The literature has pointed out the negative aspects of political dynasties. But can political dynasties help prevent autocratic reversals? We argue that political dynasties differ according to their ideological origin and that those whose founder was a defender of democratic ideals, for simplicity labelled "pro-democratic dynasties", show stronger support for democracy. We analyze the vote by the French parliament on July 10, 1940 of an enabling act that granted full power to Marshall Philippe Pétain, thereby ending the Third French Republic and aligning France with Nazi Germany. Using data collected from the biographies of parliamentarians and information on their voting behavior, we find that members of a pro-democratic dynasty were 9.6 to 15.1 percentage points more likely to oppose the act than other parliamentarians. We report evidence that socialization inside and outside parliament shaped the vote of parliamentarians. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/inPress
The philosophical and political advantages tied to a break with Marxist thinking have been notable. With such a break with Marxism, economic and scientific determinism have been discounted – and it is in this sort of determinism that a classic critique of Marxism finds a reason for discrediting the Marxist-Leninist project. However, it seems the cost of totally abandoning Marxist thinking has not been sufficiently examined. This article seeks to remedy this with a comparative study of two philosophers' conceptions of conflict: Mouffe's perspective will be examined and compared to Castoriadis' view of radical democracy and its treatment of conflict. The paper seeks to show that a full break with Karl Marx weakens political radicalism. In other words, by opting for a perspective on conflict which fully renounces the Marxist view, Mouffe is doing away with both the idea of direct democracy and/or that of a revolutionary project. Her approach differs from that of Castoriadis who seeks, in some sense, to remain faithful to the emancipatory aspects of Marxian thought. ; Peer reviewed
El artículo aborda algunos aspectos relativos a los medios que emplearon los actores para prestigiar su profesión, desde la creación de instituciones de enseñanza a un discurso moral, de respeto y político, desde el siglo XVIII al XIX. ; The article deals with some aspects related to the means used by actors to give prestige to their profession, from the creation of educational institutions to a moral, respectful and political discourse, from the 18th to the 19th century.
La educación como cualquier otro servicio de carácter público, es un derecho que el Estado otorga a través de sus instituciones, regulado por un Marco Jurídico, constituido por normas de observancia obligatoria, para gobernantes como para gobernados, por lo que, su cumplimiento se traduce a partir de las disposiciones emitidas por la autoridad competente, en cuyo discurso se encuentran dos premisas indisolubles: el filosófico y el político, en el primero de éstos, se plasma el deber-ser construido a partir de las aspiraciones del sentido humano por alcanzar una vida digna, donde el respeto, la tolerancia, la bondad y la honestidad, figuran como el estandarte ético, con el que ha de educarse a la ciudadanía y con el que habrá de formarse cada uno de los individuos, mientras que el aspecto político suscribe al consenso de las mayorías, como el fundamento de la legitimidad para instituir los principios legales, que habrán de traducirse en ordenamientos para mantener el orden y los procedimientos, para el cabal cumplimiento de las necesidades públicas. En este sentido, corresponde al Artículo 3° Constitucional, ser la norma suprema a través de la cual, se ha de normar para operar los servicios educativos en todos sus tipos y modalidades, en cuya conformación histórica, nos revela la inseparable presencia filosófica y política en su discurso, como un prototipo ideológico del Estado de Derecho, sin embargo, no es la norma su cuestión absoluta, sino su grado de cumplimiento, dado los alcances de su operación, por ello, en este artículo se presenta de manera general, el proceso de evolución y cambio que ha sufrido, durante su desarrollo. Después de su revisión Bibliográfica y Hemerográfica, se describe la trayectoria del Artículo 3° Constitucional, así como su despliegue operativo a partir de lo que regula la Secretaría de Educación Pública, como órgano de la Administración Pública Federal. Palabras-clave: Artículo Tercero Constitucional, Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal, Ley de Planeación. ; : Education, like any other public service, is a right that the State grants through its institutions, regulated by a Legal Framework, made up of mandatory rules, for governors as well as for the governed, therefore, its compliance translates into based on the provisions issued by the competent authority, in whose discourse there are two indissoluble premises: the philosophical and the political, in the first of these, the must-be constructed from the aspirations of the human sense to achieve a A dignified life, where respect, tolerance, goodness and honesty appear as the ethical standard, with which citizens must be educated and with which each individual must be formed, while the political aspect subscribes to the consensus of the majorities, as the basis of the legitimacy to institute legal principles, which will have to be translated into regulations to maintain order and procedures. measures, for the full fulfillment of public needs. In this sense, it corresponds to Article 3 of the Constitution, to be the supreme norm through which, it is necessary to regulate to operate educational services in all its types and modalities, in whose historical conformation, reveals the inseparable philosophical and political presence In his discourse, as an ideological prototype of the Rule of Law, however, its absolute question is not the norm, but its degree of compliance, given the scope of its operation, therefore, this article presents in a general way, the process of evolution and change that it has undergone during its development. Key-Word: Third Constitutional Article, Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration, Planning Law.
