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Few words are so often used & abused as the word ,peace.' Thus, when efforts are made to plead almost any kind of policy, then it is often asserted that that policy, in addition to other merits, will also serve the cause of peace. This practice is not necessarily harmful. By projecting an image of harmony of interests, the term 'peace' may also help bring about such a harmony. One may object that frequent use of the word gives an unrealistic image of the world, but leaving aside this ` major argument for the moment, it is obvious that some level of precision is necessary for the term to serve as a cognitive tool. To discuss the idea of peace, one may start from 3 simple principles: (1) The term 'peace' shall be used for soc goals at least verbally agreed to by many, if not necessarily by most. (2) These soc goals may be complex & difficult, but not impossible, to attain. (3) The statement 'peace is absence of violence' shall be retained as valid. Everything now hinges on making a definition of 'violence.' However, it is not so important to arrive at anything like the definition, or the typology, for there are obviously many diff types of violence. More important is to indicate theoretically signif dimensions of violence that can lead thinking, res &, potentially, action, towards the most important problems. IPSA.

DURING THE EVOLUTION OF IDEAS ABOUT PEACE EDUCATION, I.E. TEACHING FOR PEACE AT ALL LEVELS FORMALLY AND INFORMALLY, A NUMBER OF DEBATES OR POLARITIES HAVE APPEARED, SOME OF WHICH PARALLEL SIMILAR DIVISIONS OR ARGUMENTS IN PEACE RESEARCH. THESE CAN BE TYPIFIED AS FOLLOWS: PEACE EDUCATION AS FORMAL ACTIVITY (IN SCHOOLS ETC.) PEACE EDUCATION FROM TOP-DOWN VIA GOVERNMENT, SYLLABI, HEADS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES PEACE STUDIES AS A SUBJECT OR SPECIFIED AREA (PEACE STUDIES) IN CURRICULUM PEACE AS A BROAD CONCEPT NOT JUST WAR, DISARMAMENT ETC. BUT POSITIVE, INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY CONCERNS PEACE EDUCATION AS A LONG TERM PROCESS OF VALUE CHANGE RAISING OF CRITICAL AWARENESS (ATTITUDES) PEACE EDUCATION AS INFORMAL ACTIVITY (GENERAL PUBLIC-CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING) PEACE EDUCATION FROM THE BOTTOM-UP THROUGH POPULAR AND COMMUNITY INITIATIVES, INDIVIDUALS (INCLUDING PARENTS, TEACHERS) AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, PEACE GROUPS PEACE EDUCATION ACROSS THE CURRICULUM IN ALL DISCIPLINES AND BEYOND PEACE EDUCATION (NARROW CONCEPT) AS FUNDAMENTALLY 'DISARMAMENT EDUCATION', INFORMATION ON THE NUCLEAR THREAT ETC. PEACE EDUCATION AS A SHORT TERM AND INFORMATION-GIVING EXERCISE

This article explores the peacebuilding potential of the environment beyond "environmental problems" from the perspective of two interactive & interacting paradigms: peace studies & environmental studies. A thorough investigation reveals ontological, axiological, epistemological, rhetorical & methodological overlaps; interdependencies; conflicts &; potential synergism from their "interaction." It suggests a theoretical framework, broad & integrative enough to allow a full understanding, functionally as well as philosophically, of the inherent capacities of the environment to inform & sustain peace. The new paradigm, inspired by the idea of environmental peacemaking, is called Peace Ecology. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

THE AUTHOR SURVEYS THE PEACE MOVEMENT IN ITS HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND IN TERMS OF ITS CONTRIBUTION TO FUTURE PERSPECTIVES IN BUILDING GLOBAL PEACE. THE VIEW THAT, IN THE LAST YEARS OF THE 20TH CENTURY, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS WILL PLAY A MORE CRUCIAL PART IN DETERMINING MANKIND'S DESTINY UNDERLIES MUCH OF HIS ANALYSIS. HIS ASSESSMENT ALSO INCLUDES AN EXAMINATION OF WHY PEACE MOVEMENTS FAIL.

Peace is not an esoteric word. It has philosophical underpinnings and real world connotations. In a nuclear era with the latest, and manifest, conflicts which may end in total war, peace becomes a deceptively complex word. Peace Research and peace movements become dualities which are necessary strategies for world peace. As a scientific compilation of data and meaning methodology, they are a comparatively new phenomena but in terms of some kind of a movement have always been active. Even if only a protest by a minority it has been an ongoing phenomenon. Peace Research and eventually peace movements become part of a social consciousness that is important to achieve a political end—world peace. This paper spells out the meaning of Peace Research, its development and links with peace movements. Some peace movements in different parts of the world have been brought out merely to substantiate the peace research and its concepts. It is by no means exhaustive. A lot needs to be researched and brought out. But one main idea seems amply clear that the world system needs restructuring to absorb Peace Research and peace movements if only to rationalise it, make it viable for both study and activism. So also a change is needed among the "realist" thinking if only to achieve positive and developmental peace, i.e. peace combined with social justice.