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In Muslim societies, men use Islamism and its variants as means of self-actualization and directly in service of matters associated with personhood, masculinity, and particularly honor. This expressive trajectory i.e. exercising masculinity via Islamism holds true in Pakistan and can be broadly attributed to three elements. First, Pakistan's postcolonial baggage – a well-documented history of rise of Muslim nationalism, and Islamism in the subcontinent; second, western domination and interference in Pakistan's socio-economic and political domains (as in competition with Islamic heritage and governance frameworks) affecting some segments (and not all) among Muslim youth; and third, decades of authoritarian rule taking turns with weak democratic governments who have largely disappointed in terms of alleviating absolute to relative poverty, marginalization and alienation troubling Pakistani society. Pakistan's history and contemporary settings both reveal a dissonance between the prescribed, normative and idealized Muslim masculinity imperatives – and the socio-economic and political location of Pakistani men in the real world. Mostly leading dangerous, disenfranchised, and economically deprived lives it is difficult for them to uphold, for example, Quran's masculine imperative of being a qawwam or an ethnic normative of honor. Islamism becomes one such avenue that increases the possibility of self-assertion and actualization of masculinity imperatives and as they appear in religious and cultural texts, narratives and anecdotes – for instance the theme of martyrdom. The resulting death will not only be divine, but also heroic. In the presence of precedence i.e. in form of documented history highlighting jihadism – this becomes plausible and ultimately adds to individual and collective rationality among Muslims. To develop these ideas further, this article draws upon empirical data sets and historical archival records.

"Der China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) stellt eine der bislang größten chinesischen Auslandinvestitionen im Rahmen der "One Belt, One Road"-Initiative dar. Im Zuge der Ausgaben in Höhe von rund 46 Milliarden US-Dollar, die in den nächsten Jahren geplant sind, werden sich die chinesisch-pakistanischen Beziehungen weiter vertiefen. Zugleich wird Pakistan für die chinesische Außenpolitik an Bedeutung gewinnen. Der CPEC betrifft aber auch die indisch-pakistanischen Beziehungen. Der Transportkorridor zwischen Pakistan und China verläuft durch Jammu und Kaschmir, dessen Status zwischen Indien und Pakistan seit 1947 umstritten ist. Aufgrund dieser Konstellation ist ein Negativszenario naheliegend, dem zufolge der CPEC die indisch-pakistanischen Beziehungen zusätzlich belasten könnte. Allerdings ist auch ein positives Szenario denkbar, in dem langfristig sogar eine Beilegung des Kaschmirkonflikts möglich erscheint." (Autorenreferat)

Themenheft mit 13 Beiträgen (Interview, Reiseberichte, Analysen) zu Aspekten des kulturellen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen und politischen Lebens in Pakistan. (DÜI-Hns)

The "Newsletter of the West Pakistan Red Cross" (Lahore, 1965) has published an article on "Family Planning" in West Pakistan. We reproduce it because it demonstrates that new fields of action are always open to our movement.

The collection and reporting of data on international migration into and from Pakistan have not kept up with the volume and diversity of the country's international migration experience. The Ministry of Labour and Overseas Pakistani, the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are the three ministries which produce data on international migration from Pakistan. The census is the main source of information on the foreign population in the country. Several government agencies and international organizations are sources of data on refugees, mostly from Afghanistan. More coordination among government agencies dealing with international migration is needed in to improve the coverage, collation and dissemination of data.

In 1990, as in the previous year, ICRC delegates based in Pakistan carried out missions across the border into Afghanistan. They reached the provinces of Paktia, Paktika, Ghazni, Wardak, Logar, Badakhshan, Takhar, Parwan, Kapisa, Helmand, Uruzgan, Kandahar, Nimroz, and Zabul. They also carried out joint missions with delegates from Afghanistan (see under Afghanistan). In June, they managed, for the first time, to enter the city of Kandahar, where they established contacts, took stock of humanitarian needs and brought support for the local medical infrastructure. Later in the year, following other missions, they also opened a first-aid post in the city for evacuation of wounded civilians to the ICRC hospital in Quetta (since the civilian hospital in Kandahar had been destroyed).

The author examines six months after Benazir Bhutto came to power the deepening political divisions in the country, the foreign policy challenges in the aftermath of the Soviet withdrawal from neighbouring Afghanistan, the burden of playing host to almost 3 million Afghan refugees, and the dire condition of the Pakistani economy, especially in the agricultural sector. (DÜI-Sdt)