The Meuse is an international river that has been used by man for centuries and it is still the main source of drinking water for large cities in Belgium and the Netherlands. In fact, water quantity and quality have been a major issue between the various riparian countries and political regions. Many kinds of data have been generated in the past decades on various aspects of the river: (a) hydrology for the need of predicting and controlling floods; (b) water chemistry in the context of water pollution assessment and control; and (c) biology and ecology for water quality assessment and studies on aquatic biodiversity community dynamics and ecosystem function. ; Peer reviewed
How do changes in climatic conditions and disaster patterns affect the persistence of civil unrest across countries over time? Existing studies postulate that changing climate conditions will exacerbate various social conflicts through their impacts on degraded environmental and economic conditions, which is further conditional on political institutions. Nevertheless, there are two major pitfalls in the existing studies. First, vulnerability as a major underlying mechanism has been used as an umbrella term or been presumed. Using vulnerability as an umbrella term has a detrimental effect on climate-conflict theory-building because it prevents scholars from deriving testable empirical implications for relevant concepts. Second, previous research has pinpointed the importance of political institutions in moderating impacts of climate on conflict, but the literature says little about what aspects of political institutions might aggravate or alleviate vulnerability to climate in ways that are simmering or amplifying civil strife. Using the structural causal approach and machine learning methods, this dissertation improves the identification of the mediation effect of vulnerability and the moderation effect of political institutions on the climate-conflict relationship. The important mechanisms and implications revealed by this study are twofold. First, this dissertation finds that the impacts of extreme climatic events are more important in shaping local vulnerability than that of annual weather variations, and that adaptive capacity is more important than economic sensitivity in mitigating local vulnerability. Annual weather variations (i.e., the slow-moving mechanics) have a significant impact on cumulative conflict hazards, whereas extreme climatic events (i.e., the fast-moving drivers) fuel onset of a new conflict. In the presence of socio-psychological vulnerabilities, an increase in annual weather variations can boil new conflicts. Second, the state capacity is more important than democracy in exacerbating a country's vulnerability to climate, and the degree of executive bribery especially plays a crucial role in moderating the impacts of vulnerability to climate on civil conflict. However, of different aspects of democracy, freedom of academic and cultural expression has the most important moderating effect on conflict. What is striking is the role of socio-psychological vulnerability in transmitting the impacts of extreme climate and weather variations on civil conflict. Mainstream conflict theory has shown that institutional and economic conditions are the most important factors determining conflicts even though socio-psychological factors are meaningful contexts. However, this present study shows that socio-psychological vulnerability is more important than institutional and economic conditions in shaping civil conflict.
Transitioning into a sustainable energy system is becoming ever more pressing as the reality of an anthropogenic ecological crisis becomes difficult to ignore. Due to the complexity of the matter, proposed solutions often address the symptoms of the current socioeconomic configuration rather than its core. To conceptualise possible future energy systems, this Perspective focuses on the disconnect between science and technology and engineering studies. On the one hand, this disconnect leads to social science research that passively critiques rather than contributes to tackling societal issues in practice. On the other, it produces technical work limited by the incumbent conceptualisations of economic activity and organisational configurations around production without capturing the broader social and political dynamics. We thus propose a schema for bridging this divide that uses the "commons" as an umbrella concept. We apply this framework on the hardware aspect of a conceptual energy system, which builds on networked microgrids powered by open-source, lower cost, adaptable, socially responsible and sustainable technology. This Perspective is a call to engineers and social scientists alike to form genuine transdisciplinary collaborations for developing radical alternatives to the energy conundrum.
En el siguiente trabajo se examinan las representaciones de lo monstruoso en la narrativa fantástica chilena, particularmente en el formato cuento. Para ello se propone un análisis temático e histórico de esta vertiente desde el romanticismo político hasta la literatura reciente, siempre desde una mirada general pero enmarcada en una matriz de sentido fundada en el terror como manifestación estética. El estudio se fundamenta a través del análisis de las transgresiones del terror sobrenatural y las implicancias políticas y sociales que inciden en el sistema de representación chileno. Lo anterior con el propósito de reactualizar el canon nacional más allá del dominio mimético. ; The following work examines the representations of the monstrous in Chilean fantastic narrative, particularly in the short story format. For this purpose, a thematic and historical analysis of this aspect is proposed from political romanticism to recent literature, always from a general perspective but framed in a matrix of meaning based on terror as an aesthetic manifestation. The study is based on the analysis of the transgressions of supernatural terror and the political and social implications that affect the Chilean system of representation. The foregoing with the purpose of updating the national canon beyond the mimetic domain. ; Esta publicación es parte del proyecto de I+D+i PGC2018-093648-B-I00, financiado por MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER «Una manera de hacer Europa» - Estrategias y figuraciones de lo insólito. Manifestaciones del monstruo en la narrativa en lengua española (de 1980 a la actualidad).
