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Abstract. The Topicality of the Research. The topicality of the issue under study is driven by the need to carry out a smooth coverage of Karazin's biography, which presents poorly researched pages of his life. When characterizing the socio-political views of Karazin, a range of studied aspects of his worldview has been extensively extended. The Purpose of the Research. The purpose of the article is to throw light on a life journey of the prominent political and public figure, a scientist of the early XIXthcenturyVasyl Nazarovych Karazin, to investigate the facts and fill gaps in his biography, to outline landmarks in his life and creative activity, to analyze his fundamental scientific achievements and their importance for descendants. The Methodology of the Research. The main methods, which have been used to study the matter at issue, are as follows: chronological, historical genetic, comparative historical, historical typological, synchronous, biographic, and prosopography approaches. The Research Results. In the article there has been elucidated Karazin's biography, which provides insight into the milestones of the formation of his worldview. The authors have specified features of the social and political views of Karazin, which shaped his unique interpretation of topical political matters concerning the form of government, role of the state authority in the development of political and ideological areas. It has determined the scope and motivation for activity of Karazin as a landowner and the founder of many non-governmental organizations of that time. The Practical Significance. The research findings can be used while investigating sources of the formation of the ideology of conservatism of the XIXth century, a degree of its assimilation of the provisions of innovative public opinion and pattern of the use of West European socio-political theories, a role of conservative nobility in the social movement, sequence of their ideas and policy of the ruling elite. Key words: administrative activity, inventive activity, public activity, Karazin, reformatory endeavors, peasant matter, socio-political views, Kharkiv University. ; Анотація. Актуальність дослідження. Актуальність досліджуваної проблеми зумовлена потребою у здійсненні рівномірного висвітлення біографії Каразіна, в якій відображені раніше недостатньо вивчені сторінки його життя. При характеристиці суспільно-політичних поглядів Каразіна значно розширено коло досліджуваних аспектів його світогляду. Мета дослідження. Мета статті полягає у висвітленні життєвого шляху відомого політичного і громадського діяча, вченого першої половини ХІХ ст. Василя Назаровича Каразіна, дослідженні фактів і висвітленні прогалин в його біографії, окресленні основних віх життя і творчості, аналізі його основних наукових досягнень та їх значення для нащадків. Методи дослідження. Головними методами дослідження даної проблеми є хронологічний, історико-генетичний, порівняльно-історичний, історико-типологічний, синхронний, біографічний та просопографічний підходи. Результати дослідження. У статті висвітлено біографію Каразіна, яка відображає основні етапи формування його світогляду. Розкрито особливості соціальних і економічних поглядів Каразіна, що зумовили своєрід­ність трактування ним важливих політичних питань щодо державного устрою, ролі державної влади в розвитку економічної, політичної і ідеологічної галузей. Розкриті зміст і мотивація діяльності Каразіна як поміщика і засновника ряду громадських організацій того часу. Практична значимість. Одержані у статті результати можуть бути використані при дослідженні джерел формування ідеології консерватизму XIX ст., ступеню засвоєння нею положень прогресивної суспільної думки та характеру використання західноєвропейських суспільно-політичних теорій, ролі консервативно налаштованих дворян в суспільному русі, послідовності їх ідей і політики правлячих кіл. Ключові слова: адміністративна діяльність, винахідницька діяльність, громадська діяльність, Каразін, реформаторські проекти, селянське питання, суспільно-політичні погляди, Харківський університет.

