Suchergebnisse

The nature and meaning of replication is crucial not only for those undertaking studies of efforts at replication, but also for those conducting, using and evaluating demonstration projects, since their rationale lies in lessons learned for use elsewhere. The issue of replication is discussed using as a case study the highly influential British Burglary Prevention Project in Kirkholt, Rochdale and efforts to emulate it. Three ways of construing replication are presented: 'strict', 'relativist' and 'scientific realist'. Serious weaknesses are identified in the first two, and the third is advocated. Major lessons for practitioners and evaluators are drawn, in order that most benefit can be obtained for practice and policy from demonstration projects and their successors.

Objectives Despite the rising risk factor exposure and non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality across the Middle East and the North African (MENA) region, public health policy responses have been slow and appear discordant with the social, economic and political circumstances in each country. Good health policy and outcomes are intimately linked to a research-active culture, particularly in NCD. In this study we present the results of a comprehensive analysis of NCD research with particular a focus on cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in 10 key countries that represent a spectrum across MENA between 1991 and 2018. Methods The study uses a well validated bibliometric approach to undertake a quantitative analysis of research output in the ten leading countries in biomedical research in the MENA region on the basis of articles and reviews in the Web of Science database. We used filters for each of the three NCDs and biomedical research to identify relevant papers in the WoS. The countries selected for the analyses were based on the volume of research outputs during the period of analysis and stability, included Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. Results A total of 495,108 biomedical papers were found in 12,341 journals for the ten MENA countries (here we consider Turkey in the context of MENA). For all three NCDs, Turkey's output is consistently the highest. Iran has had considerable growth in research output to occupy second place across all three NCDs. It appears that, relative to their wealth (measured by GDP), some MENA countries, particularly Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, are substantially under-investing in biomedical research. In terms of investment on particular NCDs, we note the relatively greater commitment on cancer research compared with diabetes or cardiovascular disease in most MENA countries, despite cardiovascular disease causing the greatest health-related burden. When considering the citation impact of research outputs, there have been marked rises in citation scores in Qatar, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates and Oman. However, Turkey, which has the largest biomedical research output in the Middle East has the lowest citation scores overall. The level of intra-regional collaboration in NCD research is highly variable. Saudi Arabia and Egypt are the dominant research collaborators across the MENA region. However, Turkey and Iran, which are amongst the leading research-active countries in the area, show little evidence of collaboration. With respect to international collaboration, the United States and United Kingdom are the dominant research partners across the region followed by Germany and France. Conclusion The increase in research activity in NCDs across the MENA region countries during the time period of analysis may signal both an increasing focus on NCDs which reflects general global trends, and greater investment in research in some countries. However, there are several risks to the sustainability of these improvements that have been identified in particular countries within the region. For example, a lack of suitably trained researchers, low political commitment and poor financial support, and minimal international collaboration which is essential for wider global impact.

If regular criteria were applied, Croatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina could count on joining "Partnership for Peace" only after they have resolved internal conflicts and frictions with their neighbours by political means. (SOI : PM: S. 103)

The Twenty Sixth Annual Research Review describes the ongoing research programme in the School of Biosystems and Food Engineering at University College Dublin over the academic year 2020/21, from the collective research body within the school comprising our academic staff, technical staff, research staff and our early stage researchers totalling over 130 researchers (15 academic staff, 1 technician, 15 postdoctoral researchers and over 100 post-graduates). A copy of this book is available to download from the UCD Research Repository at: http:// researchrepository.ucd.ie. The research programme covers two main focal areas: Food and Process Engineering as well as Energy and the Environment. Each of these areas is divided into sub-themes as indicated in the Table of Contents, which also includes the name of the research scholar (in bold); the title of the research and the nature of the research programme. ; Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine ; European Commission Horizon 2020 ; European Commission - European Regional Development Fund ; Science Foundation Ireland ; Teagasc ; University College Dublin ; Interreg NWE project, REAMIT ; China Scholarship Council ; School of Food Engineering, University College Dublin ; School of Biosystems Engineering, University College Dublin ; Green Generation, Co. Kildare, Ireland ; Royal Thai Government Scholarship Division ; ORIGIN Enterprise, CONSUS

