplished by M. Aleksiyovets, S. Vasyuta, T. Hardashchuk, S. Gensiruk, V. Krysachenko, V. Namestnik, O. Stegnii, M. Hilko and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite many studies in the field of NGOs' activity, their participation in the formation and implementation of public policy, the issues of effective interaction of environmental organizations with public authorities are poorly studied and require more detailed analysis.The purpose of the article is to substantiate public participation in the process of public-administrative decision-making in the field of environmental protection as the main factor of democracy and development of civil society in the country.Paper main body. One of the main prerequisites in the development of democracy is the participation of wide population' groups in the process of decision-making. The regulations for interaction of public authorities and organizations of civil society in the formulation and implementation of public policies are generally created in democratic Ukraine. However, public organizations do not always effectively use the mechanisms of cooperation with the government.Engaging citizens to participate in decision-making should be based on relevant principles. The fundamental principles of public participation in policy making are: the principle of citizen' confidence in the government, the principle of government openness and transparency, the principle of objectivity, the principle of coordination, the presence of effective mechanisms to inform citizens, alternatives in discussing of practical aspects of problem-solving and others.The level of citizen' participation at different stages of the decision-making process may vary depending on the intensity of the attraction. There are four levels of participation, from the lowest to the highest engagement. These include information, consultation, dialogue and partnership.The real impetus for the development of the issues of public participation in the management of public affairs in environmental protection sphere was the ratification of the Aarhus Convention, UN/ECE, by Ukraine.Public participation in policy making and democracy in the western world have always been a part of environmental movement and environmental political theory.Environmental democracy is based on the idea that active public participation is crucial to ensure equitable consideration of public interests in decision-making considering the land and other natural resources. At its core, environmental democracy involves three mutually reinforcing rights: the right to free access to information on the quality and environmental issues; the right to democratic and constructive participation in decision-making; the right to enforce environmental regulations or compensation for damages. Even though these rights are widely recognized as fundamental for a responsible, equitable and effective environmental management, the extent to which countries have established them by means of laws and regulations still must be systematically measured. If ecological democracy is designed to ensure sustainable development, the rights to access to information, participation and justice on environmental issues should be recognized and enshrined by regulations of the country.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Rational use of natural resources and provision of environmental safety, enhancement of public awareness level and environmental awareness should be the priorities of public environmental policy. Public participation in environmental policy-making processes, defining the ways of management and environmental protection is a decisive factor and has a decisive influence on policy making in developed countries.Environmental democracy is defined as public participation and an environmentally sound form of collective decision-making that determines their priority, based on long-term public interests. The principles of environmental democracy should be used not only to criticize the existing institutional mechanisms of public-state interaction, but also to find other ways of their interaction.The prospect of further research is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the issues of public environmental awareness in the countries with different economic development level. ; Аргументовано, що підвищення рівня інформаційної обізнаності громадськості з питань охорони довкілля та забезпечення її широкої участі у прийнятті державно-управлінських рішень щодо охорони навколишнього середовища має бути пріоритетом держави, яка прагне налагодити ефективну взаємодію з громадськістю. Зазначено, що, своєю чергою, участь громадськості при розробленні державної політики допомагає вирішенню складних соціальних та екологічних проблем суспільства. Доведено, що зазначене є однією з основних передумов розвитку демократії. Розглянуто основні міжнародні та національні нормативні акти у сфері охорони навколишнього природного середовища. Наведено рівні участі громадян на різних етапах процесу прийняття державно-управлінських рішень. Розглянуто поняття екологічної демократії та визначено, що розвиток освіти і поширення екологічної інформації стимулюють відповідальність громадськості у вирішенні екологічних питань.