28 páginas ; La democratización de la tecnología ha permitido que los ciudadanos y los partidos políticos encuentren nuevos caminos para el diálogo y la conversación social. De hecho, los líderes políticos "comienzan a gobernar con el móvil". Dentro de las diferentes opciones para este diálogo se encuentran las aplicaciones de mensajería instantánea, como WhatsApp, que se consolidan como una herramienta habitual en las estrategias de comunicación de partidos y candidatos. Sin embargo, no existe en el ámbito de la investigación académica un desarrollo teórico que ayude a entender este fenómeno. Para afrontar tal vacío, esta investigación incluye como principal objetivo tratar de analizar científicamente el uso que los partidos políticos otorgaron a estas herramientas durante la campaña para las elecciones generales en España en abril de 2019. Tomando como referencia los estudios previos relacionados con el uso de esta herramienta en contextos electorales en Brasil, la India o Nigeria, este trabajo se convierte en un estudio empírico pionero realizado en la primera "Elección de WhatsApp" en España, a partir de su protagonismo como red social con más de 25 millones de usuarios. La parte nuclear de esta investigación descansa en el análisis de contenido cualitativo de todos los contenidos creados en WhatsApp por los cinco principales partidos políticos (Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Partido Popular, Vox, Ciudadanos y Unidas Podemos) que concurrieron a estas elecciones. Esta investigación empírica y comparativa se centró en categorías específicas, como nivel de actividad, tipo de contenido, enlaces a otras redes sociales, propósito principal del contenido, presencia de contenido falso y negativo y nivel de interacción. Los resultados demostraron un diferente uso de esta herramienta por parte de los partidos políticos españoles, siendo los partidos tradicionales los que presentaron un mayor nivel de actividad. Además, si bien los contenidos audiovisuales fueron un recurso frecuente, la campaña española no estuvo marcada por una difusión agresiva de contenido falso. ; The democratization of technology has allowed citizens and political par-ties to find new avenues for dialogue and social debate. Actually, political leaders "have begun to govern with their mobiles." Among the multiple options for dialogue, instant messaging applications, such as WhatsApp, have grown firm as a standard tool for parties' and candidates' communi-cation strategies. Nonetheless, there is no theoretical approach from aca-demic research that helps to understand this phenomenon. Consequently, this research attempts to scientifically analyze how political parties in Spain employed these tools during the campaign for the general elections in April 2019. Building on previous studies related to the use of this microblogging in electoral contexts in Brazil, India, or Nigeria, this pioneering empirical study focuses on the first "WhatsApp election" in Spain due to its role as a leading social network with over 25 million users. This research's core lies in the qualitative analysis of all the content created on WhatsApp by the five major political parties (Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Partido Popular, Vox, Ciudadanos, and Unidas Podemos) that participated in these elections. This empirical and comparative research addresses specific cate-gories, such as activity level, content type, links to other social media, the primary purpose of the content, fake and harmful content, and interaction level. Results showed a different use of this tool by Spanish political par-ties, with traditional parties showing the highest level of activity. Further-more, although audiovisual content was a frequent resource, the Spanish campaign was not marked by an aggressive dissemination of false content.

AbstractNeil Datta's report, Tip of the Iceberg: Religious Extremist Funders against Human Rights for Sexuality and Reproductive Health in Europe 2009–2018, examines the funding, activities and interconnections of anti‐gender politics in Europe between 2009 and 2018. It identifies and traces funding, donors, beneficiaries, outputs and outcomes of a rising number of activities aimed at overturning the achievements of sex and gender equality movements of the last fifty years. Demonstrating a significant level of sustained activity by religious organisations, think tanks, charitable foundations, political parties and individuals, the report author argues that anti‐gender positions attract an expanded range of supporters to alt and far right political parties, and are used to draw in new supporters for illiberal politics in Europe.

Argues that the Congressional mandate for a uniform identification card for virtually all Americans, the US Supreme Court's adoption of the broadest possible definition of the Interstate Commerce Clause (Art. I, sec. 8, clause 2), & the Court's evisceration of the Takings Clause of the fifth Amendment -- all in mid-2005 -- not only would have been unacceptable to our Founders but also represent the conversion of the US Constitution to a constitution that might be found in the authoritarian regimes of the world. An effort has been made to lessen the 'visibility' of the identification card by introducing it in a nationally regulated format for states' drivers' licenses. The Supreme Court's decision in Kelo v. City of New London blatantly ignored the rights of the citizen (Kelo) by allowing local government confiscation of his property under the law of 'eminent domain' for something other than the 'common good'. The Court's 'rewriting' of the Interstate Commerce Clause, in Gonzales v. Raich, changed the intent of a law designed to regulate trade & commerce between states to a reading that could actually prohibit a given economic activity intrastate, in this case, the growing & distribution of medical marijuana. It is concluded that the words of the Constitution are now often being interpreted as the opposite of what they say. Americans must move to check this trend against the confiscation of their rights. References. J. Stanton

