The importance of oil for modern economic and political regimes increased during the economic boom of the post-war decades. Yet in 1973-1974, rising oil prices and reduced production raised the specter of an uncertain future. Rüdiger Graf examines the national and international strategies formulated to deal with this challenge to political sovereignty, exploring the first oil crisis in the context of the transformational processes of the 1970s
Статья посвящена анализу истории изучения погребальных комплексов раннесредневековых тюрок на территории Монголии. Рассматриваются основные этапы полевых исследований, а также имеющийся опыт интерпретации полученных материалов. Начальный период исследования тюркских погребений в указанном регионе связан с деятельностью экспедиций, организованных Академией наук СССР совместно с монгольскими учеными в 1920-х гг. Следующий этап, начало которого относится к середине XX в., ознаменовался активными полевыми работами местных специалистов (Х. Пэрлээ, Ц. Доржсурэна, Н. Сэр-Оджава и др.), к тому времени накопивших необходимый опыт исследований и продолживших раскопки раннесредневековых комплексов самостоятельно, а также совместно с учеными из социалистических стран. С изменением политической ситуации в Монголии в 1990-х гг. изучение тюркских погребений проводили многочисленные экспедиции из стран ближнего и дальнего зарубежья. К настоящему времени в рассматриваемом регионе раскопано около30 объектов, с разной степенью достоверности относящихся к погребальным комплексам раннесредневековых тюрок. Несмотря на незначительность этой цифры, накопленные материалы представляют собой важный источник для реконструкции истории и культуры номадов. ; Article is devoted to the analysis of history of studying of burial complexes of early medieval Turks in the territory of Mongolia. The main stages of field researches, and also available experience of interpretation of the received materials are considered. The initial stage of research of Turkic burials in the region is connected with activity of the expeditions organized by Academy of Sciences of the USSR together with the Mongolian researchers in the 1920th. The following stage, which beginning belongs to the middle of the XX century, was marked by active field works of local researchers (H. Perlee, Ts. Dorzhsurena, N. Ser-Odzhava, etc.) who have hade necessary experience by this time and have continued excavation independently, and also together with scientists from the socialist countries. With change of a political situation in Mongolia in the1990th numerous expeditions from the countries of the near and far abroad started carrying out studying of Turkic burials. So far about 30 objects, with different degree of reliability relating to burial complexes of early medieval Turks are dug out in the considered region. Despite insignificance of this figure, the saved- up materials represent an important source for reconstruction of nomad`s history and culture.
This research aims to discuss those four aspect toward companies' performance. Government capital ownership is another crucial aspect which able to consider by companies for increase their performance. This is because the higher perentage government capital have, the biggest power they able to control the companies, and it is a good condition because they able to reduce agency's issues between management and shareholders which absolutely brings positive influence on companies' performance. Nevertheless, it still lack of studies which combined mandatory, voluntary disclosrues, political accountability and government capital ownership for measuring companies performance. The result come out that although government capital ownership brings no significant effect to boost companies' performance, it is able to moderating the variable of mandatory, voluntary disclosures and political accountability have significant positive effect to increase companies' performance. ; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas keempat aspek tersebut terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Kepemilikan modal pemerintah adalah aspek penting lainnya yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh perusahaan untuk meningkatkan kinerja mereka. Hal ini karena dengan adanya kepemilikan modal pemerintah yang tinggi, mampu mengendalikan perusahaan, dan itu adalah kondisi yang baik karena dinilai mampu mengurangi masalah agensi antara manajemen dan pemegang saham. Namun demikian, masih kurangnya studi yang mengkombinasikan pengungkapan wajib, sukarela, dan akuntabilitas serta kepemilikan modal pemerintah sebagai variable intervening dalam mengukur kinerja perusahaan. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun kepemilikan modal pemerintah tidak membawa efek signifikan dalam meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan, tapi mampu memoderasi variable pengungkapan wajib, sukarela, dan akuntabilitas sehingga memberikan pengaruh positif yang signifikan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan.