Problem setting. Environmental issues are one of the most important in today's globalized world. Environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, maintenance of environmental safety are determined by the legislation of Ukraine as a necessary condition for sustainable economic and social development of the country. NGOs in the field of environmental protection are formed by active members of society and play a key role in implementing the principles of public participation in decision-making. The activity of such organizations is aimed at expanding environmental activities into society, awareness and active public addressing of environmental issues.Recent research and publications analysis. The problems of NGOs' participation in the processes of formation and implementation of state policy were studied by E. Afonin, R. Voitovich, L. Honyukova, G. Hoshovska, V. Namestnik, T. Fedorenko, S. Teleshun, T. Alexandrov, T. Andriychuk, M. Vihlyaev, A. Voloshin, K. Glubochenko, M. Latsiba, N. Oksha, S. Stetsenko, O. Fedorov and others. The research of the environmental movement in Ukraine, its role in the processes of formation of ecological consciousness and ecological culture of Ukrainian society were accomplished by M. Aleksiyovets, S. Vasyuta, T. Hardashchuk, S. Gensiruk, V. Krysachenko, V. Namestnik, O. Stegnii, M. Hilko and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite many studies in the field of NGOs' activity, their participation in the formation and implementation of public policy, the issues of effective interaction of environmental organizations with public authorities are poorly studied and require more detailed analysis.The purpose of the article is to substantiate public participation in the process of public-administrative decision-making in the field of environmental protection as the main factor of democracy and development of civil society in the country.Paper main body. One of the main prerequisites in the development of democracy is the participation of wide population' groups in the process of decision-making. The regulations for interaction of public authorities and organizations of civil society in the formulation and implementation of public policies are generally created in democratic Ukraine. However, public organizations do not always effectively use the mechanisms of cooperation with the government.Engaging citizens to participate in decision-making should be based on relevant principles. The fundamental principles of public participation in policy making are: the principle of citizen' confidence in the government, the principle of government openness and transparency, the principle of objectivity, the principle of coordination, the presence of effective mechanisms to inform citizens, alternatives in discussing of practical aspects of problem-solving and others.The level of citizen' participation at different stages of the decision-making process may vary depending on the intensity of the attraction. There are four levels of participation, from the lowest to the highest engagement. These include information, consultation, dialogue and partnership.The real impetus for the development of the issues of public participation in the management of public affairs in environmental protection sphere was the ratification of the Aarhus Convention, UN/ECE, by Ukraine.Public participation in policy making and democracy in the western world have always been a part of environmental movement and environmental political theory.Environmental democracy is based on the idea that active public participation is crucial to ensure equitable consideration of public interests in decision-making considering the land and other natural resources. At its core, environmental democracy involves three mutually reinforcing rights: the right to free access to information on the quality and environmental issues; the right to democratic and constructive participation in decision-making; the right to enforce environmental regulations or compensation for damages. Even though these rights are widely recognized as fundamental for a responsible, equitable and effective environmental management, the extent to which countries have established them by means of laws and regulations still must be systematically measured. If ecological democracy is designed to ensure sustainable development, the rights to access to information, participation and justice on environmental issues should be recognized and enshrined by regulations of the country.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Rational use of natural resources and provision of environmental safety, enhancement of public awareness level and environmental awareness should be the priorities of public environmental policy. Public participation in environmental policy-making processes, defining the ways of management and environmental protection is a decisive factor and has a decisive influence on policy making in developed countries.Environmental democracy is defined as public participation and an environmentally sound form of collective decision-making that determines their priority, based on long-term public interests. The principles of environmental democracy should be used not only to criticize the existing institutional mechanisms of public-state interaction, but also to find other ways of their interaction.The prospect of further research is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the issues of public environmental awareness in the countries with different economic development level. ; Аргументовано, що підвищення рівня інформаційної обізнаності громадськості з питань охорони довкілля та забезпечення її широкої участі у прийнятті державно-управлінських рішень щодо охорони навколишнього середовища має бути пріоритетом держави, яка прагне налагодити ефективну взаємодію з громадськістю. Зазначено, що, своєю чергою, участь громадськості при розробленні державної політики допомагає вирішенню складних соціальних та екологічних проблем суспільства. Доведено, що зазначене є однією з основних передумов розвитку демократії. Розглянуто основні міжнародні та національні нормативні акти у сфері охорони навколишнього природного середовища. Наведено рівні участі громадян на різних етапах процесу прийняття державно-управлінських рішень. Розглянуто поняття екологічної демократії та визначено, що розвиток освіти і поширення екологічної інформації стимулюють відповідальність громадськості у вирішенні екологічних питань.
