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Social media has exploded in importance and power over a very short period of time, faster than people and policy can keep up. As a result, social media has been a battleground of business and political interests that have changed and adapted so quickly that policy makers are unable to maintain the pace. This veritable wild west of communication has led to a variety of issues with no clear solutions, and even as ideas are put forward these are quickly made irrelevant by the next innovation or strategy that inevitably pops up. These issues range from social media companies generating ideological bubbles in their pursuit of building a superior product, fringe political forces adapting and making use of the internet in their struggles to both be heard and to stop their ideological rivals from being heard, to the government trying to adapt law and policy to new Constitutional issues that are arising. This paper will examine these issues and consider their complexities, while suggesting and identifying flexible solutions that recognize the ever-changing nature of the question at hand.

The objective of this paper is to explain populist attitudes that are prevailing in a number of European democracies. Populist attitudes expectedly lead to social protests and populist votes. We capture the populist wave by relying not on voting behavior but rather on values that are traditionally viewed as populist values, such as distrust of institutions and neighbors, rejection of migrations and strong preferences for law and order. Our study covers the period 2004 to 2018 and 25 European countries for which we match aggregated indicators of populist values and social polarization computed from ESS and SILC survey micro-data, respectively. We find that social polarization, along with other factors, can explain populist attitudes. We also observe that both populist attitudes and polarization vary across countries much more than over time, with the exception of authoritarian values which appear positively correlated with social polarization, particularly among baby-boomers and younger cohorts.

The objective of this paper is to explain populist attitudes that are prevailing in a number of European democracies. Populist attitudes expectedly lead to social protests and populist votes. We capture the populist wave by relying not on voting behavior but rather on values that are traditionally viewed as populist values, such as distrust of institutions and neighbors, rejection of migrations and strong preferences for law and order. Our study covers the period 2004 to 2018 and 25 European countries for which we match aggregated indicators of populist values and social polarization computed from ESS and SILC survey micro-data, respectively. We find that social polarization, along with other factors, can explain populist attitudes. We also observe that both populist attitudes and polarization vary across countries much more than over time, with the exception of authoritarian values which appear positively correlated with social polarization, particularly among baby-boomers and younger cohorts. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This text provides a unified spatial model of legislative elections, parties, and roll call voting to address three primary questions: why do legislators adopt extreme positions, how do they win given their extremism, and what role do parties play in promoting polarization? Justin Buchler links spatial models of elections to spatial models of roll call voting in the legislature, and suggests that the key to understanding polarization is to reverse the order of conventional models and place the legislative session before the election because legislators adopt positions in the policy space, extreme or otherwise, through the incremental process of casting roll call votes.

Understanding polarization / David R. Brubaker -- Leadership and polarization / David R. Brubaker -- Communicating across the divide / Everett N. Brubaker -- Trauma, polarization, and connection / Carolyn E. Yoder -- Weathering polarization with resilience / Teresa J. Haase -- Transforming polarization / David R. Brubaker -- Love that transforms / David R. Brubaker.

A test of two competing theories of status polarization of social welfare attitudes: (1) a social-psychological approach that sees status polarization as a function of identification with social groups; & (2) an economic theory that sees policy preferences as a function of the individual's expected utility from various policies. Center for Political Studies (U of Michigan, Ann Arbor) data from the years 1956-1984 reveal that the utility maximizing hypothesis has much more explanatory power for the middle & late 1970s. SC identification, on the other hand, rivals utility maximization as an expression of policy preferences during the years 1956-1964 & shows a slight resurgence in 1982 & 1984. These results suggest little prospect for a revival of the New Deal party coalitions, barring strong political leadership that defines issues in class terms & polarizes the electorate. 5 Tables, 43 References. Modified HA