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This article examines long-standing debates in moral philosophy that are relevant to international human rights law. It discusses the political conception of human rights and the four challenges to moral philosophy which include the notion that no particular religious tradition or particular comprehensive doctrine (or morality) grounded human rights and the belief that natural rights theories end up misrepresenting and narrowing the scope of human rights. This article also highlights the importance of the work of moral philosophers to the understanding of contemporary human rights and explains that the traditions of natural rights theories still influence contemporary human rights language in profound ways

Includes bibliographical references. ; A chapter on teaching undergraduates environmental ethics in philosophy classes. This complements other chapters on anthropology, biology, economics, geography, history, literature, journalism, political science, and religion. Rationales, guidelines, sample plans for courses, annotated resources, both print and nonprint. Major literature in the field.

Citation: Habiger, Francis Joseph. Philosophy of war. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1898. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: This subject was chosen for reasons confronting us at the present time of which at the close of a war, when impulse and emotion are subsided, conscious consideration may better be attained. The steps that we have taken in the late war are either toward imperialism or humanitarianism: either for the better or for the worse. These steps should set us thinking, for, on entering the threshold of a new century, our determination should be stronger than ever, to reason out better the problems before us. Such proposals as the "Czars Manifesto" should be weighed carefully, thought over by every citizen wishing to give a lending hand to progress. The question before us is, "Can war be dispersed with, and if so when and under what circumstances?" But before answering so great a question, it may be well for us to reflect and trace the cause and effect of war, and its substitutes. We may divide war, as Ruskin does into war of play, of dominion, and of defense; but the better way seems to be When treated as evolved from a chronological standpoint of evolution; namely into wars of defense, conquest, religion, political, difficulties, and for humanitarian sentiment.

The Turkish Republic proclaimed on the 29th of October 1923 gave, in many respects, a new start to the nation. This new and contemporary political status has also started a progressive and revolutionary cultural process in almost every field.

pt. 1. Principles of government. Monarchial government.--pt. 2. Of aristocracy. Aristocratic governments.--pt. 3. Of democracy. Mixed monarchy. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The subject that has been assigned me today—"The Philoso­phy of Communism"—is rather puzzling in terms of presentation. Marx, himself, said that with him and with his theories Philosophy was finished forever. "Philosophy," he said in effect, "belongs to an unscientific past—Marxism will replace it."

Includes index (v. 2). ; At head of title: Under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. ; Mode of access: Internet.

John Dewey's philosophy of education did not arise in a vacuum. Much as Dewey himself would have recognized, his experiences shaped his philosophy. The experiences described include Dewey's time as a boy in Burlington, Vermont; his graduate education at Johns Hopkins University, and his first academic post at the University of Michigan; concluding with his time at the University of Chicago with his famous laboratory school. Following each narrative, Dewey's experiences are connected with and compared to his landmark publication Democracy and Education. Special consideration to the alignment of theory and practice helps to guide interpretation of his experiences with his emerging philosophy. Local and regional contexts are provided to consider the situated context of each of the geographically organized narratives. Included is a discussion of the philosophical contributions of Kant, Vermont Transcendentalism, and Hegelianism to Dewey's philosophy. Additionally included are the contributions of Alice Chipman Dewey, Jane Addams, and Ella Flagg Young to Dewey's thinking.

Both photography and philosophy are invested in light as a form of intelligence, but while representation is central to photography as a recording practice, for Heidegger it is fundamental to the alienation of human beings from the world, and for Deleuze it is the foundation of political conservatism. This chapter brings together these critiques of representation and demonstrates that photography is both the visual form of Western metaphysics and the means for overcoming the boundaries imposed by the representational paradigm. It is argued that far from being rooted in 'objectivity', photography is usually interpreted through a philosophical framework that imposes upon it the concomitant ideologies of subjectivity and realism. It further contends that when photography is liberated from the totalizing effects of representation it begins to offer a fractured and fragmented 'image' of the interface between current technical, social and cultural norms.

