Suchergebnisse

In the last few years, especially after the Brexit referendum and the 2016 US elections, there has been a surge in academic interest for misinformation and disinformation. Social, cognitive, and political scientists' work on these phenomena has focused on two main aspects:● Individuals' (and by extension societies') vulnerability to misinformation.● Factors and interventions that can increase individuals' (and societies')resistance to misinformation.In this article we offer a critical review of the psychological research pertaining to these two aspects. Drawing on this review, we highlight an emerging tension in the relevant literature. Indeed, the current state-of-the-art of the political misinformation literature reflects the combined operation of two opposing psychological constructs: excess gullibility on the one hand and excess vigilance on the other. We argue that this conceptualization is important in both advancing theories of individuals' and societies' vulnerability to misinformation and in designing prospective research programs. We conclude with proposing what, in our view, are the most promising avenues for future research in the field. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Europe and its security have seen a very rich development in the last few years of the Cold War. In fact, just six years ago we discussed the French idea of creating a European confederation, which unfortunately seems to be part of history. The Balkan crisis then turned into a kind of behavioural test of countries and international organisations, almost immediately. We are witnessing the effectiveness of the Atlantic Alliance and the confirmation of its necessity in the face of the risks of our time. It is also worth recalling the importance of the French commitment in Bosnia: the dispatch of the Rapid Action Force (FAR) units was an action that led President Clinton to deploy US units in Bosnia. In any case, US engagement in Bosnia shows that more NATO can mean more Europe tomorrow. In this article, the author focuses on Czech security policy, in particular in his relations with NATO and in collaboration with the United States. ; International audience ; Europe and its security have seen a very rich development in the last few years of the Cold War. In fact, just six years ago we discussed the French idea of creating a European confederation, which unfortunately seems to be part of history. The Balkan crisis then turned into a kind of behavioural test of countries and international organisations, almost immediately. We are witnessing the effectiveness of the Atlantic Alliance and the confirmation of its necessity in the face of the risks of our time. It is also worth recalling the importance of the French commitment in Bosnia: the dispatch of the Rapid Action Force (FAR) units was an action that led President Clinton to deploy US units in Bosnia. In any case, US engagement in Bosnia shows that more NATO can mean more Europe tomorrow. In this article, the author focuses on Czech security policy, in particular in his relations with NATO and in collaboration with the United States. ; L'Europe et sa sécurité ont connu, en ces quelques années d'après-guerre froide, une évolution très riche en événements. En effet, ...

The role & influence of the ideological & political basis of Algeria's nationalist movement are held to be central to current debates on Algeria; the literature dedicated to these issues is analyzed. The teaching models of different generations of nationalists are addressed in a discussion of how colonialist powers precipitated the destruction of the traditional educational system. Research on Algeria's intellectual elite & their political ideologies is reviewed, arguing that a global context dominated by the emergence in Europe of new national identities mobilized the Algerian intellectual class, which drew connections between their experiences & those of people in the Middle East. Studies on Muslim nationalism in Algeria are discussed, with a focus on the influence of WWI & WWII, anti-imperialist & anticolonialist ideas, communist movements, & resistance to Jewish & Christian influences. It is contended that Algerians have found that following the example of Middle Eastern Islamist movements has destroyed the family unit & other traditional structures. D. Weibel

Die Beiträge beschäftigen sich mit den rechtlichen und politischen Implikationen der Verfassungsreform von 1996, die selbst bereits Ergebnis eines jahrelangen Diskussionsprozesses war. Es geht um die Frage, ob es sich um eine grundlegend neue Verfassung oder eine Reform der Verfassung von 1972 handelt, die Bestimmung des Verfassungstextes als vorwiegend politisches oder vorwiegend juristisches Dokument und die Diskussion der Inhalte sowie der möglichen Perspektiven. (DÜI-Wgm)

Réflexion sur la nature, la généalogie et l'évolution de l'antiaméricanisme, réaction liée au statut de superpuissance des États-Unis, à leur rôle historique de laboratoire de la démocratie et à leur fonction de moteur de la mondialisation libérale. Il convient de s'interroger sur cette constante – née au XVIIIe siècle – de la culture française, qui s'apparente parfois à « un mystère français : la critique des dirigeants américains, exercice légitime et plus que nécessaire compte tenu de leur style et de leur comportement présent et passé, dérape invariablement dans la bêtise antiaméricaine. » (E. Conan)

Réflexion sur la nature, la généalogie et l'évolution de l'antiaméricanisme, réaction liée au statut de superpuissance des États-Unis, à leur rôle historique de laboratoire de la démocratie et à leur fonction de moteur de la mondialisation libérale. Il convient de s'interroger sur cette constante – née au XVIIIe siècle – de la culture française, qui s'apparente parfois à « un mystère français : la critique des dirigeants américains, exercice légitime et plus que nécessaire compte tenu de leur style et de leur comportement présent et passé, dérape invariablement dans la bêtise antiaméricaine. » (E. Conan)

