1. Partial Derivatives and Partial Differentiation -- Exercises -- 2. Differentiability and Change of Variables -- 1. Differentiability -- 2. Change of Variables in Partial Differentiation -- 3. Differentials -- Exercises -- 3. Implicit Functions -- 1. Fundamental Theorem -- 2. Derivatives involving Implicit Functions -- 3. Jacobians, Inverse Functions, and Functional Dependence -- Exercises -- 4. Maxima and Minima -- 1. Mean Value Theorem and Taylor's Theorem -- 2. Maxima and Minima -- 3. Maxima and Minima for Functions with Restraints -- Exercises -- 5. Appendix -- Exercise -- Answers to Exercises.
Zugriffsoptionen:
Die folgenden Links führen aus den jeweiligen lokalen Bibliotheken zum Volltext:
Courts often hold legislation unconstitutional, but nearly always only part of the statute offends. The problem of partial unconstitutionality is therefore pervasive and persistent. Yet the exclusive doctrinal tool for dealing with this problem--severability doctrine-is deeply flawed. To make matters worse, severability doctrine is purportedly necessary for any workable system of judicial review. The accepted view is that severance saves: A court faced with a partially unconstitutional law must sever and excise the unconstitutional provisions or applications so that the constitutional remainder can be enforced going forward. Absent severance and excision, a law must fall in its entirety. This excision-based understanding of judicial review is supposedly traceable to Marbury v. Madison. In fact, this attribution is anachronistic. Moreover, the prevailing view is wrong about the distinctive function of modern severability doctrine, which is not to save, but to destroy. This Article retrieves the original approach to partial unconstitutionality and develops a proposal for implementing a version of that approach. The proposal, displacement without inferred fallback law, is simultaneously ambitious and modest. It is ambitious because it proposes a shift in the general framework for judicial review in every case; it is modest because the proposed shift would change case outcomes in only a small set of highly consequential cases.
Courts often hold legislation unconstitutional, but nearly always only part of the statute offends. The problem of partial unconstitutionality is therefore pervasive and persistent. Yet the exclusive doctrinal tool for dealing with this problem--severability doctrine-is deeply flawed. To make matters worse, severability doctrine is purportedly necessary for any workable system of judicial review. The accepted view is that severance saves: A court faced with a partially unconstitutional law must sever and excise the unconstitutional provisions or applications so that the constitutional remainder can be enforced going forward. Absent severance and excision, a law must fall in its entirety. This excision-based understanding of judicial review is supposedly traceable to Marbury v. Madison. In fact, this attribution is anachronistic. Moreover, the prevailing view is wrong about the distinctive function of modern severability doctrine, which is not to save, but to destroy. This Article retrieves the original approach to partial unconstitutionality and develops a proposal for implementing a version of that approach. The proposal, displacement without inferred fallback law, is simultaneously ambitious and modest. It is ambitious because it proposes a shift in the general framework for judicial review in every case; it is modest because the proposed shift would change case outcomes in only a small set of highly consequential cases.
The notion "capital" is not necessarily connected with politics. Sometimes a non-metropolitan city becomes so significant in its partial semantic field that it turns into a "partial capital". Timişoara (Romania) was elected to become one of the 2021 European Capitals of Culture (together with Novi Sad - Serbia and Elefsina - Greece). Within the thirty two years of the tradition to annually elect a European capital of culture, many cities have played this role, both official capitals of European countries and provincial centers. Romanian town-planners will tell us how a non-metropolitan city is getting ready for the role of partial capital. A world away, in the Cape Winelands, architects of Stellenbosch struggle for the identity of the city, the capital of the unique cultural landscape. Here the traditional African culture is mixed with three century-long tradition of winegrowing and winemaking. This wonderful mixture was placed on the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites. The authors of the project use cultural heritage protection laws to protect their city from chaotic development. ; Понятие столицы не обязательно связано с политикой. Порой нестоличный город, тем не менее, приобретает настолько важное значение в своей частичной смысловой области, что становится этакой «парциальной столицей». Румынская Тимишоара выбрана культурной столицей Европы 2021 года (наряду с греческим Элефсисом и сербским Нови Садом). За тридцать два года, которые существует традиция ежегодных выборов культурной столицы Европы, в этой роли перебывали многие города - и официальные столицы европейских государств, и провинциальные центры. О том, как нестоличный город готовится к роли парциальной столицы, рассказано в материале румынских градостроителей. На другом конце Земли, в Капских винных землях, архитекторы города Стелленбос борются за свою неповторимую индивидуальность в качестве столицы уникального культурного ландшафта. Традиционная африканская культура перемешана здесь с трехвековой традицией виноградарства и виноделия, и эта удивительная смесь внесена в предварительный список памятников культуры ЮНЕСКО. Авторы проекта используют законы об охране культурного наследия, чтобы защитить свой город от хаотической застройки.
