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The model of monarchy that was designed during King Amadeo's reing in Spain presented important differences with respect to the monarchy of Isabella II. Politically, it was based on democratic political principles. Socially, in a bourgeois respectability that referred to an austere lifestyle, in line with the mentality of the middle class. The objective of this article is to try to evaluate what were the limitations of that democratic project of monarchy in a context in which its proposals were unknown in Spain. In particular, the article revolves around the role played by the upper classes (traditional supports of the monarchy), not in their conspiratorial work, but in their explicit rejection of what the democratic monarchy meant. ; El modelo de monarquía que se diseñó con la llegada del rey Amadeo a España presentaba notables diferencias con respecto a la monarquía isabelina. Políticamente, se basaba en principios políticos democráticos. Socialmente, en una respetabilidad burguesa que remitía a una forma de vida austera y acorde con la mentalidad de la clase media. El objetivo de este artículo es tratar de calibrar cuáles fueron las limitaciones que tuvo ese proyecto democrático de monarquía en un contexto en el que sus propuestas resultaban inéditas. Se estudiará, en particular, el papel desempeñado por las clases altas (tradicionales soportes de la monarquía) no tanto en su labor conspirativa, sino en su rechazo explícito a lo que la monarquía democrática significaba y al papel que a ellas les cabía en dicho proyecto.

El modelo de monarquía que se diseñó con la llegada del rey Amadeo a España presentaba notables diferencias con respecto a la monarquía isabelina. Políticamente, se basaba en principios políticos democráticos. Socialmente, en una respetabilidad burguesa que remitía a una forma de vida austera y acorde con la mentalidad de la clase media. El objetivo de este artículo es tratar de calibrar cuáles fueron las limitaciones que tuvo ese proyecto democrático de monarquía en un contexto en el que sus propuestas resultaban inéditas. Se estudiará, en particular, el papel desempeñado por las clases altas (tradicionales soportes de la monarquía) no tanto en su labor conspirativa, sino en su rechazo explícito a lo que la monarquía democrática significaba y al papel que a ellas les cabía en dicho proyecto. ; The model of monarchy that was designed during King Amadeo's reing in Spain presented important differences with respect to the monarchy of Isabella II. Politically, it was based on democratic political principles. Socially, in a bourgeois respectability that referred to an austere lifestyle, in line with the mentality of the middle class. The objective of this article is to try to evaluate what were the limitations of that democratic project of monarchy in a context in which its proposals were unknown in Spain. In particular, the article revolves around the role played by the upper classes (traditional supports of the monarchy), not in their conspiratorial work, but in their explicit rejection of what the democratic monarchy meant. ; Este trabajo es uno de los resultados del proyecto de investigación I+D "Corte, Monarquía y Nación Liberal (1833-1885)" (HAR2015-66532-P) financiado por el MINECO.

The principle of respecting the separation of political forces in a society gives the legal system the right to issue orders on people's complaints based on the laws approved by the legislative power. There is no question that laws, like other man-made things, have shortcomings. These decisions include the rupture and even the conflict between two or more articles of the law that provoke the creation of different policies in the court of justice and the punitive court of Iran. With a documentary methodology, this article attempts to study the conflicts between different punitive laws and their effect on the creation of different policies in the courts of Iran. It is concluded that, in many cases, due to different reasons there may be defects in the law or in the interpretation of the law that generate defect, ambiguity, clash between laws and contradiction. The existence of all these failures in different cases will cause conflicts between the judges of the criminal courts and these conflicts are the source of the creation of different legal procedures in the criminal courts and in the short time analyzed.

Los usos del matrimonio siempre han sido las prácticas estándar de ascenso dinástico a través de los tiempos. Un caso de estudio perfecto implica a dos importantes familias italianas cuyas maquinaciones tenían implicaciones locales y extensiones internacionales generalizadas. Sus competencias tienen como punto particular el hecho de que una de las dos familias, la Casa de Saboya, estaba destinada a convertirse en la dinastía alrededor de la cual se creó el Estado Moderno de Italia. Este ensayo es, en parte, un estudio sobre genealogía dinástica. Pero también es un recordatorio de la gran repercusión de los movimientos cruzados, más allá de las operaciones militares y la creación de efímeros Estados Latinos en la Tierra Santa. ; The uses of matrimony have always been standard practices for dynastic advancement through the ages. A perfect case study involves two important Italian families whose machinations had local implications and widespread international extensions. Their competitions are given particular point by the fact that one of the two families, the House of Savoy, was destined to become the dynasty around which the Modern State of Italy was created. This essay is, in part, a study in dynastic genealogies. But it is also a reminder of the wide impact of the crusading movements, beyond military operations and the creation of ephemeral Latin States in the Holy Land.