In the article there are considered gender and social-psychological determinants providingsteady support and development of terrorist activity in the Russian Federation territory;involving of new social groups into extremist practices. ; В статье рассматриваются гендерные и социально-психологические детерминанты,обеспечивающие устойчивое поддержание и развитие террористической активности на территории Российской Федерации, вовлечение в экстремистские практики новых социальных групп.

PROTEST AS A FORM OF CIVIC MOVEMENT IN POST-CONFLICT SOCIETY WITH THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Civic activity, the degree of development of this activity and its multifaceted relationship with the state has been one of the most expressive manifestations of mature democracy for several decades. Citizens' trust in bottom-up initiatives is a long-term process built in the social space where systemic democracy is present. Serbs, as a society that directly or indirectly experienced armed conflicts, entered the path of democratisation after 2000 and remained on it for about 15 years, when during the rule of the Serbian Progressive Party of Aleksander Vučić, the populist character of the rule slowed down and then reversed the democratisation processes. The aim of the article is to look at the protest as one of the most common manifestations of civic movements and to analyse the subject matter of the protests, their intensity, the possibility of influencing the political and social reality, and finally the cases of its evolution, related to its transformation into other forms of activity.

The use of state-of-art immersive technologies enhanced undergraduate students' motivation to learn. The main variables for the comparative analysis are the opinions of surveyed students for three academic terms and the perception of motivation as an engine for learning. The data used for this article comes from undergraduate students at a Mexican university, Tecnológico de Monterrey, during January 2019 up to June 2020. The virtual activity designed for fostering motivation for is called: Welcome to Ur, Mesopotamia. The activity consists of a recreation of the ancient city of Ur using 3D animation and virtual reality goggles. Each student was able to travel back on time and explore by foot the streets, temples, and palaces of the Mesopotamian city. The courses where the educational experiences took place, "Sustainable Cities and Communities" and "Citizenship and Democracy" reported higher satisfaction and motivation to learn that those courses that did not use the virtual tool. The use of technological tools helped students to have better understanding of the academic content. The students reported feeling motivated to learn more about political history due to the immersive learning activity.

A large literature has highlighted the potential detrimental effects of natural resource wealth on social, economic and political outcomes. We study a previously largely unexplored relationship - the impact of natural resource wealth on criminal activity. Our empirical strategy exploits price fluctuations in 15 internationally traded minerals to study the impact of mineral wealth on local crime levels in South Africa - leveraging detailed crime data from 1,084 police precincts over 10 years. We find that increased mineral wealth leads to a reduction in criminal activity. An exploration of mechanisms suggest that the effect is due to changes in employment opportunities created by the mining industry, affecting the opportunity cost of engaging in criminal activity. Consistent with this we also document that results are driven by property crime and that mines are less likely to close down when prices are high. Our results suggest that downward shifts in international mineral prices can cause surges in crime. To investigate how resilience against such surges can be achieved, we exploit the roll-out of a government employment guarantee program and document that the program reduces the crime response to changes in international mineral prices.

Main argument raised against EU early warning mechanism is its low utility. Yellow card procedure has been launched three times so far, whereas orange card procedure not even once. This indicates that the potential of political instrument which is early-warning mechanism is not fully explored. Nonetheless after seven years since the Lisbon Treaty came into force we can collect enough data in order to asses not only the mechanism itself but also the influence of this instrument on the national parliament scrutiny and engagement in the EU affairs. The aim of this article is: to research how the Sejm and Senate use the early warning mechanism, describe what is its impact on general competences of the Polish parliament regarding subsidiarity control and to confront this assessment with the activity of other national parliaments. Thus, the author will propose the
set of indicators according to which will be possible to evaluate the activity and eventually the
effectiveness of national parliaments while using the early warning mechanism. There will be also
presented the results of the empirical study measuring the activity of Sejm and Senate in mentioned
area in the years 2010-2016.

