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In Muslim societies, men use Islamism and its variants as means of self-actualization and directly in service of matters associated with personhood, masculinity, and particularly honor. This expressive trajectory i.e. exercising masculinity via Islamism holds true in Pakistan and can be broadly attributed to three elements. First, Pakistan's postcolonial baggage – a well-documented history of rise of Muslim nationalism, and Islamism in the subcontinent; second, western domination and interference in Pakistan's socio-economic and political domains (as in competition with Islamic heritage and governance frameworks) affecting some segments (and not all) among Muslim youth; and third, decades of authoritarian rule taking turns with weak democratic governments who have largely disappointed in terms of alleviating absolute to relative poverty, marginalization and alienation troubling Pakistani society. Pakistan's history and contemporary settings both reveal a dissonance between the prescribed, normative and idealized Muslim masculinity imperatives – and the socio-economic and political location of Pakistani men in the real world. Mostly leading dangerous, disenfranchised, and economically deprived lives it is difficult for them to uphold, for example, Quran's masculine imperative of being a qawwam or an ethnic normative of honor. Islamism becomes one such avenue that increases the possibility of self-assertion and actualization of masculinity imperatives and as they appear in religious and cultural texts, narratives and anecdotes – for instance the theme of martyrdom. The resulting death will not only be divine, but also heroic. In the presence of precedence i.e. in form of documented history highlighting jihadism – this becomes plausible and ultimately adds to individual and collective rationality among Muslims. To develop these ideas further, this article draws upon empirical data sets and historical archival records.

"Der China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stellt eine der bislang größten chinesischen Auslandinvestitionen im Rahmen der "One Belt, One Road"-Initiative dar. Im Zuge der Ausgaben in Höhe von rund 46 Milliarden US-Dollar, die in den nächsten Jahren geplant sind, werden sich die chinesisch-pakistanischen Beziehungen weiter vertiefen. Zugleich wird Pakistan für die chinesische Außenpolitik an Bedeutung gewinnen. Der CPEC betrifft aber auch die indisch-pakistanischen Beziehungen. Der Transportkorridor zwischen Pakistan und China verläuft durch Jammu und Kaschmir, dessen Status zwischen Indien und Pakistan seit 1947 umstritten ist. Aufgrund dieser Konstellation ist ein Negativszenario naheliegend, dem zufolge der CPEC die indisch-pakistanischen Beziehungen zusätzlich belasten könnte. Allerdings ist auch ein positives Szenario denkbar, in dem langfristig sogar eine Beilegung des Kaschmirkonflikts möglich erscheint." (Autorenreferat)

Intro -- PAKISTAN U.S. RELATIONS AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE -- PAKISTAN U.S. RELATIONS AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 PAKISTAN-U.S. RELATIONS: A SUMMARY∗ -- SUMMARY -- OVERVIEW -- MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN 2011 -- High-Profile Political Assassinations -- The Raymond Davis Affair -- The Death of Osama bin Laden19 -- Attack on Pakistan's Mehran Naval Station -- Torture and Killing of Journalist Syed Saleem Shahzad -- Partial Suspension of U.S. Security Assistance -- Persistent Furor over UAV Strikes -- THE ISI AND BILATERAL INTELLIGENCE COOPERATION -- ADMINISTRATION ASSESSMENTS AND BILATERAL DIPLOMACY -- Afghanistan-Pakistan Policy Review II -- Administration Assessments and FY2011 Certification -- Recent Bilateral Diplomacy -- PAKISTAN AND THE AFGHAN INSURGENCY53 -- Persistent Turmoil in Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations -- Haqqani Network Attacks and U.S. Frustrations -- A Haqqani Role in Afghan Reconciliation? -- Pakistan and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Afghanistan -- U.S./NATO Ground Lines of Communication -- INDIGENOUS ISLAMIST MILITANCY AND PAKISTANI MILITARY OPERATIONS -- PAKISTAN, TERRORISM, AND U.S. NATIONALS90 -- AN INCREASING PAKISTANI TURN TO CHINA -- PAKISTAN-INDIA RELATIONS -- NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROLIFERATION AND SECURITY101 -- DETERIORATED ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES -- DOMESTIC POLITICAL INSTABILITY -- HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES -- U.S. ASSISTANCE -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 PAKISTAN: U.S. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE∗ -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION1 -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- FLUCTUATING U.S. AID TO PAKISTAN BEFORE 9/11 -- U.S. AID TO PAKISTAN AFTER 9/11 -- Bilateral Economic Assistance -- FATA Development Plan -- The Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act (EPPA) of 2009 -- Debate in Pakistan Over the "KLB" Bill -- Security Assistance -- Coalition Support Funds (CSF) -- Defense Supplies