Freedom of expression and association are essentials to guarantee the opening of the democratic system, but they can also be exercised to undermine its foundations. For this reason, the Council of Europe was determined to establish a system capable of dealing with anti-democratic threats. This spirit is reflected in the European Convention on Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights, when evaluating whether a particular political agenda can take part in the democratic process, has established a dual requirement: that the means used to implement it are pacific and that the political project advocated is democratic. Therefore, the democratic defence of an anti-democratic project can be legitimately excluded. According to it, the Court has formulated in Refah Partisi v. Turkey a doctrine of preventive defence of democracy that raises complex and sensitive questions.

The human right to water is nowadays more broadly recognised, mainly due to the essential societal function that this resource plays; likewise, because of the present water scarcity is generating conflicts between its different uses. Thus, this right aims at protecting human beings by guaranteeing access to clean water that is essential to satisfy vital human needs. Similarly, access to clean water is an important element to guarantee other rights including the right to life and health. The recognition of the right to water is mainly achieved in two ways: as a new and independent right and as a subordinate or derivative right. Concerning the latter, the right to water can emanate from civil and political rights, such as the right to life; or can be derived from economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to health, the right to an adequate standard of living, and the right to housing. This contribution explores the position of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the right to water, and analyses whether the Court has recognised the right to water and, if so, in which manner.

The human right to water is nowadays more broadly recognised, mainly due to the essential societal function that this resource plays; likewise, because of the present water scarcity is generating conflicts between its different uses. Thus, this right aims at protecting human beings by guaranteeing access to clean water that is essential to satisfy vital human needs. Similarly, access to clean water is an important element to guarantee other rights including the right to life and health. The recognition of the right to water is mainly achieved in two ways: as a new and independent right and as a subordinate or derivative right. Concerning the latter, the right to water can emanate from civil and political rights, such as the right to life; or can be derived from economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to health, the right to an adequate standard of living, and the right to housing. This contribution explores the position of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the right to water, and analyses whether the Court has recognised the right to water and, if so, in which manner.

This article studies the process of establishing a supreme court under the government of the King of Spain Josep Bonaparte between 1808 and 1812 by Napoleon's Bonaparte initiative. It first describes the formation of a court of cassation in the drafting of the Constitution of Bayonne (1808), following the model of the French of Cassation Court and with the influence of other Napoleonic constitutions. Then, it analyses the process of development of an overall reform of the tribunals, and the different models of supreme court that were considered, from the Chamartin decrees (December 1808) and since the creation of the «Juntas Contenciosas» in 1809 until 1812. Finally, the article presents the study of the decrees that configured the general reform of the courts and created the new «Court of Replacement» («Tribunal de Reposición») in June and July 1812. ; Este artículo estudia el proceso de establecimiento del Tribunal de Reposición durante el periodo del gobierno del rey José Bonaparte en España entre 1808 y 1812. Describe en primer lugar la formación de un tribunal de casación o de reposición en los trabajos de elaboración de la Constitución de Bayona (1808), a iniciativa de Napoleón, siguiendo el modelo de la corte de casación francesa, y con la influencia de otras constituciones napoleónicas. Seguidamente analiza el proceso de gestación de una reforma general de los tribunales y los modelos que se barajan para tribunal de reposición, a partir de la aprobación de los decretos de Chamartín de 4 de diciembre de 1808 y desde la creación de las Juntas Contenciosas en 1809. Y concluye con el estudio de los decretos que configuraron la reforma general de los tribunales y que crearon el Tribunal de Reposición en 1812.

The article examines the special role of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in strengthening the international legal order. This analysis was carried out through the prism of the study of certain issues: the concept of "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court" and his place in the system of international criminal justice; the powers of the Prosecutor at certain stages of the proceedings in the International Criminal Court; the principles of strategy and priority in the activities of the Prosecutor. Historical, system-structural, analysis and synthesis, comparative legal, formal-legal, and formal dogmatic methods were used in the research. In the article was made conclution that that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has a preventive effect on international crimes, because the work of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court is aimed not only at punishing perpetrators of international crimes, but also at preventing the commitment of such crimes in the future. It is emphasized that such activities of the Prosecutor ultimately have a positive effect on strengthening the international legal order.

The article examines the place and role of the Constitutional Court in the system of public powers in the doctrinal understanding of the concept of human rights and constitutionalism. The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the basic constitutional and legal principles that are fundamental to substantive and procedural law. Judicial constitutional review, as the experience of European countries shows, is the most effective in protecting the Constitution. The principles of law applied to the doctrinal assessment of the place and role of the Constitutional Court in the system of public powers constitute a rather dynamic legal concept. The methodology is based on the legal system, public relations, and the political-state course, which, like all fundamental ideas, change, affect legal awareness and establish new requirements for legal regulation and the formation of an appropriate mechanism. The article concludes that the most important condition for the implementation of the prerogatives of the judiciary to administer justice in the consideration and resolution of specific cases, with emphasis on the study and evaluation of evidence. It is the evidence that serves as the basis of information for the court's findings in the case.

