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In Muslim societies, men use Islamism and its variants as means of self-actualization and directly in service of matters associated with personhood, masculinity, and particularly honor. This expressive trajectory i.e. exercising masculinity via Islamism holds true in Pakistan and can be broadly attributed to three elements. First, Pakistan's postcolonial baggage – a well-documented history of rise of Muslim nationalism, and Islamism in the subcontinent; second, western domination and interference in Pakistan's socio-economic and political domains (as in competition with Islamic heritage and governance frameworks) affecting some segments (and not all) among Muslim youth; and third, decades of authoritarian rule taking turns with weak democratic governments who have largely disappointed in terms of alleviating absolute to relative poverty, marginalization and alienation troubling Pakistani society. Pakistan's history and contemporary settings both reveal a dissonance between the prescribed, normative and idealized Muslim masculinity imperatives – and the socio-economic and political location of Pakistani men in the real world. Mostly leading dangerous, disenfranchised, and economically deprived lives it is difficult for them to uphold, for example, Quran's masculine imperative of being a qawwam or an ethnic normative of honor. Islamism becomes one such avenue that increases the possibility of self-assertion and actualization of masculinity imperatives and as they appear in religious and cultural texts, narratives and anecdotes – for instance the theme of martyrdom. The resulting death will not only be divine, but also heroic. In the presence of precedence i.e. in form of documented history highlighting jihadism – this becomes plausible and ultimately adds to individual and collective rationality among Muslims. To develop these ideas further, this article draws upon empirical data sets and historical archival records.

Intro -- PAKISTAN U.S. RELATIONS AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE -- PAKISTAN U.S. RELATIONS AND FOREIGN ASSISTANCE -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 PAKISTAN-U.S. RELATIONS: A SUMMARY∗ -- SUMMARY -- OVERVIEW -- MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN 2011 -- High-Profile Political Assassinations -- The Raymond Davis Affair -- The Death of Osama bin Laden19 -- Attack on Pakistan's Mehran Naval Station -- Torture and Killing of Journalist Syed Saleem Shahzad -- Partial Suspension of U.S. Security Assistance -- Persistent Furor over UAV Strikes -- THE ISI AND BILATERAL INTELLIGENCE COOPERATION -- ADMINISTRATION ASSESSMENTS AND BILATERAL DIPLOMACY -- Afghanistan-Pakistan Policy Review II -- Administration Assessments and FY2011 Certification -- Recent Bilateral Diplomacy -- PAKISTAN AND THE AFGHAN INSURGENCY53 -- Persistent Turmoil in Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations -- Haqqani Network Attacks and U.S. Frustrations -- A Haqqani Role in Afghan Reconciliation? -- Pakistan and Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Afghanistan -- U.S./NATO Ground Lines of Communication -- INDIGENOUS ISLAMIST MILITANCY AND PAKISTANI MILITARY OPERATIONS -- PAKISTAN, TERRORISM, AND U.S. NATIONALS90 -- AN INCREASING PAKISTANI TURN TO CHINA -- PAKISTAN-INDIA RELATIONS -- NUCLEAR WEAPONS PROLIFERATION AND SECURITY101 -- DETERIORATED ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES -- DOMESTIC POLITICAL INSTABILITY -- HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES -- U.S. ASSISTANCE -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 PAKISTAN: U.S. FOREIGN ASSISTANCE∗ -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION1 -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- FLUCTUATING U.S. AID TO PAKISTAN BEFORE 9/11 -- U.S. AID TO PAKISTAN AFTER 9/11 -- Bilateral Economic Assistance -- FATA Development Plan -- The Enhanced Partnership with Pakistan Act (EPPA) of 2009 -- Debate in Pakistan Over the "KLB" Bill -- Security Assistance -- Coalition Support Funds (CSF) -- Defense Supplies