This chapter will offer an overview of research on the pronominal system in specialized corpora in Spanish, with a focus on personal pronouns (including person reference through verb morphology), neuter pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. The chapter will deal both with the forms used as well as with the functions these pronouns may fulfill in a variety of specialized corpora. First, the chapter will offer an overview of the variety of forms involved, taking into account the pluricentric nature of the Spanish language and its impact on the paradigms and frequency of the pronouns included in this chapter. Further, I will present the research that has been carried out on the way in which the selected pronouns function in specialized corpora. Given the influence of production and the possibilities for retransmission in the use of deictics and demonstratives, a distinction will be made between spoken, written and digital corpora. Thus, a variety of discourses will be considered, including educational, scientific, professional, political discourses. This section will be followed by a functional approach to the pronouns under consideration, which will allow for showing the diversity of interactive, argumentative and discursive functions the pronouns may fulfill. This overview will furthermore allow for showing the contribution of these pronouns to the creation or strengthening of discursive cohesion and of interactional relations, as well as to identity construction in the context of specialized corpora. Finally, I will point out some aspects that have received less attention in the research on the way these pronouns function in Spanish, in order to suggest avenues for future research. ; Este capítulo brinda un panorama de la investigación sobre el sistema pronominal en corpus especializados en español, centrándose en los pronombres personales (incluyendo la referencia de persona mediante la morfología verbal), los pronombres neutros y los pronombres demostrativos. Tratará tanto de las formas utilizadas como de las funciones que pueden desempeñar dichos pronombres en una variedad de corpus especializados. En primer lugar, el capítulo ofrece un panorama de la variedad de formas, prestando atención al carácter pluricéntrico del español y su impacto en los paradigmas y la frecuencia de los pronombres en cuestión. Se detalla luego los trabajos hechos sobre el funcionamiento de los pronombres seleccionados en corpus especializados. Visto la influencia del modo de producción y de las posibilidades de retransmisión en el uso deícticos y demostrativos, se distinguirá entre corpus orales, escritos y digitales. Por ende, se abarcarán discursos variados como son los discursos educativos, científicos, profesionales, políticos, entre otros. Se continuará con una aproximación funcional a los pronombres objeto de este capítulo, que permitirá dar cuenta de la diversidad de funciones interactivas, argumentativas y discursivas que pueden desempeñar. Este panorama permite, asimismo, mostrar la contribución de los pronombres a la creación o el refuerzo de la cohesión discursiva o de la relación interaccional, o a la construcción identitaria en el marco de los corpus especializados. En último lugar, se apuntan aspectos menos tratados en la investigación del funcionamiento de dichos pronombres en corpus especializados en español y se sugieren de esta forma pistas para investigaciones futuras.
This chapter will offer an overview of research on the pronominal system in specialized corpora in Spanish, with a focus on personal pronouns (including person reference through verb morphology), neuter pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. The chapter will deal both with the forms used as well as with the functions these pronouns may fulfill in a variety of specialized corpora. First, the chapter will offer an overview of the variety of forms involved, taking into account the pluricentric nature of the Spanish language and its impact on the paradigms and frequency of the pronouns included in this chapter. Further, I will present the research that has been carried out on the way in which the selected pronouns function in specialized corpora. Given the influence of production and the possibilities for retransmission in the use of deictics and demonstratives, a distinction will be made between spoken, written and digital corpora. Thus, a variety of discourses will be considered, including educational, scientific, professional, political discourses. This section will be followed by a functional approach to the pronouns under consideration, which will allow for showing the diversity of interactive, argumentative and discursive functions the pronouns may fulfill. This overview will furthermore allow for showing the contribution of these pronouns to the creation or strengthening of discursive cohesion and of interactional relations, as well as to identity construction in the context of specialized corpora. Finally, I will point out some aspects that have received less attention in the research on the way these pronouns function in Spanish, in order to suggest avenues for future research. ; Este capítulo brinda un panorama de la investigación sobre el sistema pronominal en corpus especializados en español, centrándose en los pronombres personales (incluyendo la referencia de persona mediante la morfología verbal), los pronombres neutros y los pronombres demostrativos. Tratará tanto de las formas utilizadas como de las funciones que pueden desempeñar dichos pronombres en una variedad de corpus especializados. En primer lugar, el capítulo ofrece un panorama de la variedad de formas, prestando atención al carácter pluricéntrico del español y su impacto en los paradigmas y la frecuencia de los pronombres en cuestión. Se detalla luego los trabajos hechos sobre el funcionamiento de los pronombres seleccionados en corpus especializados. Visto la influencia del modo de producción y de las posibilidades de retransmisión en el uso deícticos y demostrativos, se distinguirá entre corpus orales, escritos y digitales. Por ende, se abarcarán discursos variados como son los discursos educativos, científicos, profesionales, políticos, entre otros. Se continuará con una aproximación funcional a los pronombres objeto de este capítulo, que permitirá dar cuenta de la diversidad de funciones interactivas, argumentativas y discursivas que pueden desempeñar. Este panorama permite, asimismo, mostrar la contribución de los pronombres a la creación o el refuerzo de la cohesión discursiva o de la relación interaccional, o a la construcción identitaria en el marco de los corpus especializados. En último lugar, se apuntan aspectos menos tratados en la investigación del funcionamiento de dichos pronombres en corpus especializados en español y se sugieren de esta forma pistas para investigaciones futuras.