Today's environmental policy is a complex phenomenon which not only operates on the level of environmental protection, but also has to take into account economic and societal factors. Such interdisciplinarity requires developed theoretical and methodological instruments. There is a variety of scientific papers in Ukraine and abroad which focus on the problems of environmental policy, though most of the researchers tend to use general methodology of social sciences, economics or law, while Ukrainian political science still stands aside.The purpose of the article is to define a certain set of methods to be used for political analysis of environmental policy. Any public policy can be explored on different stages of its realisation: starting from agenda setting and strategy formulation and ending with monitoring and evaluation. This article investigates the methodology for assessing policy efficiency on the stage of implementation and evaluation (results assessment). Comparative (cross-national) analysis is taken as a general scientific approach, since it gives an opportunity to narrow down the subject of a research and investigate similarities and differences of certain political phenomena. While exploring environmental policy as a process, it could be expedient to combine comparative approach with certain empirical methods, such as event analysis, case study and document analysis. Thus, event analysis could be of help if the aim of the research is to define the stages of policy development and institutionalisation, see the connections between certain events in the past and the present and assess policy efficiency in historical context. In turn, case study is a perfect method when it comes to investigation of particular subjects or layers of environmental policy. For example, both the Kyoto protocol and the Aarhus convention are remarkable international agreements (being the basis of current environmental policy), and could be used as indicators for policy efficiency. The investigation of those documents implementation can show what the problems of policy implementation are; what the system of relations between economy and ecology is in a given country; how well the environmental democracy is developed in the society; what the roles of civil society, the government and judicial system are in the environmental decision-making, etc.Environmental policy has its own goals, and to define whether those are reached or not, the researcher might want to analyse policy results. If the welfare of people and the environment is the main purpose of environmental policy, then the parameters which define the condition of those should be explored. There are many different indicators which can be of use, several are considered in this article. Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is a complex indicator which includes economic, societal and health parameters. HDI is a mediated indicator, yet it shows what the population condition is in the country, and so whether the policy is effective or not. Environmental Performance Index is another relevant indicator which represents the general state of ecosystems and environment in a given country. Apart from the indexes mentioned, there is a set of indicators listed in the Strategy of National Environmental Policy of Ukraine (until the year 2030) which also might be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. ; Стаття являє собою спробу виділити певний комплекс методів, які можуть бути корисними для дослідження особливостей реалізації екологічної політики. Як рекомендації запропоновані такі підходи й методи: порівняльний підхід, івент-аналіз, кейс-стаді, аналіз документів та статистичних даних.
Today's environmental policy is a complex phenomenon which not only operates on the level of environmental protection, but also has to take into account economic and societal factors. Such interdisciplinarity requires developed theoretical and methodological instruments. There is a variety of scientific papers in Ukraine and abroad which focus on the problems of environmental policy, though most of the researchers tend to use general methodology of social sciences, economics or law, while Ukrainian political science still stands aside.The purpose of the article is to define a certain set of methods to be used for political analysis of environmental policy. Any public policy can be explored on different stages of its realisation: starting from agenda setting and strategy formulation and ending with monitoring and evaluation. This article investigates the methodology for assessing policy efficiency on the stage of implementation and evaluation (results assessment). Comparative (cross-national) analysis is taken as a general scientific approach, since it gives an opportunity to narrow down the subject of a research and investigate similarities and differences of certain political phenomena. While exploring environmental policy as a process, it could be expedient to combine comparative approach with certain empirical methods, such as event analysis, case study and document analysis. Thus, event analysis could be of help if the aim of the research is to define the stages of policy development and institutionalisation, see the connections between certain events in the past and the present and assess policy efficiency in historical context. In turn, case study is a perfect method when it comes to investigation of particular subjects or layers of environmental policy. For example, both the Kyoto protocol and the Aarhus convention are remarkable international agreements (being the basis of current environmental policy), and could be used as indicators for policy efficiency. The investigation of those documents implementation can show what the problems of policy implementation are; what the system of relations between economy and ecology is in a given country; how well the environmental democracy is developed in the society; what the roles of civil society, the government and judicial system are in the environmental decision-making, etc.Environmental policy has its own goals, and to define whether those are reached or not, the researcher might want to analyse policy results. If the welfare of people and the environment is the main purpose of environmental policy, then the parameters which define the condition of those should be explored. There are many different indicators which can be of use, several are considered in this article. Human Development Index (HDI) used by the UNDP is a complex indicator which includes economic, societal and health parameters. HDI is a mediated indicator, yet it shows what the population condition is in the country, and so whether the policy is effective or not. Environmental Performance Index is another relevant indicator which represents the general state of ecosystems and environment in a given country. Apart from the indexes mentioned, there is a set of indicators listed in the Strategy of National Environmental Policy of Ukraine (until the year 2030) which also might be used to assess the effectiveness of environmental policy implementation. ; Стаття являє собою спробу виділити певний комплекс методів, які можуть бути корисними для дослідження особливостей реалізації екологічної політики. Як рекомендації запропоновані такі підходи й методи: порівняльний підхід, івент-аналіз, кейс-стаді, аналіз документів та статистичних даних.