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Content -- Tables -- Figures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Relevance and main research interest -- 1.2 Main approach and research gap -- 1.3 Overview of the book -- 2 The relationship between strategic communication and news coverage: The Politics-Media-Politics cycle -- 3 Strategic communicators in violent conflicts - "Politics" -- 3.1 Political actors as strategic communicators -- 3.2 Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) as strategic communicators -- 3.3 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as strategic communicators -- 3.4 Social movement organizations (SMOs) as strategic communicators -- 3.5 Military organizations as strategic communicators -- 3.6 Terrorist organizations as strategic communicators -- 3.7 Strategic communication in violent conflict - A brief summary -- 4 Influences on the (conflict) news production process - "Media" -- 4.1 The Gatekeeping Theory -- 4.2 The influence of individual characteristics of journalists on the news production process -- 4.3 The influence of journalistic routine practices on the news production process -- 4.4 The influence of organizational characteristics on the news production process -- 4.5 The influence of social institutions on the news production process -- 4.6 The influence of the social system on the news production process -- 4.7 What influences the (conflict) news production process? A brief summary -- 5 The (potential) impact of conflict news coverage - "Politics" -- 5.1 Media's (potential) impact on the audience -- 5.2 Media's potential impact on (foreign) policy -- 5.3 The relationship between strategic communication and media in violent conflicts - A brief summary -- 6 Research questions and hypotheses -- 6.1 Different types of strategic communicators' impact on news coverage -- 6.2 Explaining variation in strategic communicators' impact on news coverage.

In previous research the authors investigated the processes of war diffusion based on interaction opportunities as operationalized by interstate borders. Studies of international borders, the relationship between borders and the onset of war, and the operation of diffusion/contagion effects on bordering nations were undertaken for all nations in the international system during the 1946-1965 period. The purpose of this article is to replicate the results of the original analyses by focusing on one regional subsystem—Africa— during a different time period, 1960-1977, and using different war data sets. The present study successfully replicates the original: Borders are found to be dynamic, and the border-war hypothesis and the spatial diffusion expectations are confirmed for Africa in the later period.