This research aims to discuss those four aspect toward companies' performance. Government capital ownership is another crucial aspect which able to consider by companies for increase their performance. This is because the higher perentage government capital have, the biggest power they able to control the companies, and it is a good condition because they able to reduce agency's issues between management and shareholders which absolutely brings positive influence on companies' performance. Nevertheless, it still lack of studies which combined mandatory, voluntary disclosrues, political accountability and government capital ownership for measuring companies performance. The result come out that although government capital ownership brings no significant effect to boost companies' performance, it is able to moderating the variable of mandatory, voluntary disclosures and political accountability have significant positive effect to increase companies' performance. ; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas keempat aspek tersebut terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Kepemilikan modal pemerintah adalah aspek penting lainnya yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh perusahaan untuk meningkatkan kinerja mereka. Hal ini karena dengan adanya kepemilikan modal pemerintah yang tinggi, mampu mengendalikan perusahaan, dan itu adalah kondisi yang baik karena dinilai mampu mengurangi masalah agensi antara manajemen dan pemegang saham. Namun demikian, masih kurangnya studi yang mengkombinasikan pengungkapan wajib, sukarela, dan akuntabilitas serta kepemilikan modal pemerintah sebagai variable intervening dalam mengukur kinerja perusahaan. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun kepemilikan modal pemerintah tidak membawa efek signifikan dalam meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan, tapi mampu memoderasi variable pengungkapan wajib, sukarela, dan akuntabilitas sehingga memberikan pengaruh positif yang signifikan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan.
This research aims to discuss those four aspect toward companies' performance. Government capital ownership is another crucial aspect which able to consider by companies for increase their performance. This is because the higher perentage government capital have, the biggest power they able to control the companies, and it is a good condition because they able to reduce agency's issues between management and shareholders which absolutely brings positive influence on companies' performance. Nevertheless, it still lack of studies which combined mandatory, voluntary disclosrues, political accountability and government capital ownership for measuring companies performance. The result come out that although government capital ownership brings no significant effect to boost companies' performance, it is able to moderating the variable of mandatory, voluntary disclosures and political accountability have significant positive effect to increase companies' performance. ; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas keempat aspek tersebut terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Kepemilikan modal pemerintah adalah aspek penting lainnya yang dapat dipertimbangkan oleh perusahaan untuk meningkatkan kinerja mereka. Hal ini karena dengan adanya kepemilikan modal pemerintah yang tinggi, mampu mengendalikan perusahaan, dan itu adalah kondisi yang baik karena dinilai mampu mengurangi masalah agensi antara manajemen dan pemegang saham. Namun demikian, masih kurangnya studi yang mengkombinasikan pengungkapan wajib, sukarela, dan akuntabilitas serta kepemilikan modal pemerintah sebagai variable intervening dalam mengukur kinerja perusahaan. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa meskipun kepemilikan modal pemerintah tidak membawa efek signifikan dalam meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan, tapi mampu memoderasi variable pengungkapan wajib, sukarela, dan akuntabilitas sehingga memberikan pengaruh positif yang signifikan untuk meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan.
The absence of clear state development programs that ensure the welfare, poverty reduction, conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources and the environment and most disastrous state of the environmental situation almost the entire territory of Ukraine hinders the implementation of effective technologies in agriculture and industry. An important issue is the orientation of the historically obsolete laborers , not to spivvlasnytstvo in social and industrial relations. Because of the mistreatment of education, science and national culture in the socio- economic component of the state and, consequently , low levels of education , culture (especially political) society Ukrainian society today is undergoing profound political crisis. It is also caused by the lack of political will of the government in the implementation of the Constitution of Ukraine declared the principles of democracy , freedom, humanism and democracy. High levels of crime and corruption , which leads to the steady deepening of the gap between the poverty of the majority of the population and prosperity of the oligarchic elite, and this leads to instability in the society.Study of internal processes taking place in Ukraine and those in which it is involved by interacting with other countries suggests that organizational resource authorities and civil society in Ukraine is not formed completely. Although the development of civil society in our country has accelerated rapidly due to the improvement of its structures and external factors , but it needs to adapt to the new challenges