Systematized theoretical and methodological approaches to the scientific conceptualization of the problem of the moral dimension of politics. Proposed a three-component model of relationship between politics and morality, conducted verification of truth conditions of each element of the model on the basis of methodological consistency assertions and verification procedures with the use of techniques of concrete historical approach (case studies). The boundaries and the extent of the universality of the moral dimension of politics. Keywords: politics, morality, and the imperative, human rights, freedom. ; Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні підходи до наукової концептуалізації проблеми морального виміру політики. Запропоновано трикомпонентну модель співвідношення політики та моралі, здійснено перевірку умов істинності кожного елементу моделі на основі методологічної несуперечливості тверджень та процедури верифікації з використанням технік конкретно-історичного підходу (case studies). Установлено межі та ступінь універсальності морального виміру політики. Ключові слова: політика, мораль, імперативність, права людини, свобода.
Systematized theoretical and methodological approaches to the scientific conceptualization of the problem of the moral dimension of politics. Proposed a three-component model of relationship between politics and morality, conducted verification of truth conditions of each element of the model on the basis of methodological consistency assertions and verification procedures with the use of techniques of concrete historical approach (case studies). The boundaries and the extent of the universality of the moral dimension of politics. Keywords: politics, morality, and the imperative, human rights, freedom. ; Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні підходи до наукової концептуалізації проблеми морального виміру політики. Запропоновано трикомпонентну модель співвідношення політики та моралі, здійснено перевірку умов істинності кожного елементу моделі на основі методологічної несуперечливості тверджень та процедури верифікації з використанням технік конкретно-історичного підходу (case studies). Установлено межі та ступінь універсальності морального виміру політики. Ключові слова: політика, мораль, імперативність, права людини, свобода.
The subject of the research is the scientific, technical and innovation policy of the EU countries in the field of defense. The purpose of writing the article is to determine the possibilities of scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine with the EU countries in the field of defense based on the study of ways and directions of development of the European defense industry. Methodology of work – methods of analysis and synthesis (in the systematization of innovation in the European defense industry); method of systematic generalization – to determine the features and problems of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Defense Agency. Results of work – The growing role of innovative development in the system of international military–technical cooperation is determined. It is noted that the difference between defense and civil science and technology is actually disappearing, and the speed of the civil technological process is projected to increase steadily. It is proved that the formation of a common European arms market requires new, more liberal rules of the game, which would significantly increase the level of competition in it and strengthen the position of European countries in the global weapons market. It has been shown that joint defense programs within the EU make it possible to unite and redistribute efforts to increase the EU's military capabilities and authority. It is determined that for the development of national defense industry on the basis of investment and innovation strategies it is objectively necessary to use the experience of European countries, which will allow integrated and rational use of existing potentials of basic and applied science, industrial production, training and investment resources. Field of application of results. Economic sector: international economic relations. Conclusions – research of ways and directions of development of the European defense industry will allow to define the most effective branch forms and methods for more effective scientific and technical ...
The article is devoted to the study of the legal basis for the implementation of the ecosystem approach, which is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way, in the state environmental policy of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the main political and legal acts of environmental direction, both general, first of all – the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic principles (strategy) of state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030», and focused on the protection and use of certain natural resources, objects and complexes, as well as policy documents from other spheres of public life, it was concluded that all of them directly or indirectly touch on the issues of conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems and implementation of the ecosystem approach, which gives reason to speak of a certain tendency towards «ecosystemization» of the state environmental policy of Ukraine, which, according to the author, should be continued and strengthened. In addition, it is obvious that despite the successes in the legislative consolidation of these issues, it is extremely important to create the conditions for their implementation, and therefore, it is hoped that these documents would not remain declarative, but would be quickly realized in practice.