The purpose of this study is to identify the similarities and differences between the political philosophy ofPlato and political philosophy of Aristotle. Such comparative study is very important for politicalthought in general. The main significance of this paper is the precise meaning of the political philosophyof Plato and political philosophy of Aristotle, as well as the meaning of differences and similarities.Often, Plato's political ideas appear as Aristotle political ideas, and Aristotle's political ideas appear asPlato's political ideas. The main method of study in this paper is the comparison method. The ancientpolitical debate between Plato and Aristotle is important to modern political philosophy as it is the basisof modern political theories. The data for paper are taken from the books of these two authors. Thepolitical philosophy of Plato and Aristotle, although they have similarities in some points, but differ inmany other issues, such as: different categories of political analysis, different methodologies of policystudy, and different reasons for state creation, different opinions why democracy is a bad form ofgovernment and why aristocracy is the right form.

The trend among philosophy of education student teachers at the University of South Africa (UNISA) is a poor grasp of the underlying assumptions and principles of African philosophy, or what British social historian E. P.Thompson (1995) called 'the poverty of theory'. In this paper I attempt to centre the study of African philosophy in the teacher education curriculum at UNISA. The paper explores the potential for interfaces between critical thinking, philosophy for children (P4C) and African philosophy, in particular the worldview of ubuntu and communalism. The paper grows out of my concern as teacher educator about South African student teachers' poor immersion in the African philosophical frameworks that ought to inform their practice. Since the transition from apartheid to democracy in 1994 South Africa's Department of Education has placed a heavy premium on the promotion of African values such as ubuntu (human dignity) and communalism in its policies. That said studies in education show that these imperatives only remain at policy level and scholarly discussions, and are not reflected in the actual practice of teaching and learning. This paper explores ways in which philosophy of education students can be supported to develop a grasp of African philosophy, with emphasis on ubuntu and communalism. Second, my assumption is that P4C has the potential to induct school children in the appreciation and enjoyment of philosophical debates and engagement, which is the cornerstone of university teaching and learning. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n14p745

The emergence of the first literature concerning the methodology of political philosophy, which we have witnessed over the last decade, indicates a general methodological shift within the discipline. This shift can be interpreted as a sign of the ongoing adjustment of political philosophy to the domain of science that had already begun when analytical political philosophy incorporated from logical positivism the premise of the unity of method of science and philosophy. The urge to have an epistemic source of justification for normative political theories lead analytical political philosophy to the development of various methodological frameworks from among which reflective equilibrium became the most influential one and nowadays it is being considered as the most widely used method in the contemporary political philosophy overall. Reflective equilibrium aims to provide knowledge that falls into the same category as scientific knowledge; however, it can also lead to various normative distortions resulting in the elimination of metaphysics, meta-ethics and religious claims from the normative part of political philosophical theorising. These normative distortions not only can result in epistemically wrong conclusions; above all, they implicitly affirm the normative propositions of political conceptions of liberalism. Hence, the prevalence and uncritical use of reflective equilibrium might narrow the topical scope and undermine the reflective and critical role of the discipline of political philosophy itself.

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of Modern Political Philosophy. Contains Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes; The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli; The Communist Manifesto by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx; The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte by Karl Marx ; On the Jewish Question by Karl Marx Economic & Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 by Karl Marx; The German Ideology by Karl Marx; Capital by Karl Marx ; Second Treatise of Government by John Locke; The Social Contract & Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau; Beyond Good and Evil by Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

Openly licensed anthology focused on the theme of Philosophy in Economics. Contains An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Books I-V) by Adam Smith.

At head of title: Under the superintendence of the Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. ; pt. 1. Principles of government. Monarchical government.--pt. 2. Of aristocracy. Aristocratic governments.--pt. 3. Of democracy. Mixed monarchy. ; Mode of access: Internet.