of globalization . Due to the fact that the Ukrainian ruling elite has not acquired its own shape and structure of the final she was not ready to function in the realities of a globalized world. Domestic tasks, and with them the extra vector require review and clarification. In the absence of a ruling elite of Ukraine 's strategic thinking and understanding of global patterns of modern society, the state and its people to a large extent affected by the negative effects of globalization transformation processes. Sustainable development as a separate country and svitosystemy is impossible without a certain level of political management . Management of sustainable development at the national level should take place with the use of political opportunities that have a modern nation-states . Principle of sustainable use of resources is not straightforward. Excess resources in most cases relative . Basically, it belongs to the material resources of space and resources . Unlike the past, today's world resource surplus more differentiated and resource deficit increases ( energy ). Thus appears the problem of resource balance of each state. In most states it is characterized by balance, when one type of resource deficit is compensated by others. If you can not compensate - shows resource imbalance - temporary or permanent . However, given the changes in the international world of space, and given the internal politics of the state, it is necessary to adjust some elements of the program.Study of internal processes taking place in Ukraine and those in which it is involved cooperating with other countries suggests that organizational resource authorities and civil society in Ukraine is not formed completely. Although the development of civil society in our country has accelerated rapidly due to the improvement of its structure , but it needs to adapt to the new challenges of globalization . Due to the fact that the Ukrainian ruling elite has not acquired its own shape and structure of the final she was not ready to function in the realities of a globalized world [ lomko5 ]. Domestic tasks, and with them the extra vector require review and clarification. In the absence of a ruling elite of Ukraine 's strategic thinking and understanding of global patterns of modern society, the state and its people to a large extent affected by the negative effects of globalization. Given the political situation in the country during the formation of a new global configuration of ¬ , socio -economic and political development of the country should focus on the mental , cultural, psychological , social and political forms of identification community, thereby increasing the requirements for the competence and professionalism , ness productivity and effectiveness as a powerful resource of nation-building .Due to the need for strategic planning development of the state , a strategy for national defense and security, economic cooperation with neighboring countries , regional organizations , as well as the interests of ensuring internal stability requirement is brewing in their own geo-political identity. ; Несформулированость четких программ развития государства, обеспечивающих рост благосостояния, уменьшения бедности, сохранение и реабилитацию природных ресурсов и окружающей среды и преимущественно катастрофическое состояние экологи-ческой ситуации практически на всей территории Украины тормозит внедрение эффективных технологий в сельском хозяйстве и промышленности. Из-за не подобающего отношения к образованию, науке, национальной культуры в социально-экономическом составляющей государства и, как следствие, низкий уровень образованности, культуры (прежде всего политической) общества украинское общество сегодня переживает глубокий политический кризис. Он еще и обусловлен отсутствием политической воли государственной власти в реализации задекларированных в Конституции Украины принципов демократии, свободы, гуманизма, народовластия. Высокий уровень преступности и коррупции, что приводит беспрерывное углубление пропасти между нищетой подавляющего большинства населения и зажиточности олигархической верхушки, а это приводит к нестабильности в обществе. ; Несформульованість чітких програм розвитку держави, які б забезпечували зростання добробуту, зменшення бідності, збереження та реабілітацію природних ресурсів і довкілля і переважно катастрофічний стан екологічної ситуації практично на всій території України гальмує впровадження ефективних технологій у сільському господарстві і промисловості. Через неналежне ставлення до освіти, науки, національної культури в соціально-економічному складовій держави і, як наслідок, низький рівень освіченості, культури (передусім політичної) суспільства українське суспільство сьогодні переживає глибоку політичну кризу. Вона ще й зумовлена відсутністю політичної волі державної влади в реалізації задекларованих у Конституції України принципів демократії, свободи, гуманізму, народовладдя. Високий рівень злочинності і корупції, що зумовлює невпинне поглиблення прірви між злиденністю переважної більшості населення і заможністю олігархічної верхівки, а це призводить до нестабільності в суспільстві.
"Close study of the changing political responses of two peasant populations whose neighboring regions near the Pacific coast experienced different impacts from the Sandinista agrarian reforms. Shows the irony of some reform-beneficiaries turning against their benefactor-regime, a more likely event when productive relations become privatized. Argues, contra Huntington, that demobilization of various social groups will work against the achievement of development goals"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57.
