Suchergebnisse

The following draft of the Code aims to regulate investment processes in the field of local planning and spatial development (urban planning) as well as in the field of architecture and construction.

The article examines the development process of the national level security strategies in the United States. It explains the basic theory of the strategy-making, as well as the primary processes and relations among the major security enterprises. The author focuses on the 2017–2018 timeframe due to the significant changes in the U.S. legislative system and exceptional personalities involved in the strategy-making process. However, the article delivers a military perspective on strategy development. Still, it does not exclude general information on the U.S. political arena, legal framework, scope of the documents, or historical facts. These data facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the complex political-military relations during the strategy-making process. The primary purpose of the article is to analyze coherent, layered strategic planning process during President Donald Trump administration (2017–2020) and draw significant conclusions, which other countries might implement in their planning system.

The article aims to determine the influence of administrative courts' jurisprudence on planning practice in the field of spatial order protection. This impact was verified from the perspective of two key, practical (used by courts, local government units, participants in the space game), and legal information systems: LEX and Legalis. The jurisprudence theses contained in the systems mentioned above constitute the basis for the judgments and formulation of arguments expressed in subsequent cases. Two key provisions were selected, important from the perspective of the protection of spatial order and the scope of property rights in the spatial management system: Art. 2, point 1, and Art. 6. The results show that in the examined systems, neutral judgments dominate. Nevertheless, the representation of decisions enabling the expansion of development possibilities is forceful. In this context, the key decisions seem to be more precise, defining the spatial order and directly indicating the superiority of the spatial order over the ownership right. Despite the lack of a clear legal basis, administrative courts should pay particular attention to this direction.

The lack of planning and disorder of Polish space results from the current political and legal as well as cultural determinants. The latter are strongly associated with deeply-rooted factors such as national identity and past, collective mentality. One can recognize them as long term factors. The aim of the article is to show how the series of various above-mentioned variables affect the shape of urban space including modern Warsaw and selected Scandinavian experiences as the context. The author also pays attention to two latest pieces of legislation - so called Urban Landscape Act (2015) as well as the lex developer case (2018) and analyses their influence on the national spatial policy system as well as - burdened by the past and certain cultural patterns - chaotic landscape of Polish cities.

The assessment of the implementation of the environmental policy in China is usually made in the context of the application of environmental law. The author proposes a different approach, assuming that the policy outcomes depend not only on such or other prerogatives at individual levels of management but on the mutual interaction of individual actors. The article indicates to what extent the central authority is able to define policy goals along with an adequate system of supervision of implementation, what is the perception of local authorities, and in what conditions local authorities are willing to accept the objectives of the ecological policy. It has been identified in which conditions sub-national authorities may distort centrally planned activities related to environmental protection.

The assessment of the implementation of the environmental policy in China is usually made in the context of the application of environmental law. The author proposes a different approach, assuming that the policy outcomes depend not only on such or other prerogatives at individual levels of management but on the mutual interaction of individual actors. The article indicates to what extent the central authority is able to define policy goals along with an adequate system of supervision of implementation, what is the perception of local authorities, and in what conditions local authorities are willing to accept the objectives of the ecological policy. It has been identified in which conditions sub-national authorities may distort centrally planned activities related to environmental protection. ; Ocena wdrażania polityki ekologicznej w Chinach dokonywana jest zazwyczaj w kontekście implementacji prawa ochrony środowiska. Autor proponuje odmienne podejście, zakładając, że efekty polityki uzależnione są nie tylko od takich czy innych prerogatyw na poszczególnych poziomach zarządzania, ale także od wzajemnej interakcji poszczególnych aktorów. Artykuł wskazuje, w jakim stopniu władza centralna jest w stanie definiować cele polityki, wraz z adekwatnym systemem nadzoru wdrażania, jaka jest percepcja władz lokalnych, w jakich warunkach władze lokalne są skłonne do akceptacji celów polityki ekologicznej. Zidentyfikowano, w jakich warunkach władze subnarodowe mogą zniekształcać centralnie zaplanowane działania związane z ochroną środowiska.