Cover -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DEVELOPMENTS -- A. Fiscal Policy -- B. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies -- C. Financial Sector Policies -- D. Structural Issues -- PROGRAM MODALITIES AND OTHER ISSUES -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Macro-Financial Implications of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) -- FIGURES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2008-15 -- 2. Selected Financial Indicators, 2008-15 -- 3. Selected Banking and Financial Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Quantitative Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets for FY2014/15-FY2015/16 -- 2. Program Modalities and Structural Benchmarks 2015/16 -- 3. Selected Economic Indicators, 2010/11-2015/16 -- 4. Medium-Term Macroeconomic Framework, 2010/11-2019/20 -- 5. Balance of Payments, 2013/14-2019/20 -- 6a. General Government Budget, 2008/09-2015/16 (In billions of Pakistani rupees) -- 6b. General Government Budget, 2009/10-2015/16 (In percent of GDP) -- 6c. General Government Budget, 2013/14-2015/16 (In billions of Pakistani rupees) -- 7. Monetary Survey, 2013/14-2015/16 -- 8. Financial Soundness Indicators for the Banking System -- 9. Indicators of Fund Credit, 2013-20 -- 10. Selected Vulnerability Indicators, 2010/11-2019/20 -- 11. Schedule of Reviews and Purchases -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I: Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II: Technical Memorandum of Understanding (TMU).

Pakistan is situated between India to the east, China to the northeast, Afghanistan to the northwest and north, Iran to the west, the Arabian Sea to the south, and is separated from Tajikistan by the narrow and rugged Wakhan Corridor (part of Afghanistan) to the north. Created in 1947, Pakistan is a relatively new country, but it is home to the ancient Indus Valley and subsequent civilizations. It has a diverse geography and some unique species of fauna and flora. Pakistan is actively concerned with addressing environmental issues, though solutions require consideration of complex governmental and societal structures.

The "Newsletter of the West Pakistan Red Cross" (Lahore, 1965) has published an article on "Family Planning" in West Pakistan. We reproduce it because it demonstrates that new fields of action are always open to our movement.

Through a continuous presence in Pakistan since 1954, The Asia Foundation has developed strong ties and valuable expertise on local, regional, and international issues. With an extensive network of local and regional partners in both government and civil society, our projects extend throughout the country, and range from large, nationwide programs to small, local initiatives. In Pakistan, efforts focus on: promoting economic development and social inclusion, especially for women, strengthening citizen-state relations, and fostering human rights.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES -- A. Macroeconomic Framework -- B. Fiscal Policies -- C. Poverty Reduction and Social Protection -- D. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies -- E. Energy Sector Policies -- F. Structural Policies -- PROGRAM ISSUES -- PROGRAM RISKS -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. External Sector Assessment -- 2. Budget FY 2019/20 -- FIGURES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators, 2008-19 -- 2. Selected Financial Indicators, 2009-19 -- 3. Selected Banking Indicators, 2006-19 -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicator, Program Scenario, 2014/15-2019/20 -- 2. Medium-Term Macroeconomic Framework, Program Scenario, 2016/17-2023/24 -- 3. Balance of Payments, Program Scenario, 2016/17-2023/24 -- 3a. Gross Financing Requirements and Sources, Program Scenario, 2017/18-2023/24 -- 4a. General Government Budget, Program Scenario, 2016/17-2023/24 (In billions of Pakistani rupees) -- 4b. General Government Budget, Program Scenario 2016/17-2023/24 (In percent of GDP) -- 5. Monetary Survey, Program Scenario, 2014/15-2019/20 -- 6. Financial Soundness Indicators for the Banking System (December 2013-March 2019) -- 7. Indicators of Fund Credit, 2015-27 -- 8. Selected Vulnerability Indicators, Program Scenario, 2016/17-2023/24 -- 9. Schedule of Reviews and Purchases -- 10. Public External Liabilities and Repayment Schedule -- 11. Inclusive Growth Indicators -- 12. Quantitative Performance Criteria and Indicative Targets for FY 2019/20 -- 13. Structural Conditionality -- ANNEX -- I. Public and External Debt Sustainability -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum on Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.