The article is devoted to the study of political and legal bases of models of conducting the U.S. internal environmental policy that influence the rulemaking processes in the field of environmental protection. The significance of the study is determined by the fact that environmental policy and environmental law are among the most important modern issues of the United States. This situation can be logically explained by the fact that environmental issues have long since gone beyond the sphere, environmental policy is primarily the matter of competence of the federal government and the limits of its interference in the internal affairs of States. Secondly, the environmental aspect plays a significant role in shaping the electoral mood of the U.S. population, the population, especially the middle and upper classes, is concerned about the escalation of environmental problems and anomalies caused by climate change, as evidenced by the results of the 2020 United States presidential election. In addition, environmental policy is an important element of economic and tax policy as well as one of the factors exacerbating the struggle between business and government regulators. As a result of these processes, there is a need to develop effective management models that would help address them. Examining the political and legal basis of the U.S. internal environmental policy, the article defines processes which complicate the implementation of effective environmental protection. Besides, it has been identified that the federal government and States are no longer the only actors in the process of environmental policy-making. The development of industry and corporations, the implementation and development of the concept of human rights has led to the fact that private sector and public began to have a significant influence on the formation and conduct of the U.S. environmental policy and legislation. As a result of such trends, alternative models of environmental policy emerged in order to meet the needs and interests of all stakeholders. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню політико-правових основ моделей ведення внутрішньої екологічної політики США, які впливають на процеси нормотворчості у сфері захисту навколишнього середовища. Актуальність дослідження визначається тим, що ведення політики захисту навколишнього середовища та екологічне право є одними із найважливіших проблем сучасних Сполучених Штатів. Дану ситуацію можна логічно пояснити тим, що питання екології давно вийшли за межі суто даної сфери, екологічна політика – це, в першу чергу, питання компетенції федерального управління та меж його втручання у справи окремих штатів. По-друге, екологічний аспект відіграє суттєву роль у формуванні електоральних настроїв населення США, а саме населення, особливо середній та елітарний класи, стурбоване загостренням екологічних проблем та аномаліями, які викликані кліматичними змінами, про що свідчать результати виборів президента США 2020 року. Крім того, екологічна політика є важливим елементом економічної та податкової політики, а також одним із факторів загострення боротьби між бізнесом та державними органами регулювання. Як результат даних процесів виникає потреба в розробці ефективних моделей управління, які б допомогли врегулювати їх. Досліджуючи політико-правові основи ведення екологічної політики США, у статті було визначено процеси, які ускладнюють здійснення ефективного захисту навколишнього середовища. Крім того, було встановлено, що федеральна влада та окремі штати більше не єдині суб'єкти процесу формування екологічної політика. Розвиток промисловості та корпорацій, впровадження та розвиток концепції прав людини призвело до того, що приватний сектор та громадськість стали здійснювати значний вплив на формування та ведення екологічної політика і законодавства США. Як результат таких тенденцій відбулася поява альтернативних моделей ведення екологічної політики з метою задоволення інтересів усіх зацікавлених осіб.
The author notes that the positive global changes at the same time pose serious problems for peace and justice. From the point of view of criminogenic factors, globalization, despite all the positive aspects, at the same time leads to a large number of negative consequences, has a significant impact on crime. In this regard, studies of the impact of globalization processes on the formulation and development of criminal policy and, as a consequence, the effective functioning of the political system in this field, are relevant. Unprecedented openness in trade, finance, transportation and communications has created economic growth and prosperity in many countries. At the same time, globalization is also creating opportunities for the increasing prosperity of illicit trade. Just as there are direct links between technological progress and economic liberalization, the removal of barriers to international trade in goods and the free movement of funds also facilitate illicit trade. Organized crime is diversified, globalized at the same time as all other processes, and reaches a macroeconomic scale: illicit goods are made on one continent, transported across another, and sold on another. Such crime stimulates corruption, infiltration of illegal business into politics, and thus significantly impedes the development of society. In modern conditions, one of the main tasks of mankind is that globalization in various spheres of society does not become a source of additional conflict situations, does not increase tensions in the world, because the modern world and so full of risks, dangers, threats and mistrust. And if globalization itself becomes as much of a global threat as the environmental global problem or the problem of relations between prosperous industrialized countries and the rest of the world, the situation in the world will become even more acute. The political system of criminal policy must adapt to the global demands of modern times by finding new forms and mechanisms for the exercise of its functions. First ...