This article argues that negotiation agendas in peace processes are good indicators for the presence of factors that lead to success in the attempt to put an end to armed conflicts. While the literature suggests a series of psychological and contextual elements that may help to explain the outcome of a peace process, this article demonstrates the utility of incorporating the agendas as part of a systematic study. Hence, it presents results of the analysis of 83 peace processes occurred between 1989 and 2012, describes the technical and political topics discussed between the parties, and identifies trends in terms of duration, geography, nature of conflict, and outcomes. Finally, it shows that discussion of topics such as transformation of rebel organizations into political parties, or their integration into the national armed forces, are related to a higher probability of success in the process. ; Este artículo sostiene que las agendas de negociación de los procesos de paz son un indicador útil de la presencia o no de factores que inducen al éxito en el intento de poner fin a un conflicto armado interno. Mientras la literatura propone algunos elementos psicológicos individuales y de contexto que pueden ayudar a explicar el resultado de un proceso de paz, este artículo muestra la utilidad de incorporar las agendas como elemento de estudio de forma sistemática. Para ello, presenta el resultado del análisis de 83 procesos de paz desarrollados entre 1989 y 2012, en el que se describen los temas técnicos y políticos discutidos entre las partes, y sus tendencias según el tiempo de negociación, la geografía, la naturaleza del conflicto y su resultado. Al final, el artículo muestra que la discusión en la mesa de negociación de temas como conversión de fuerzas ilegales en partidos políticos, o su integración a las fuerzas armadas, está relacionada con una mayor probabilidad de éxito del proceso.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic remains a global security threat, as the result of the emerging and exacerbated security challenges that have impacted on the national security policies of various regional economic communities (RECs). This study analyses SADC and ECOWAS' responses to the Covid-19 pandemic under their respective existing peace and security structures and explores if both RECs, SADC and ECOWAS have been efficient. This article discusses the Southern African and West African security setting, how its security architecture emerged and whether it has been successful in overcoming the security ramification in the region under the Covid-19 pandemic. Coincidentally, both SADC and ECOWAS have been confronted with existing and emerging human security threats, such as increased poverty, inequality, and the spread of diseases, such as Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic, a non-traditional security threat, has exposed how RECs, such as SADC and ECOWAS, respond to non-traditional and emerging security threats, suggesting for the transcendence of their security architecture that caters equally for non-military and emerging human security threats, alike military threats. This article explores the regional security experiences, challenges, and responses of both the SADC and ECOWAS under the Covid-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic remains a global security threat, as the result of the emerging and exacerbated security challenges that have impacted on the national security policies of various regional economic communities (RECs). This study analyses SADC and ECOWAS' responses to the Covid-19 pandemic under their respective existing peace and security structures and explores if both RECs, SADC and ECOWAS have been efficient. This article discusses the Southern African and West African security setting, how its security architecture emerged and whether it has been successful in overcoming the security ramification in the region under the Covid-19 pandemic. Coincidentally, both SADC and ECOWAS have been confronted with existing and emerging human security threats, such as increased poverty, inequality, and the spread of diseases, such as Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic, a non-traditional security threat, has exposed how RECs, such as SADC and ECOWAS, respond to non-traditional and emerging security threats, suggesting for the transcendence of their security architecture that caters equally for non-military and emerging human security threats, alike military threats. This article explores the regional security experiences, challenges, and responses of both the SADC and ECOWAS under the Covid-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic remains a global security threat, as the result of the emerging and exacerbated security challenges that have impacted on the national security policies of various regional economic communities (RECs). This study analyses SADC and ECOWAS' responses to the Covid-19 pandemic under their respective existing peace and security structures and explores if both RECs, SADC and ECOWAS have been efficient. This article discusses the Southern African and West African security setting, how its security architecture emerged and whether it has been successful in overcoming the security ramification in the region under the Covid-19 pandemic. Coincidentally, both SADC and ECOWAS have been confronted with existing and emerging human security threats, such as increased poverty, inequality, and the spread of diseases, such as Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic, a non-traditional security threat, has exposed how RECs, such as SADC and ECOWAS, respond to non-traditional and emerging security threats, suggesting for the transcendence of their security architecture that caters equally for non-military and emerging human security threats, alike military threats. This article explores the regional security experiences, challenges, and responses of both the SADC and ECOWAS under the Covid-19 pandemic.

"In diesem Beitrag wird die relationale Ethnografie als Untersuchungsansatz vorgestellt, bei dem reflexive, dialogische Aspekte von Forschungsbeziehungen im Vordergrund stehen: Der Autor fand es zwar hilfreich, autoethnografische Methoden als Therapeutin und als Lehrende zu verwenden, bemerkte aber, dass sie seinen Fokus auf relationale Aspekte von Forschungsbeziehungen einschränkten. Erst indem er eine relationale Ethnografie konzipierte und nutzte, wurde es ihm möglich, die grundsätzliche Bedeutung von Beziehung bzw. Bezogenheit in der ethnografischen Forschung zu zeigen. Hierzu hat er insbesondere auf systemische und sozial-konstruktionistische Ansätze zurückgegriffen. In dem Beitrag veranschaulicht er die reflexive, dialogische Beziehung zwischen den 'Stimmen' im inneren und im äußeren Dialog sowie zwischen beiden Dialogformen. Indem wir als Forschende diese inneren Dialoge Lesenden und Forschungsteilnehmer/ innen zugänglich machen, eröffnen wir den Raum für eine transparente Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit. In einem ersten Schritt arbeitet er die Beziehung zwischen einem/ einer Forschenden und Texten als dialogische Aktivität heraus. Danach wendet er sich der Beziehung zwischen Schreibenden und Lesenden zu, wenn sie in einen antizipativ-reaktiven Dialog miteinander eintreten. Schließlich zeig er, dass Reflexivität immer relational und Grundlage einer relationalen Ethik ist und entwickelt erste Ideen einer Ethik und Ästhetik der Fürsorge als leitenden Prinzipien einer relationalen Ethnografie. Der Autor hat festgestellt, dass Studierende durch den Einbezug der relationalen Ethnografie in die Lehre reflexiver Forschung betreiben und dass sich die relationale und ästhetische Qualität ihres Schreibens verbessert hat." (Autorenreferat)