Presents questions & contentious issues for the candidates in the 2000 presidential election in the US. In Youth Development, Bobby Austin encourages the respective candidates to establish a holistic approach to addressing youth development in the US. In Old Habits and Old Myths, Seymour Martin Lipset urges candidates to consider the legitimacy of the military budget, the creation of true educational standards, & the provision of social security. In Religion and Politics, Martin E. Marty stresses the need to examine the religious aspects of several hot issues, particularly international human rights & global military action. In Religion and a World Rule of Law, Richard D. Schwartz suggests that the remedy for Samuel Huntington's (1996) apocalyptic "clash of civilization" resides in the acceptance of a world rule of law. In Racism, Roger Wilkins pushes the presidential candidates to identify obstacles for achieving improved race relations within the US. In Utopia and Campaign Spending, Oliver Williamson exhorts the candidates to acknowledge the political & economic realities associated with campaign finance reform. J. W. Parker
The condition of EU democracy is hotly debated and European Parliament's political groups and Europarties play an important role in continuing power struggles between European Union institutions. To harness the increased power of both the European Parliament and European citizens, the formal and informal relationships between the political groups and Europarties matter, with the Spitzenkandidatur process as a crucial aspect. Using a dataset of 135 semi-structured interviews, this article looks beneath the formal rules that structure European Parliament's political groups and Europarties. Exploring how MEPs construct these relationships, it discusses leadership, institutionalisation and stances toward European integration as core elements of the relationship between Europarties and political groups in the European Parliament.
This paper deals with UN economic sanctions against the FRY as the first in a series of forms of international intervention in the ex-Yugoslav crisis. In the first section, the author presents statistic indicators of the effects of sanctions on all subsystems of the Serbian society, corroborating the viewpoint that they were not more humane, but only, as it was observed by analysts, less noisy and less expensive means of coercion than application of armaments. In the following part of the paper the author concentrates on ethical aspects of this diplomatic instrument pointing out that it represents a form of collective punishment and as such being incompatible to the ethical principle of individual responsibility, i.e. attributability of responsibility to an individual for his own behaviour. As such they were not, as it was contended, an instrument of establishment of, by the acts of the incriminated regime disrupted international justice, but a punishment lever, which, as the author concludes, by its inadequacy (in respect of the choice of the target group to which the punishment was directed, differentiation of application, appropriateness to the committed act,.) took on the form of retaliation put into effect for the purpose of producing the desired state of affairs on the terrain of political interests instead of the declared international ethics "terrain". ; Предмет рада су економске санкције ОУН против СРЈ као прва у низу форми међународног интервенисања у еx-југословенску кризу. У првом делу рада ауторка излаже статистичке показатеље ефеката санкција на све подсистеме српског друштва, аргументујући у прилог становишту да оне нису биле хуманије, већ само, како су уочили аналитичари, мање бучно и јефтиније средство принуде од приме- не оружја. У следећем делу рада ауторка се усредсређује на етичке аспекте овог дипломатског оруђа истичући да оно представља облик колективног кажњавања и да је као такво инкомпатибилно етичком принципу индивидуалне одговорности, односно приписивости одговорности појединцу за ...
In Writing the New World, Mauro Caraccioli examines the natural history writings of early Spanish missionaries, using these texts to argue that colonial Latin America was fundamental in the development of modern political thought. Revealing their narrative context, religious ideals, and political implications, Caraccioli shows how these sixteenth-century works promoted a distinct genre of philosophical wonder in service of an emerging colonial social order. Caraccioli discusses narrative techniques employed by well-known figures such as Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo and Bartolomé de Las Casas as well as less-studied authors including Bernardino de Sahagún, Francisco Hernández, and José de Acosta. More than mere catalogues of the natural wonders of the New World, these writings advocate mining and molding untapped landscapes, detailing the possibilities for extracting not just resources from the land but also new moral values from indigenous communities. Analyzing the intersections between politics, science, and faith that surface in these accounts, Caraccioli shows how the portrayal of nature served the ends of imperial domination. Integrating the fields of political theory, environmental history, Latin American literature, and religious studies, this book showcases Spains role in the intellectual formation of modernity and Latin Americas place as the crucible for the Scientific Revolution. Its insights are also relevant to debates about the interplay between politics and environmental studies in the Global South today. ; Publication of this book was supported by Virginia Tech through the TOME Open Monograph Initiative.
Individuals who are civically active have three things in common: they have the capacity to do so, they want to, and they have been asked to participate. New Advances in the Study of Civic Voluntarism is dedicated to examining the continued influence of these factors--resources, engagement, and recruitment--on civic participation in the twenty-first century. The contributors to this volume examine recent social, political, technological, and intellectual changes to provide the newest research in the field. Topics range from race and religion to youth in the digital age, to illustrate the continued importance of understanding the role of the everyday citizen in a democratic society.