Prince Maurizio of Savoy (1593-1657) was the sixth son of Charles Emmanuel I duke of Savoy and of the Infanta Catalina Micaela of Habsburgs. Since he was a kid, his father decided him to become a cardenal, to have a member of the family directly linked to the Papacy and to increase the dinastic power of Savoy and its image in Rome too. So the young Maurizio started to follow the paternal politics very soon, supporting the duke and the brothers Victor Amadeus and Thomas during the first war of Monferrato and playing the role of confident of their sisters and the French ambassadors in Turin. His diplomatic career continued in Paris, where he negociated the wedding between Victor Amadeus and the sister of Louis XII Cristina of Bourbon (1619), and in Rome, where he became famous as a maecenas too. Nevertheless, as he was educated in the Spanish style, his attitude was not only francophile, but also very favorable to the Catholic monarchy. Through the examination of his large correspondence, this paper aims to stress the changing positions of Maurizio during his life, with particular attention to his baroque ability in mainteining good relationships with Paris and Madrid. A demonstration that, considering the influence of Rome too, a multiplex loyalty was possible. ; El Príncipe Mauricio de Saboya (1593-1657) fue el sexto hijo de Carlos Emmnauel I duque de Saboya y de la Infanta Catalina Micaela de Austria. Desde que fuera un niño, su padre decidió que se convertiría en cardenal, para tener un miembro de la familia directamente ligado al Papado y aumentar el poder dinástico de Saboya y su posición en Roma. Así, el joven Mauricio comenzó a seguir las políticas paternas muy pronto, apoyando al duque y a sus hermanos Víctor Amadeo y Tomás durante la primera guerra del Monferrato y jugando el papel de confidente de sus hermanas y de los embajadores franceses en Turín. Su carrera diplomática continuó en París, donde negoció la boda de Víctor Amadeo y la hija de Luis XII Cristina de Borbón (1619), y en Roma, donde alcanzó también la fama como mecenas. Sin embargo, al ser educado al estilo español, su actitud no sólo fue francófila, sino también muy favorable a la Monarquía Católica. A través del estudio de su prolija correspondencia, este artículo pretende subrayar las cambiantes posiciones de Mauricio a lo largo de su vida, con particular atención a su barroca habilidad para mantener buenas relaciones con París y Madrid. Una demostración ésta, considerando también la influencia de Roma, de que una múltiple lealtad era posible.

This is understood to mean adherence to or adhesion to the property of the materials to remain attached when coming into contact. There are currently several theories that try to explain the phenomenon of adhesion between substrates, although there is no single theory justifying all cases that may occur, the use and combination of different theories is necessary to justify individual cases. The phenomenon of adhesion and knowledge of adhesives in order to achieve a good result is a very important area of study in the conservation and restoration of paints, given the importance of this phenomenon in making it possible to keep each of the substrates forming part of the pictorial work together. This work analyses the foundations for a correct adhesive bond and the adhesion phenomena surrounding each of them. Martín Rey, S. (2011). Mechanisms and adhesion handicaps in the pictorial stratum of paints on canvas. Arché. (6): 265-272. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/33841 ; 265 272 6 ; This is understood to mean adherence to or adhesion to the property of the materials to remain attached when coming into contact. There are currently several theories that try to explain the phenomenon of adhesion between substrates, although there is no single theory justifying all cases that may occur, the use and combination of different theories is necessary to justify individual cases. The phenomenon of adhesion and knowledge of adhesives in order to achieve a good result is a very important area of study in the conservation and restoration of paints, given the importance of this phenomenon in making it possible to keep each of the substrates forming part of the pictorial work together. This work analyses the foundations for a correct adhesive bond and the adhesion phenomena surrounding each of them. Martín Rey, S. (2011). Mechanisms and adhesion handicaps in the pictorial stratum of paints on canvas. Arché. (6): 265-272. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/33841 ; Se entiende por adhesión o adherencia a la propiedad de los materiales para ...

This work focuses on a compared analysis of the South Afri- can decision related to the "peace and reconciliation act" of this country's Parliament, and the Colombian decision regarding the amendment of the constitution called "The juridical framework for the peace." Turning to the structure, it is developed in three major topics: 1. It provides a brief of the historical context, political background and an overview of the two decisions.2. It gives a structural analysis of the powers that each Court has and the nature of the constitutional mechanism through which both Courts decided the constitutionality of the said norms 3. It presents a critical analysis on the similarities and differences between the two systems and judgments. It presents some con- clusions.