Starting from the idea that France was for the Turks a land of refuge , discovery , learning and also inspiration, we asked to try to determine what they were able to initiate and s' interest in this country according to the different periods. It is established that between 1830-1856 , France was a country of military training for the Ottomans. Thereafter, it becomes a model for the administration of Tanzimat reformers , while the exiles began to make a forum for free expression. This suggests the following periods , as France has been a political, artistic or cultural resonance with the Turks . It draws a priori an initial period (1880-1914) when France is presented more as a political laboratory. During the second period (1925-1980) , France seems more itself as an artistic field due to the presence and influence of writers and especially painters. ; En partant de l'idée que la France a été pour les Turcs une terre de refuge, de découverte, d'apprentissage mais aussi d'inspiration, nous nous sommes interrogés pour chercher à déterminer à quoi ils ont pu s'initier et s'intéresser dans ce pays en fonction des différentes périodes. Il est établi qu'entre 1830-1856, la France était un pays de formation militaire pour les Ottomans. Par la suite, elle devient un modèle d'administration pour les réformateurs des Tanzimat, pendant que les exilés commencent à en faire une tribune de libre expression. Il semblerait donc suivant les périodes, que la France ait eu une résonance politique, artistique ou culturelle auprès des Turcs. Il se dessine, a priori, une première période (1880-1914) où la France se présente davantage comme un laboratoire politique. Durant la seconde période (1925-1980), la France semble davantage se profiler comme un terrain artistique grâce à la présence et à l'influence des écrivains et surtout des peintres.

In a few years, the Belgian audiovisual landscape has changed well. Breaking down, then abandoning the public broadcasting monopoly, increasing the number of government communications, advertising messages appearing in R.T.B.F. and B.R.T., changing the technical conditions for radio and television networks, etc. There could be more examples of what might well be a real change in radio and television. /The law has not remained insensitive to these developments. In some cases, he worked to discipline phenomena that had not yet been regulated; in some cases, he testifies to a kind of activism of the political authorities, as they have taken on the ground that the reformers of our institutions had given them. //SUMMARY: Legislative and regulatory polyptysis/The end of the public broadcasting monopoly/Television and radio advertising/Transformation of cable distribution/Government communications ; En quelques années, le paysage audiovisuel belge a bien changé. Rupture, puis abandon du monopole public d'émission, multiplication des communications gouvernementales, apparition de messages publicitaires à la R.T.B.F. et à la B.R.T., transformation des conditions techniques relatives aux réseaux de radiodistribution et de télédistribution… On pourrait multiplier les exemples de ce qui pourrait bien être une véritable mutation de la radio et de la télévision. / Le droit n'est pas resté insensible à ces évolutions. Tantôt, il s'est attaché à discipliner des phénomènes non encore réglementés ; tantôt, il porte témoignage d'une sorte d'activisme des autorités politiques, celles-ci s'étant empressées d'occuper le terrain que leur avaient concédé les réformateurs de nos institutions. // SOMMAIRE : Un polyptyque législatif et réglementaire / La fin du monopole public d'émission / La publicité télévisée et radiodiffusée / La mutation de la câblodistribution / Les communications gouvernementales

This dissertation analyzes the charismatic voice in the context of political leadership. It is shown that the speaker-leader uses his/her voice based on two functions. The primary function is biological and consists of manipulating changes in fundamental frequency in order to be recognized as the leader of the group. The secondary function is learned and dependent upon the language spoken and the culture that one belongs to, and consists of changing voice quality in order to convey different traits and types of charisma. These functions are employed in order to persuade an audience and achieve certain goals. The phenomenon of charisma is first addressed through social-cognitive theory that distinguishes charisma of the mind (the leader's thought, actions, and vision expressed through written and spoken language) from charisma of the body (all non-verbal behaviors used for expressing one's message, affects, and emotions. Certain adjectives were established through empirical research to describe positive and negative traits in French, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese speech. The tool MASCharP (Multi-dimensional Adjective-based Scale of Charisma Perception) was then developed in order to evaluate the charismatic traits of an individual's perceptible behavior. The study then establishes an acoustic and perceptual description of the charismatic voice. Speech range profiles are created for French, Italian, and Brazilian male leaders in order to represent the leaders' vocal extension in different communication contexts (formal vs. informal). The voice profiles demonstrate how the leaders adopt a particular vocal strategy related to the communication context as well as the leaders' persuasive strategy. These results show cross-language and cross-cultural similarities in leaders' vocal behavior. The following experimental phase demonstrates the influence of voice quality on the perception of different types and attributes of charismatic leadership. The speaker-leader uses his vocal production to be recognized as the ...