In the article the basic problems of foreign economic activity of enterprises in Ukraine. The dynamics of exports and imports of goods identified regional and commodity structure of exports and imports, trends and characteristics. Past studies have identified group level and negative factors influence the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises: external (macro-factors of the global environment, financial, economic, institutional, political), direct (intermediate environment-geopolitical, legal and regulatory, regulatory, financial economic); internal (micro- technical, technological, financial, management, staffing). Overview and grouped problems of development and improvement directions of foreign economic activity of enterprises in Ukraine ; У статті розглянуто основні проблеми зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств України. Виявлено динаміку експорту та імпорту товарів, визначено регіональну й товарну структуру експорту та імпорту, основні тенденції й характерні риси. Проведені дослідження дали підставу виділити рівні та згрупувати негативні чинники впливу на розвиток зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств: зовнішні (макросередовища – чинники глобального середовища, фінансово-економічні, інституційного характеру, політичні), безпосередні (проміжного середовища – геополітичні, законодавчо-нормативні, регуляторні, фінансово-економічні); внутрішні (мікросередовища – техніко-технологічні, фінансові, управління, кадрового забезпечення). Узагальнено та згруповано проблеми розвитку й визначено напрями вдосконалення зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємств України.

An overview of the relationship between elite athletes' sport activity and medicine was presented during a conference with guest speaker Mrs. Sara Simeoni, Italian Olympic Games high jump champion (one gold medal, in Moscow, and silver medals in Montreal and Los Angeles). She has had a particularly prolonged career for this type of sport activity, and her endorsement and support, since she is a recognized icon of sport excellence, is very important. This is particularly true in relevant and sensitive topics such as gender inequalities, physical exercise and sport ethics. During the conference, the relationship between nutrition, physical activity and health, in both medicine and social life, were also covered. In reality, we still find that the cultural, economic, societal and political barriers are present and, currently, in some regards, they are even stronger than in the past. The interplay between evidence-based medicine, elite athletes' training, physical fitness practice and physical exercise intervention in health and disease is still being developed. Defining methods and clarifying multidimensional outcomes should, as much as possible, be pursued, and sustainable strategies and tools should be discussed.

This study is part of the project Regulating Arctic Shipping: Political, legal, technological and environmental challenges (A-LEX). Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.027 ; Shipping activities are expected to increase in the Arctic Seas. Today, the majority of vessels are using marine diesel oil (MDO) as propulsion fuel. However, there is a general lack of knowledge of how cold-water marine species respond to acute exposures to MDO. Arctic red king crabs (Paralithodes camtschaticus) were exposed to mechanically dispersed MDO in a flow-through exposure system for one week followed by three weeks of recovery. Observations of increased movements in exposed crabs were interpreted as avoidance behaviour. Further, glutathione peroxidase activity increased in high exposed crab, the catalase activity showed an insignificant increase with exposure, while no differences between groups were observed for lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. After three weeks of recovery in clean seawater, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in the crabs were significantly reduced, with no specific biomarker responses in exposed groups compared to the control. The results suggest that effects from instantaneous MDO spill only will have short-term effects on the red king crab

A universal question in network science entails learning about the topology of interaction from collective dynamics. Here, we address this question by examining diffusion of laws across US states. We propose two complementary techniques to unravel determinants of this diffusion process: information-theoretic union transfer entropy and event synchronization. In order to systematically investigate their performance on law activity data, we establish a new stochastic model to generate synthetic law activity data based on plausible networks of interactions. Through extensive parametric studies, we demonstrate the ability of these methods to reconstruct networks, varying in size, link density, and degree heterogeneity. Our results suggest that union transfer entropy should be preferred for slowly varying processes, which may be associated with policies attending to specific local problems that occur only rarely or with policies facing high levels of opposition. In contrast, event synchronization is effective for faster enactment rates, which may be related to policies involving Federal mandates or incentives. This study puts forward a data-driven toolbox to explain the determinants of legal activity applicable to political science, across dynamical systems, information theory, and complex networks.