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The article considers the phenomenon of social science debates in the form of the opposition 'West/Non-West' and its social-political and identification consequences. The authors focus on the history of this opposition, the ways to overcome the scientific and social confrontations that were determined by it, and on the methodological significance of the concept 'Non-Western theories'. The authors study the features of social and political knowledge of the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America; compare social values of Western Europe, China and other countries to identify the ways for its integration in the course of postcolonial political and scientific development. In particular, the article compares the axio-logical triad of T. Heuss (democracy, Roman law, Christian ethics) and the Chinese dyad — the will of the people (minxin suoxiang) and three convents (sāngāng). Within the West/Non-West opposition, the Western European, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, African, Latin-American social-political constructs are considered to assess the productivity of some categorical oppositions and contaminations adopted in the sphere of social knowledge and to prove the theoretical inconsistency of multiculturalism. The authors also consider the issues of eurocentrism and Western-European messianism on the examples of their relationship with Sino-Centrism, and the ideas of African and Latin-American nationalism. Such comparisons prove the metatheoretical status of the 'West/Non-West' opposition that can be explained within the paradigm of the social construction of reality. The authors conclude that the concepts 'West' and 'Non-West' do not have a truly scientific status; they are rather markers of social values claiming a special identification value, i.e. having a direct relation to self-representation. The concepts 'West' and 'Non-West' are a kind of political declarations tather than an evidence of epistemological differences in the foundations of social knowledge in different parts of the globe. © K.V. Radkevich, A.V. Shabaga, 2017.

L'article est consacré à l'analyse des approches de l'évaluation du lien entre l'individu et la politique. Dans l'article est présenté le concept du cycle de vie politique, qui permet de concilier les paradigmes existants, préciser les rôles et les fonctions des acteurs dans la politique publique.

L'article propose une interprétation de la politique publique en matière de l'enseignement: la politique comme un projet. L'article décrit la politique publique en matière de l'enseignement comme la gestion du fonctionnement de l'enseignement. L'article est consacré à l'analyse de l'évolution des éléments de la politique d'enseignement en Russie.

Ideas presented in the article philosophers of classical type of scientific knowledge about the nature and forms of interaction between people in society so far have their enduring significance. In the depths of the classical approaches in social philosophy were formulated system of ideas, samples, determining the comparison and understanding of the basic aspects and spheres of life: nature, society, people's lives, their work, knowledge, ideals and values. Accordingly, it appears, and the content of public relations and relations of people as structure based on a set of mandatory guidelines. At the same time, we see that in each of these approaches provides a set of questions, the answers to which have to find a new problem field, the drop in current scientific debates.